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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260109i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20260109i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Invasive Assessment of the Hemodynamic Profile of Critically Ill Patients: When Is Echocardiographic Assessment Alone Sufficient</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8253-7535</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Salgado</surname><given-names>Angelo Antunes</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-4964</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bernardo</surname><given-names>Marcos Paulo Lacerda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Angelo Antunes Salgado</bold> • Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code: <postal-code>20550-900</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>angeloasalgado@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>13</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20260109</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="4"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Assessing systemic and/or pulmonary congestion in patients with heart failure is fundamental to clinical management and prognosis. This congestive state is characterized by fluid accumulation in the body and represents the leading cause of hospitalization and hospital readmission in heart failure, both in patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, and directly contributes to increased mortality. Therefore, the early and accurate identification of fluid overload is indispensable for guiding therapeutic management, preventing complications, and optimizing clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, conventional clinical signs generally have low sensitivity and specificity, limiting their effectiveness when used alone for disease diagnosis and management and making complementary methods necessary to better define the clinical condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Invasive tools to establish hemodynamic parameters are considered the gold standard for accurately determining the degree of congestion, assessing cardiac performance, and evaluating pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance. The use of invasive catheters, particularly right-sided catheters, has increased in recent years and has provided relevant prognostic information to guide appropriate treatment in patients with cardiac dysfunction and other diseases, particularly pulmonary hypertension.</p>
<p>Assessing the invasive hemodynamic profile with right heart catheterization is fundamental to managing heart failure. Although echocardiography can measure several noninvasive hemodynamic parameters, right heart catheterization remains indispensable in patients with symptoms refractory to medical treatment and when symptoms and objective findings are discrepant.</p>
<p>With the current establishment of the four-interface conceptual model proposed by Rola et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> the role of echocardiography and its relationship with reliable hemodynamic parameters, particularly right ventricular-pulmonary arterial (RV/PA) and left ventricular-aortic (LV/Ao) coupling, becomes highly relevant for the assessment of systemic congestion and left cardiac function.</p>
<p>Assessing cardiac function in terms of contractile strength (i.e., cardiac power) and congestive processes, without integrating other interfaces, may lead to incomplete diagnoses and inappropriate clinical management. In this context, echocardiography stands out as an indispensable tool because it enables the combined assessment of LV/Ao coupling (Interface I), RV/PA coupling (Interface IV), and the capillary/venular compartment (Interface III) through the assessment of the inferior vena cava and systemic venous flows (hepatic, portal, and renal).</p>
<p>In the elegant study by Barbato et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> conducted with patients with systolic dysfunction, the relationship between cardiac power output (obtained by hemodynamic assessment) and echocardiographic parameters showed excellent correlation, particularly with the use of left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, which can be rapidly obtained even by non-echocardiography practitioners trained in advanced POCUS. The velocity time integral is directly associated with cardiac output, and values &lt; 18 cm (particularly &lt; 16 cm) are associated with impaired ventricular contractility. This parameter is particularly relevant for assessing patients awaiting heart transplantation and those receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, in whom an increased value indicates recovery of ventricular function.</p>
<p>Although the pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPI) is fundamental for predicting right ventricular failure and adverse outcomes, translating it into a noninvasive method is challenging. Despite the positive statistical correlation observed (r = 0.604, p &lt; 0.05), echocardiographic PAPI was obtained in only 16 of the 34 patients (47% of the sample).</p>
<p>The major limitation of the method is its technical dependence on pulmonary regurgitation. In the absence of a detectable pulmonary regurgitant jet with adequate Doppler quality, measuring pulmonary artery diastolic and mean pressures becomes impossible, precluding PAPI calculation. In these cases, the imaging specialist should rely on alternative right ventricular markers that showed correlations with invasive PAPI in the study, such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r = 0.553, p &lt; 0.01) and right ventricular free-wall strain (r = −0.344, p &lt; 0.05), which are complementary approaches when technical limitations of PAPI preclude its assessment.</p>
<p>Although limited by the small sample size, studies such as that by Barbato et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> are fundamental for defining the accuracy of echocardiography in hemodynamic assessment and its performance compared with invasive methods considered the gold standard. Future studies involving larger numbers of patients and additional centers may provide further information and establish the true role of echocardiography in comparison with hemodynamic assessment.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Summary of invasive and noninvasive findings and their correlations.</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">Hemodynamic correlation and feasibility matrix</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Correlation (r)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Significance (p)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical observation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">CPO</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.737</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0.001</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">High reproducibility; excellent in critically ill patients.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">PAPI</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.604</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0.05</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Low feasibility (limited by pulmonary regurgitation).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">LVOT-VTI</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.469</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0.01</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Practical bedside marker of stroke volume.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">CO (echo) vs. CPO (invasive)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0.616</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0.001</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Strong correlation that supports echocardiographic flow estimation.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN1"><p>CPO: cardiac power output; PAPI: pulmonary artery pulsatility index; LVOT-VTI: ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral; DC: cardiac output.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1"><p>Short Editorial related to the article: Correlating Invasive and Echocardiographic Hemodynamic Measures in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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</back>
<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260109</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Avaliação Invasiva do Perfil Hemodinâmico dos Pacientes Críticos: Quando Apenas a Análise Ecocardiográfica É Suficiente</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8253-7535</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Salgado</surname><given-names>Angelo Antunes</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-4964</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Bernardo</surname><given-names>Marcos Paulo Lacerda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Angelo Antunes Salgado</bold> • Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Avenida 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP: <postal-code>20550-900</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>angeloasalgado@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Cateterismo</kwd>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A investigação da congestão sistêmica e/ou pulmonar em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca é fundamental para o manejo clínico e a definição prognóstica. Caracterizado pelo acúmulo de fluidos no organismo, esse estado congestivo é a principal causa de internação e readmissão hospitalar em pacientes que apresentam essa condição, tanto nos grupos com fração de ejeção reduzida quanto nos grupos com fração de ejeção preservada, além de estar associado ao aumento da mortalidade. Dessa forma, a identificação precoce e precisa da sobrecarga hídrica é indispensável para orientar a conduta terapêutica, prevenir complicações e otimizar os desfechos clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, os sinais clínicos convencionais costumam apresentar baixa sensibilidade e especificidade, o que limita a eficácia desses sinais quando utilizados isoladamente no diagnóstico e manejo da doença, tornando necessários métodos complementares para melhor caracterização do quadro clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>O uso de ferramentas invasivas para estabelecer parâmetros hemodinâmicos funciona como padrão-ouro para identificar com precisão o grau de congestão, avaliar o desempenho cardíaco, bem como analisar a resistência pulmonar e sistêmica. O emprego de métodos invasivos, particularmente de cateteres do lado direito, tem crescido ao longo dos últimos anos e fornecido informações prognósticas relevantes para orientar o tratamento correto não apenas dos pacientes com disfunção cardíaca, mas também daqueles com outras patologias, sobretudo nos grupos com hipertensão pulmonar.</p>
<p>A avaliação do perfil hemodinâmico invasivo por meio do cateterismo cardíaco direito é fundamental no manejo da insuficiência cardíaca. Embora a ecocardiografia possa mensurar diversos parâmetros hemodinâmicos não invasivos, esse cateterismo torna-se indispensável diante de sintomas refratários ao tratamento clínico e de incompatibilidade entre as queixas do paciente e os achados objetivos dos exames.</p>
<p>Com o estabelecimento atual do conceito hemodinâmico das quatro interfaces proposto por Rola et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> o papel da ecocardiografia e sua relação com parâmetros hemodinâmicos fidedignos, em especial no que diz respeito aos conceitos de acoplamento ventrículo direito–artéria pulmonar e ventrículo esquerdo–aorta, mostram-se extremamente relevantes na avaliação da congestão sistêmica e da função cardíaca esquerda.</p>
<p>A análise da função cardíaca quanto à força de contração (potência cardíaca) e a processos congestivos, quando realizada sem integração com outras interfaces, pode levar a diagnósticos incompletos e condutas clínicas equivocadas. Nesse contexto, o ecocardiograma se destaca como ferramenta indispensável, pois possibilita a avaliação conjunta do acoplamento ventrículo esquerdo–aorta (Interface I), do acoplamento ventrículo direito–artéria pulmonar (Interface IV) e do setor capilar/venular (Interface III), por meio do estudo da veia cava inferior e dos fluxos venosos sistêmicos (hepático, portal e renal).</p>
<p>No elegante trabalho de Barbato et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> realizado em pacientes com disfunção sistólica, a relação entre a potência cardíaca, obtida por hemodinâmica, e os parâmetros ecocardiográficos mostrou excelente correlação, em particular com a integral velocidade-tempo da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo, que pode ser obtida rapidamente até mesmo por não ecocardiografistas treinados em POCUS avançado. A integral velocidade-tempo está diretamente relacionada ao débito cardíaco, e valores inferiores a 18 cm (em particular, inferiores a 16 cm) estão associados ao comprometimento da contratilidade ventricular. O uso desse parâmetro apresenta importância ímpar na avaliação de pacientes em fase pré-transplante cardíaco e daqueles em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea, nos quais a melhora desse valor traduz recuperação da função ventricular.</p>
<p>Embora o índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar (PAPI) seja fundamental para prever a falência do ventrículo direito e desfechos adversos, sua transposição para o método não invasivo enfrenta um grande desafio. Apesar da correlação estatística positiva encontrada (r = 0,604, p &lt; 0,05), o PAPI ecocardiográfico foi obtido em apenas 16 dos 34 pacientes, o que corresponde a 47% da amostra.</p>
<p>A principal limitação do método é a dependência técnica da presença de um jato de insuficiência pulmonar detectável ao Doppler. Na ausência desse jato, torna-se impossível mensurar as pressões diastólica e média da artéria pulmonar, inviabilizando o cálculo do PAPI. Nesses casos, o especialista em imagem deve recorrer a marcadores alternativos do ventrículo direito que tenham apresentado correlação com o PAPI invasivo no estudo, como a excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (r = 0,553, p &lt; 0,01) e o strain da parede livre do ventrículo direito (r = −0,344, p &lt; 0,05), que constituem abordagens complementares quando limitações técnicas impedem o cálculo do PAPI.</p>
<p>Não obstante limitados pelo tamanho amostral reduzido, estudos como o de Barbato et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> são fundamentais para definir a acurácia do ecocardiograma na avaliação hemodinâmica e seu desempenho em comparação com os métodos invasivos, considerados padrão-ouro. Estudos futuros que contem com um número maior de pacientes e a participação de outros centros poderão trazer novas informações e sedimentar o real papel da ecocardiografia frente aos estudos hemodinâmicos.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Resumo dos achados invasivos e não invasivos e sua correlação</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="25%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="4">Matriz de Correlação e Viabilidade Hemodinâmica</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Correlação (<italic>r</italic>)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Significância (<italic>p</italic>)</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Observação Clínica</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">CPO</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,737</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0,001</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Alta reprodutibilidade; excelente no paciente crítico.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">PAPI</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,604</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0,05</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Baixa viabilidade (limitado pela insuficiência pulmonar).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="top">LVOT-VTI</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,469</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0,01</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Rastreador prático de beira de leito para volume sistólico.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="top">DC (Eco) vs CPO (Inv)</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">0,616</td>
<td align="center" valign="top">p &lt; 0,001</td>
<td align="left" valign="top">Correlação sólida que valida a estimativa de fluxo pelo eco.</td>
</tr>
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<fn id="TFN2"><p>CPO : potência cardiaca; PAPI: índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar; LVOT-VTI: integral velocidade-tempo da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; DC: débito cardíaco.</p></fn>
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<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Correlação Entre Medidas Hemodinâmicas Invasivas e Ecocardiográficas em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida</p></fn>
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