Introduction Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) represents a group of rare hematologic diseases characterized by an increased number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood. Once activated, these eosinophils can cause damage to host tissues and organs. Patients with HES generally present with dermatological, respiratory, and gastrointestinal signs and symptoms. Involvement of the cardiovascular system is uncommon and can lead to serious consequences such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic phenomena. This article describes a case of eosinophilic endomyocardial disease, also known as […]

Abstract Background: Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation (FMR) is defined by mitral annular dilation and functional alterations without structural impairment of the leaflets or subvalvular apparatus. It is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality, being often characterized as an exclusion diagnosis due to the absence of more precise diagnostic criteria. Therefore, it is crucial to identify markers that distinguish it from other Mitral Regurgitation (MR) types. Objective: To assess the accuracy of the intercommissural diameter of the mitral annulus and its value […]

Abstract Mitral valve regurgitation is the most common valvular heart disease. In order to guide proper therapy, it is paramount to follow and use the guideline-recommended echocardiographic tools. The flow convergent method, which calculates the effective regurgitant orifice area and the regurgitant volume, plays an important role in the diagnostic workup and is widely used by echocardiographers and sonographers. Only by knowing the correct application and avoiding its pitfalls can we guarantee comprehensive and plausible values. This critical review will […]

Abstract Left ventricular aneurysms are primarily caused by coronary artery disease. Among them, there are also less common types, such as those located in the subvalvular regions of idiopathic origin. This article describes the case of a patient with a history of aortic subvalvular and Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm repairs who developed a new mitral subvalvular aneurysm.

Abstract Secondary mitral insufficiency (MI) in the setting of ventricular disease has always been a topic at conferences and has achieved extensive pathophysiological knowledge over the years. More recently, with the increasing incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a new phenotype that had been little discussed has come to light: atrial functional mitral regurgitation. In this entity, special attention should be addressed to the left atrium and the mitral annulus because, in early […]

Introduction Mitral regurgitation (MR) can be a result of abnormalities in different locations of the valve apparatus (cusps, annulus, tendinous cords and papillary muscles), being of acquired or congenital etiology. MR can be classified as primary, when resulting from a deformity in the valve structure, or secondary, when related to another heart or systemic disease. In our field, the main cause of MR in students and adolescents is the acquired one. Rheumatic fever (RF) is among the causes, as well […]

Abstract Mitral regurgitation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and surgical mitral valve repair continues to be the treatment of choice when feasible. We use three-dimensional echocardiography associated with three-dimensional printing to create surgical models that allow trainees to practice or improve surgical techniques in order to improve the outcomes of surgical repairs, contributing to more advanced medical training.

Introduction Conventional surgery is the treatment of choice for severe mitral valve regurgitation. However, it is not feasible for patients at high surgical risk, who have high morbidity and mortality rates despite clinical treatment. Percutaneous valve treatment (MitraClip) has been evolving as a therapeutic perspective for this population, with reduced heart failure (HF) hospitalization and all-cause mortality rates.,, Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) has an additive role during clinical follow-up, especially in cases of suspected late complications with high detail of […]

Abstract Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is an abnormal insertion of the flexion line of the mitral annulus into the atrial wall. The annulus presents a separation (disjunction) between the posterior leaflet–atrial wall junction and the left ventricular myocardial crest.1 MAD was first described more than 30 years ago in an autopsy study and is reportedly related to mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in 92% of cases.2 Since then, several studies have been conducted, and reports on the prevalence of MAD in […]