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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260102i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>The Extracellular Matrix Speaks. But Are We Truly Listening? Left Atrial Strain, Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis, and Some Reflections</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<name>
						<surname>Ritt</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D’Or</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Rede D’Or - Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> • Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Rua Dom João VI. Postal Code: <postal-code>40285-001</postal-code>. Brotas, Salvador, BA – Brazil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260102</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Extracellular Matrix</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Left atrial strain, especially left atrial reservoir strain (LASr), is an important tool in the assessment of atrial function and diastology. It changes before remodeling becomes detectable on echocardiography and contributes to a better understanding and characterization of diastolic dysfunction and left atrial–left ventricle (LA–LV) uncoupling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In patients with preserved ejection fraction, LASr values &lt;18% strongly suggest elevated filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In amyloid cardiomyopathy, the mean values of the atrial strain components are characteristically very reduced compared with individuals without the disease, and may serve as relevant clinical clues for diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Atrial dysfunction in amyloid cardiomyopathy results from two main mechanisms: direct infiltration of amyloid fibrils into the atrial wall, and chronic elevation of left ventricular filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Characteristically, the atrial wall is thin and highly dependent on the integrity of the extracellular matrix; therefore, even small deposits of amyloid fibrils can reduce reservoir strain, before increases in atrial volume or diameter occur.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The diseased extracellular matrix progresses to fibrosis, impairing atrial relaxation, reducing its compliance, increasing its stiffness, and promoting remodeling — a process known as amyloid atrial myopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this context, the atrium is not only a victim of ventricular dysfunction and elevated filling pressures, but also suffers directly from the deposition of amyloid fibrils within its walls. This progressively compromises its reservoir, conduit, and booster pump functions, increasing the likelihood of thromboembolic events, even in the absence of atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The most prominent phenotypic expression of the degree of amyloid infiltration in the atrial wall is atrial electromechanical dissociation. This dissociation occurs when there is electrical activity in the sinus node, that is, the presence of P waves on the resting electrocardiogram, despite the absence of A waves on mitral Doppler or a very low or even absent booster pump strain value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> evaluated approximately 900 patients with heart failure due to transthyretin amyloidosis — both ATTRv (variant/hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis) and ATTRwt (wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis) — and observed this intriguing electromechanical dissociation in 22% of cases, identifying it as an independent risk factor associated with worse prognosis, similar to that seen in patients with clinical atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> From this perspective, amyloid atrial myopathy represents a continuous remodeling process, characterized by impairment of atrial function (deformation and stiffness index), structure (volume), and electrophysiology. Atrial cardiomyopathy may present dramatically reduced strain values, reflecting extensive involvement and an advanced degree of chamber dysfunction.</p>
		<p>In the study by Akintoye et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> cutoff values of LASr &lt;6.4% and LASct &lt;2.4% demonstrated good discriminatory ability to predict thromboembolic events in a mixed population of patients (50.2% AL and 49.8% ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, particularly in patients with ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, the atrial stiffness index, calculated as the E/e’ to LASr ratio, has already shown important prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This index was independently associated with mortality, reflecting functional atrial impairment and providing incremental prognostic information beyond conventional echocardiographic variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, its potential role in identifying subclinical cardiac involvement and in stratifying patients at earlier stages of the disease remains under investigation.</p>
		<p>In a study titled <italic>&quot;Assessment of Left Atrial Strain in Hereditary Amyloidosis: A Systematic Review&quot;</italic>, alterations in reservoir strain were observed in amyloid cardiomyopathy (LASr 8–15%), but also in individuals with the neurological phenotype (LASr 20–25%) and, interestingly, in asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic variants in the transthyretin (TTR) gene (LASr 23–30%). These findings raise the hypothesis that this tool may function as a marker of subclinical dysfunction. However, this still appears to lack more robust evidence, as the studies with the largest sample sizes in this particular review did not include asymptomatic carriers and evaluated mixed populations, including ATTRh, ATTRwt, and AL amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> On the other hand, when the analysis was performed specifically for hereditary ATTR and in individuals with a positive genotype and negative phenotype, LASr was reduced and the atrial stiffness index was increased. It is worth emphasizing, once again, that this evidence derived from small, observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In another recent systematic review evaluating the prognostic value of strain in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt and ATTRv), the atrial stiffness index emerged as the main predictor of mortality. Here, similarly, the results should be viewed with reservations, considering the significant methodological limitations of the included studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Evaluating atrial deformation in cohorts composed exclusively of patients with hereditary ATTR remains a challenge. Most available studies predominantly include patients with wild-type ATTR or mixed populations, combining individuals with both the hereditary and wild-type forms of the disease. In addition, the assessment of strain has inherent methodological limitations, including the need for high-quality echocardiographic image acquisition, variability among different manufacturers and speckle-tracking software, and the lack of universal standardization of reference values for this specific population. These factors hinder both the routine incorporation of the technique into clinical practice and the direct comparison of available studies. Consequently, fundamental questions remain unanswered: What is the best cutoff value to define subclinical cardiac involvement? Does the alteration in atrial mechanics precede, accompany, or follow ventricular impairment?</p>
		<p>Identifying which diagnostic test changes earliest in amyloidosis still lacks a definitive answer. The available evidence is based on multimodal comparative assessments (brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], pyrophosphate scintigraphy, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) and on indirect comparisons, suggesting that native T1 mapping and extracellular volume on cardiac MRI may change earlier.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> When left atrial strain is incorporated into this scenario of subclinical diagnosis, an equally promising and physiopathologically compelling rationale emerges. It is important to emphasize that this hypothesis is also based, thus far, on indirect comparisons between studies, as no prospective investigations have simultaneously evaluated the temporal evolution of atrial strain and tissue-characterization parameters on MRI in patients with hereditary ATTR.</p>
		<p>In the context of arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation goes beyond the concept of a simple rhythm disturbance and represents, in many cases, the clinical expression of atrial myopathy. This disease of the atrium leads patients undergoing electrical cardioversion or catheter ablation to present, classically, greater management complexity and high rates of recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Although robust evidence is still lacking, the study of atrial deformation and atrial stiffness emerges as an interesting strategy to refine the stratification of these patients, helping identify those most likely to benefit from rhythm-control interventions.</p>
		<p>It is well established that reservoir strain and atrial stiffness are markedly altered in patients with clinically manifest amyloid cardiomyopathy and, possibly – albeit to a lesser extent – also in asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic TTR variants. However, several questions still need to be addressed by larger studies focused exclusively on hereditary amyloidosis. The interstitial space holds many secrets that may perhaps be revealed through a more accurate assessment of the integrity of the extracellular matrix, its remodeling, and its behavior over time.</p>
		<p>In the era of disease-modifying therapies for amyloidosis, early detection of cardiac involvement has become highly relevant clinically. In this context, left atrial strain and the atrial stiffness index emerge as important functional biomarkers in the early investigation of hereditary ATTR. Confirming their true diagnostic value in the natural history of the disease will ideally depend on prospective studies specifically designed for this purpose.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<p>Short Editorial related to the article: Left Atrial Strain Assessment in Hereditary Amyloidosis: A Systematic Review</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260102</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>A Matriz Extracelular Fala. Mas Será Que Estamos Sabendo Ouvi-La? Strain do Átrio Esquerdo, Amiloidose Hereditária por Transtirretina e Algumas Reflexões</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<name>
						<surname>Ritt</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Rede D’Or - Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> • Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Rua Dom João VI. CEP: <postal-code>40285-001</postal-code>. Brotas, Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Matriz Extracelular</kwd>
				<kwd>Átrios do Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O <italic>strain</italic> do átrio esquerdo, especialmente o <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório (SAEr), é uma ferramenta importante no estudo da função atrial e da diastologia. Ele se altera antes do remodelamento detectável pelo ecocardiograma e contribui para melhor compreensão e caracterização da disfunção diastólica e do desacoplamento átrio esquerdo–ventrículo esquerdo (AE–VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No contexto de pacientes com fração de ejeção preservada, valores de SAEr &lt;18% sugerem fortemente aumento das pressões de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na cardiomiopatia amiloide, os valores dos componentes do <italic>strain</italic> atrial são caracteristicamente muito reduzidos quando comparados aos de indivíduos sem a doença, podendo constituir pistas clínicas relevantes para esse diagnóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A disfunção atrial na cardiomiopatia amiloide decorre de dois mecanismos principais: infiltração direta das fibrilas amiloides na sua parede, e aumento crônico das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Caracteristicamente, a parede atrial é fina e altamente dependente da integridade da matriz extracelular; assim, pequenos depósitos de fibrilas amiloides já podem reduzir o <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório, mesmo antes de aumentos do volume ou do diâmetro atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A matriz extracelular doente evolui com fibrose, prejudicando o relaxamento atrial, reduzindo sua complacência, aumentando sua rigidez e promovendo remodelamento – processo conhecido como miopatia atrial amiloide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o átrio não é apenas vítima da disfunção ventricular e do aumento das pressões de enchimento, mas também sofre diretamente com o depósito das fibrilas em suas paredes. Isso compromete progressivamente suas funções de reservatório, conduto e bomba, aumentando a probabilidade de eventos tromboembólicos, mesmo na ausência de fibrilação atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A maior expressão fenotípica do grau de infiltração amiloide é a dissociação eletromecânica atrial. Essa dissociação ocorre quando existe atividade elétrica no nó sinusal, ou seja, presença de ondas p ao eletrocardiograma de repouso, apesar da ausência de ondas A ao Doppler mitral ou valor do strain de bomba muito reduzido ou mesmo ausente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> avaliaram cerca de 900 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca por amiloidose por transtirretina – tanto amiloidose por transtirretina hereditária (ATTRh) quanto amiloidose por transtirretina forma selvagem (ATTRw) – e observaram essa intrigante dissociação eletromecânica em 22% dos casos, sendo esse um fator de risco independente associado a pior prognóstico, semelhante ao observado em pacientes com fibrilação atrial clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sob essa perspectiva, a miopatia atrial amiloide representa um processo contínuo de remodelamento, caracterizado pelo comprometimento da função (deformação e índice de rigidez), da estrutura (volume) e da eletrofisiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A cardiomiopatia atrial pode apresentar valores de <italic>strain</italic> dramaticamente reduzidos, refletindo extenso acometimento e avançado grau de disfunção dessa câmara.</p>
			<p>No estudo de Akintoye et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> pontos de corte de SAEr &lt;6,4% e SAEct &lt;2,4% demonstraram boa capacidade discriminatória para predizer a ocorrência de eventos tromboembólicos, em uma população mista de pacientes (50,2% AL e 49,8% ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na cardiomiopatia amiloide por transtirretina, particularmente em pacientes com disfunção ventricular e insuficiência cardíaca, o índice de rigidez atrial, calculado pela relação E/e’ / SAEr, já demonstrou importante valor prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esse índice associou-se de forma independente à mortalidade, refletindo o comprometimento funcional do átrio e acrescentando informação prognóstica incremental às variáveis ecocardiográficas convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, seu potencial papel na identificação do acometimento cardíaco subclínico e na estratificação de pacientes em estágios mais precoces da doença permanece sob investigação.</p>
			<p>No trabalho intitulado &quot;Avaliação do <italic>strain</italic> do átrio esquerdo na amiloidose hereditária: uma revisão sistemática&quot;, foram observadas alterações do <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório na cardiomiopatia amiloide (SAEr 8–15%), mas também em portadores do fenótipo neurológico (SAEr 20–25%) e, curiosamente, em indivíduos assintomáticos com variantes patogênicas no gene transtirretina (TTR) (SAEr 23–30%). Esses achados levantam a hipótese de que essa ferramenta possa atuar como marcador de disfunção subclínica. Contudo, isso ainda parece carecer de evidências mais robustas, uma vez que os estudos com maior representatividade amostral nessa revisão em específico não incluíram portadores assintomáticos e avaliaram populações mistas, incluindo ATTRh, ATTRwt e amiloidose AL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, quando a analise foi feita especificamente com ATTR hereditária e nos individuos com genótipo positivo e fenótipo negativo, o SAEr estava reduzido e o índice de rigidez atrial aumentado. Valendo destacar, mais uma vez, que essas evidências derivaram de estudos pequenos e observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em outra revisão sistemática recente, que avaliou o valor prognóstico do <italic>strain</italic> em pacientes com amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTRwt e ATTRh), o índice de rigidez atrial destacou-se como o principal preditor de mortalidade. De modo semelhante, os resultados devem ser analisados com ressalvas, considerando as importantes limitações metodológicas dos estudos incluídos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A avaliação da deformação atrial em coortes compostas exclusivamente por pacientes com ATTR hereditária permanece um desafio. A maioria das publicações disponíveis inclui predominantemente pacientes com ATTR selvagem ou populações mistas, reunindo indivíduos com as formas hereditária e selvagem da doença. Além disso, a análise do <italic>strain</italic> apresenta limitações inerentes ao método, incluindo a necessidade de aquisição de imagens ecocardiográficas de boa qualidade, a variabilidade entre diferentes fabricantes e softwares de <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, somada à ausência de padronização universal dos valores de referência nessa população em particular. Esses fatores dificultam tanto a incorporação rotineira da técnica na prática clínica quanto a comparação direta entre os estudos disponíveis. Consequentemente, permanecem em dúvida questões fundamentais: qual é o melhor ponto de corte para definir acometimento cardíaco subclínico? A alteração da mecânica atrial precede, acompanha ou sucede o comprometimento ventricular?</p>
			<p>A identificação de qual exame se altera mais precocemente na amiloidose ainda não possui uma resposta definitiva. As evidências disponíveis baseiam-se em avaliações comparativas multimodais (peptídeo natriurético cerebral [BNP], cintilografia com pirofosfato e ressonância magnética cardíaca) e em comparações indiretas, sugerindo que o mapeamento T1 nativo e o volume extracelular da ressonância magnética possam se alterar mais precocemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Quando o <italic>strain</italic> do átrio esquerdo é inserido nesse cenário de diagnóstico subclínico, observa-se um racional fisiopatológico igualmente promissor e bastante interessante. É importante ressaltar que essa hipótese também se fundamenta, até o momento, em comparações indiretas entre estudos, não havendo investigações prospectivas que avaliem simultaneamente a evolução temporal do <italic>strain</italic> atrial e dos parâmetros de avaliação tecidual da ressonância em pacientes com ATTRh.</p>
			<p>No contexto das arritmias, a fibrilação atrial transcende o conceito de um simples distúrbio do ritmo e representa, em muitos casos, a própria expressão clínica da miopatia atrial. Essa doença do átrio faz com que pacientes submetidos à cardioversão elétrica ou à ablação por cateter apresentem, classicamente, maior complexidade de manejo e elevadas taxas de recorrência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Embora ainda faltem evidências robustas, o estudo da deformação e da rigidez desponta como uma estratégia interessante para refinar a estratificação desses pacientes, auxiliando na seleção daqueles com maior probabilidade de benefício das intervenções voltadas ao controle do ritmo.</p>
			<p>É sabido que o <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório e a rigidez atrial estão marcadamente alterados em pacientes com cardiomiopatia amiloide clinicamente manifesta e, possivelmente – ainda que em menor magnitude – também em portadores assintomáticos de variantes patogênicas da TTR. Contudo, diversas questões ainda precisam ser respondidas por trabalhos maiores e focados exclusivamente na amiloidose hereditária. O espaço intersticial guarda muitos segredos que talvez possam ser revelados através de uma avaliação mais acurada da integridade da matriz extracelular, de seu remodelamento e de seu comportamento ao longo do tempo.</p>
			<p>Na era das terapias modificadoras da doença amiloide, a detecção precoce do envolvimento cardíaco tornou-se uma informação de grande relevância clínica. Nesse cenário, o <italic>strain</italic> do átrio esquerdo e o índice de rigidez emergem como importantes biomarcadores funcionais na investigação inicial da ATTRh. Confirmar seu real valor diagnóstico na história natural da doença dependerá, idealmente, de estudos prospectivos especificamente desenhados para esse fim.</p>
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					<p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avaliação do Strain do Átrio Esquerdo na Amiloidose Hereditária: Uma Revisão Sistemática</p>
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