Abstract The left atrium (LA) has historically been considered a passive chamber that conducts blood flow between the pulmonary veins and the left ventricle (LV). Advances in cardiovascular physiology and imaging techniques have highlighted its active role in modulating cardiac output, ventricular diastolic function, and the stratification of various heart diseases. Assessment of the LA has evolved over the years into a multiparametric functional approach, consolidated as an essential component of modern echocardiography. The systematic incorporation of volumetric parameters, atrial […]

Abstract Right ventricular (RV) assessment using two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography has historically faced significant challenges due to the chamber’s complex and unique geometry and its thoracic orientation. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography has emerged as a promising tool to overcome and illuminate these limitations, enabling accurate quantification of volumes and ejection fraction without relying on geometric assumptions. As a result, the routine incorporation of 3D echocardiography into RV evaluation may redefine diagnostic and prognostic paradigms, fostering a more precise and […]