Effects of increased blood pressure extend beyond the systemic arteries A hypertensive emergency is defined by presence of acute target-organ damage, not merely by an increased blood pressure reading. In brain, however, identifying such involvement at bedside remains challenging. Headache, nausea, visual disturbances, seizures, and altered consciousness are clinically important but nonspecific manifestations. Although fundoscopy has traditionally played an important role in clinical assessment, its reliability depends on adequate training, appropriate technical conditions, and patient cooperation. Moreover, papilledema may be […]