Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) is a well-established tool for assessing cardiac function and hemodynamics. While Left Ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function are commonly used metrics, Cardiac Output (CO) remains central for evaluating hemodynamic status, especially in critical care settings. TTE-derived parameters, such as Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Velocity-Time Integral (LVOT VTI) and LVOT area, when combined with body habitus and heart rate, provide noninvasive estimates of cardiac output. However, the accuracy of CO calculations may decrease when multiple covariates are […]