Abstract In recent decades, the increase in indications for cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has been accompanied by an increased number of complications related to their use, including infectious endocarditis (IE). IE has high morbidity and mortality rates despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The case studies on this topic have significant limitations in terms of diagnostic criteria and methods, which affect decision-making on CIED removal and increase the risk of complications and death. Notwithstanding, echocardiography is critical for […]

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