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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">02601</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260101i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Viewpoint</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Left Ventricular Strain: Guideline Update and New Analysis Software</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-4963-2078</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Helder Moura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-4977-4056</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Halsted Alarcão Gomes Pereira da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Geraldo</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Juína</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Geraldo, Juína, MT – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Helder Moura Gomes</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Rua Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal code: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E mail: <email>heldergomes20@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260101</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Sprains and Strains</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Ventricles</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Myocardial strain analysis is a sensitive method for the early assessment of alterations in left ventricular (LV) mechanics; it is capable of detecting incipient changes and is less influenced by ventricular geometry or loading conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Echocardiography is a reproducible and cost-effective method for this assessment, given the ongoing development and widespread integration of new technologies into ultrasound systems. Various studies have demonstrated the importance of measuring global longitudinal strain (GLS), in addition to conventional parameters, for assessment of structural and functional changes in diverse clinical scenarios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> including the following:</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>Athletes</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Systemic arterial hypertension</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Cardiomyopathies (dilated, ischemic, Chagas, cardiotoxicity, amyloidosis, Fabry, hypertrophic, takotsubo)</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Active ischemic heart disease</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Arrhythmias</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Dyssynchrony</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Valvular heart diseases</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<sec>
				<title>Myocardial segment for strain analysis and standardization of echocardiographic reporting</title>
				<p>Ultrasound software vendors currently vary regarding the optimal myocardial segment (endocardium, myocardium, or epicardium) for strain analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although endocardial tracking, combined endocardial and epicardial analysis, and midwall/full-wall tracking are equally feasible and reproducible, there is growing evidence that midwall strain measurements based on full-wall tracking are less susceptible to variations in imaging geometry that are considered suboptimal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> There is also more robust evidence in the literature regarding reference values and clinical applicability for this approach, which also appears to be the most accurate, as the region of interest (ROI) includes a larger number of myocardial points (speckles) that can be tracked<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Assessment recommended by the ASE and the EACVI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> regarding the myocardial segment tracked for the analysis of LV GLS, as well as the description of the final value (blue arrow). Despite the recommendation to use the midwall segment of the left ventricle, echocardiography software still allows assessment of other segments, such as, in this case, the endocardial segment (green arrow). LV: left ventricular.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Regarding standardization of echocardiographic reporting, the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), in their latest consensus statement,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> recommend the following:</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>When presenting segmental strain values, the negative sign should be retained for differentiating dyskinetic from normal myocardial contractility.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>If the negative sign is omitted, then the term global longitudinal shortening should be used to correctly refer to the values presented.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The current recommendation is to report the myocardial strain value determined at the end of ventricular systole, rather than the peak systolic value<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (maximum negative systolic strain within the systolic interval or peak strain), as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Reference values for LV GLS are as follows<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>:</p>
						<p>Normal: More negative than −18%</p>
						<p>Borderline: −16% to −18%</p>
						<p>Abnormal: Less negative than −16%.*</p>
						<list list-type="simple">
							<list-item>
								<label>*</label>
								<p>Morris et al. conducted the most comprehensive meta-analysis on LV GLS, involving a total of 47 studies and 23,208 healthy adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This study identified 16% (absolute value) as the lower limit of normal across major software packages.</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Normal values of GLS may vary between software versions. Comparisons of GLS should ideally be made using the same software vendor and version.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The optimal use of LV GLS is in sequential follow-up, by comparison with baseline. A relative change of 10% to 15% is likely significant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The use of three-dimensional strain is still in development due to variations in software and inconsistent results, and it is not recommended for clinical use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Regional strain values have shown too much variability between tests and between vendors to be used clinically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Assessment of strain curves and description of the values to be used. According to the Clinical Applications of Strain Echocardiography: A Clinical Consensus Statement from the ASE Developed in Collaboration with the EACVI of the European Society of Cardiology, the final value used should be the one shown at the end of ventricular systole, which does not always align with peak strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Determining the timing of the systolic period</title>
				<p>Accurate determination of the effective systolic period is fundamental for myocardial strain quantification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Echocardiographic assessment, as validated in ultrasound systems, commonly employs the following time markers:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>End-diastole:</bold> Peak of the R wave on the electrocardiogram.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>End-systole:</bold> End of the T wave on the electrocardiogram or aortic valve closure in the apical three-chamber view.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>This assessment can be replaced by event markers guided exclusively by two-dimensional echocardiography:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>End-diastole:</bold> Mitral valve closure or the onset of a new cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>End-systole:</bold> Aortic valve closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Precautions and implications of errors during analysis</title>
				<p>Image analysis for strain estimation is based on the following assumptions:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>The image was adequately acquired and is of sufficient quality to allow for effective speckle tracking.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>The region under analysis was correctly defined.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Systolic and diastolic timings were accurately identified.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>Inaccuracy in any of these factors can lead to errors in the strain results. Listed below are the main factors that can increase or decrease strain values:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<label>–</label>
						<p>Parameters that may overestimate strain values:</p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Image acquisition with LV foreshortening<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Narrow ROI</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Inaccurate definition of end-diastolic and end-systolic timing<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Using only a single cardiac cycle in cases of arrhythmia, for example, atrial fibrillation</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<label>–</label>
						<p>Parameters that may underestimate strain values:</p>
						<list list-type="bullet">
							<list-item>
								<p>Inadequate image quality (incorrect speckle tracking)</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Wide ROI</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Inaccurate definition of end-diastolic and end-systolic timing</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Using only a single cardiac cycle in cases of arrhythmia, for example, atrial fibrillation</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations and new technological solutions</title>
				<p>Despite the validated standardization for myocardial strain assessment, the significant volume of echocardiographic exams in outpatient settings often means that electrocardiography is not routinely used; this hinders the retrospective analysis of cardiac strain and the determination of global strain values.</p>
				<p>Considering these data, some companies have incorporated features into their software that allow for strain assessment without electrocardiographic gating, as well as using data from a single cardiac cycle, thereby facilitating assessment of results either during the exam or afterward. For this analysis, it is necessary to determine the end-diastolic point between two cardiac cycles, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>M-mode assessment of the mitral valve (anterior leaflet) to accurately establish cardiac cycle timing. Markers must first identify end-diastole, which guides the speckle-tracking software in determining the beginning and end of the cardiac cycle (in this case, tracking a single complete cardiac cycle).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>In previous software for analysis, it was important to mark the timing of both mitral valve closure and aortic valve closure. However, in current analysis methods, these data points are replaced by a cardiac cycle gated exclusively by mitral valve opening and closure using M-mode (superior temporal resolution). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> outlines the step-by-step process for acquiring data and analyzing GLS without requiring an electrocardiogram.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Step 1: Acquisition of echocardiographic images in the 4-chamber, 2-chamber, and 3-chamber views (3 to 6 cycles whenever possible). Step 2: Select the images and initiate automatic strain analysis using dedicated software, in this case, AutoStrain LV. Step 3: Using M-mode, select a view through the mitral valve (anterior or posterior leaflet) to allow for correct tracking of the cardiac cycle. Generally, the anterior leaflet allows for better tracking due to its length. Step 4: Manually determine the end-diastolic period (start of the cycle) by marking this parameter in two cardiac cycles (Note: If necessary, adjust ROI thickness, depending on myocardial thickness, and use moving two-dimensional imaging to better identify end-diastole). Step 5: Accept the tracking and longitudinal strain result, and record the global value in the report. GLS: global longitudinal strain; LV: left ventricular.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Gating images for strain analysis using the mitral valve leaflet is a viable, reliable, and easily reproducible alternative that is increasingly being incorporated into the software embedded in echocardiography systems. Given the impact of this analysis across various clinical scenarios, this alternative should always be considered; it greatly facilitates the reporting of this echocardiographic parameter, which has validated prognostic value superior to that of ejection fraction alone. As with any new analysis technique, this approach requires comparative studies to determine the accuracy of the measurement in relation to established, validated markers of clinical events.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The contents underlying the research text are already available in a data repository, under the following DOIs:</p>
			<p>10.1093/ehjci/jeag006</p>
			<p>10.1016/j.echo.2014.11.003</p>
			<p>10.1093/ehjci/jez189</p>
			<p>10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.10.010</p>
			<p>10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.11.004</p>
		</sec>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260101</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Strain do Ventrículo Esquerdo: Atualização de Diretriz e Novos Softwares de Análise</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-4963-2078</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Helder Moura</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-4977-4056</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Halsted Alarcão Gomes Pereira da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Juín</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Geraldo,2 Juína, MT – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondância:</label><bold>Helder Moura Gomes</bold> • Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Rua Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>heldergomes20@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Entorses e Distensões</kwd>
				<kwd>Ventrículos do Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A análise da deformação miocárdica é uma maneira sensível de avaliação precoce das alterações da mecânica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), sendo capaz de detectar variações incipientes, além de apresentar menor influência tanto da geometria ventricular quanto das variações de carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia é um método reprodutível e de baixo custo para esse estudo, considerando o crescente desenvolvimento e incorporação de novas tecnologias de maneira mais disseminada nos aparelhos de ultrassom. Estudos diversos demonstram a importância da medida do strain global longitudinal (SGL), em adição aos parâmetros clássicos, para avaliação de modificações estruturais e funcionais em diversos cenários,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> como:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Atletas</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Hipertensão arterial sistêmica</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Cardiomiopatias (dilatada, isquêmica, chagásica, cardiotoxicidade, amiloidose, Fabry, hipertrófica, takotsubo)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Doença isquêmica em atividade</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Arritmia</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Dissincronia</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Doenças valvares</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<sec>
					<title>Segmento de análise da deformação miocárdica e padronização do laudo ecocardiográfico</title>
					<p>Atualmente, existe uma variabilidade entre os fornecedores de softwares de ultrassom na definição ideal de qual segmento muscular (endocárdio, miocárdio ou epicárdio) deve ser analisado para o estudo da deformação cardíaca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora o rastreamento endocárdico, a combinação da análise endocárdica e epicárdica, e o rastreamento do segmento médio (miocárdio)/total sejam igualmente viáveis e reprodutíveis, há evidências crescentes de que as medições de deformação do segmento médio baseadas no rastreamento da parede total são menos suscetíveis às variações na geometria de imagem consideradas subótimas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> além de uma evidência mais robusta da literatura em relação a valores de normalidade e aplicabilidade clínica. Essa abordagem também parece ser a mais acurada, já que a região de interesse (ROI) inclui um maior número de pontos (speckles) do miocárdio que podem ser rastreados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Avaliação recomendada pela ASE e pela EACVI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> em relação ao segmento de rastreamento do miocárdio na análise do SGL do VE, assim como a descrição do valor final (seta azul). Nota-se ainda que, apesar da recomendação de utilizar o segmento médio do VE, os softwares de ecocardiografia ainda mantêm a possibilidade de estudo dos demais segmentos, como, neste caso, o segmento endocárdico (seta verde). VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Em relação à padronização na descrição no laudo ecocardiográfico, a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE) e a Sociedade Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular (EACVI) orientam, em seu último consenso,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que:</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Ao apresentar valores segmentares de deformação, o sinal negativo deve ser mantido para diferenciar a contratilidade miocárdica discinética da normal.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Se o sinal negativo for omitido, então o termo encurtamento longitudinal global deve ser usado para se referir corretamente aos valores apresentados.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>A recomendação atual orienta que a medida de deformação miocárdica a ser reportada no laudo deve ser o valor determinado ao final da sístole (FS) ventricular e não o valor sistólico máximo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> (deformação sistólica negativa máxima dentro do intervalo sistólico ou deformação de pico), conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>O valor de normalidade do SGL miocárdico do VE:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Normal: Mais negativo que −18%</p>
							<p>Limítrofe: −16% a −18%</p>
							<p>Anormal: Menos negativo que −16%.*</p>
							<list list-type="simple">
								<list-item>
									<label>*</label>
									<p>Morris et al. realizaram a metanálise mais abrangente relacionada ao SGL do VE com um total de 47 estudos envolvendo 23.208 adultos saudáveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esse estudo identificou 16% (valor absoluto) como o limite inferior da normalidade entre os principais softwares.</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Os valores de normalidade de SGL podem mudar conforme a versão do software. Comparações de SGL devem, de preferência, usar o mesmo fornecedor e versão de software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>O uso ideal do SGL do VE é no acompanhamento sequencial, comparando com o valor basal. Uma mudança relativa de 10% a 15% provavelmente é significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>O uso da deformação tridimensional ainda está em desenvolvimento devido às variações entre softwares e aos resultados inconsistentes e não é recomendado para uso clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Os valores de deformação regional apresentam variabilidade excessiva entre testes e entre fornecedores para serem utilizados clinicamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Avaliação das curvas de strain com a descrição do valor a ser utilizado. Segundo a orientação do Clinical Applications of Strain Echocardiography: A Clinical Consensus Statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the European Society of Cardiology, o valor final a ser utilizado é o número apresentado ao FS ventricular, que nem sempre será concordante com o strain de pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> FS: Final da sístole.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Determinação temporal do período sistólico</title>
					<p>A correta determinação do período sistólico efetivo é fundamental na quantificação do strain miocárdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A avaliação ecocardiográfica já validada pelos aparelhos de ultrassom frequentemente utiliza os seguintes marcadores temporais:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Final da diástole (FD):</bold> Pico da onda R ao eletrocardiograma.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>FS:</bold> Final da onda T ao eletrocardiograma ou fechamento da valva aórtica na janela apical 3 câmaras.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Essa avaliação pode ser substituída por marcadores de eventos guiados exclusivamente pela avaliação ecocardiográfica bidimensional:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>FD:</bold> Fechamento da válvula mitral ou início de um novo ciclo cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>FS:</bold> Fechamento da valva aórtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Cuidados e implicações dos erros na execução da análise</title>
					<p>A análise da imagem para estimar o strain parte das seguintes premissas:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>A imagem foi adequadamente adquirida e com boa qualidade para permitir um bom rastreamento dos pontos (speckles).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>A região a ser analisada foi corretamente definida.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Os tempos da sístole e diástole foram adequadamente identificados.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Imprecisões em qualquer dessas variáveis podem levar a erros no resultado da deformação. Abaixo estão listadas as principais variáveis que podem aumentar ou reduzir os valores do strain:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<label>–</label>
							<p>Parâmetros que podem superestimar os valores de strain:</p>
							<list list-type="bullet">
								<list-item>
									<p>A aquisição de imagens com encurtamento do VE (<italic>foreshortening</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>ROI muito estreita</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Definição incorreta dos tempos diastólico e sistólico finais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Utilizar apenas um ciclo cardíaco em arritmias, como a fibrilação atrial</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<label>–</label>
							<p>Parâmetros que podem subestimar os valores de strain:</p>
							<list list-type="bullet">
								<list-item>
									<p>Imagens de qualidade inadequada (rastreamento incorreto dos speckles)</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>ROI muito larga</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Definição incorreta dos tempos diastólico e sistólico finais</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Utilizar apenas um ciclo cardíaco em arritmias, como a fibrilação atrial</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações e novas soluções tecnológicas</title>
					<p>Apesar da padronização já validada na avaliação do strain miocárdico, muitas vezes devido à quantidade significativa de exames ecocardiográficos em uma rotina ambulatorial, o eletrocardiograma acaba não sendo utilizado de forma rotineira, dificultando a análise retrospectiva da deformação cardíaca e a determinação dos seus valores globais.</p>
					<p>Considerando esses dados, algumas empresas têm incorporado aos softwares a possibilidade de realizar a avaliação da deformação sem o gateamento com eletrocardiograma e até mesmo usando apenas um ciclo cardíaco de aquisição, facilitando sobremaneira a avaliação dos resultados durante a execução ou em um período posterior à aquisição do exame. Para essa análise, é necessária a determinação do período de diástole final entre 2 ciclos cardíacos, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Avaliação ao modo M da valva mitral (cúspide anterior) de maneira a estabelecer com acurácia os tempos do ciclo cardíaco. A marcação deve determinar inicialmente o FD, que irá orientar o software de rastreamento de speckles em relação à temporalidade do início e final do ciclo cardíaco (neste caso, o rastreamento de 1 ciclo cardíaco completo). FD: Final da diástole.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Nos softwares de análise prévios, tanto a marcação temporal do fechamento da valva mitral quanto a do fechamento da valva aórtica eram importantes. No entanto, para a análise atual, esses dados são substituídos pelo ciclo cardíaco gateado exclusivamente pela abertura e fechamento da valva mitral ao modo M (melhor resolução temporal). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref> descreve o passo a passo para a aquisição e o estudo do SGL sem a necessidade do eletrocardiograma.</p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Passo 1: Aquisição de imagens ecocardiográficas nas janelas de 4 câmaras, 2 câmaras e 3 câmaras (sempre que possível de 3 a 6 ciclos). Passo 2: Selecionar as imagens e iniciar a análise do strain de forma automática através de software dedicado, neste caso, AutoStrain LV. Passo 3: Selecionar, através do modo M, um corte passando pela valva mitral, na cúspide anterior ou posterior, de maneira a permitir um correto rastreamento do ciclo cardíaco. Geralmente, a cúspide anterior permitirá um melhor rastreamento devido ao seu comprimento. Passo 4: Determinar manualmente o período ao FD (início do ciclo), marcando esse parâmetro em 2 ciclos cardíacos (Observação: Realizar, se necessário, correções da espessura da ROI, a depender da espessura miocárdica, e utilizar a análise bidimensional em movimento para melhor identificar o FD). Passo 5: Aceitar o rastreamento e o resultado do strain longitudinal e anotar no laudo o valor global. SGL: strain global longitudinal; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; FD: Final da diástole.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260101-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Gatear as imagens para análise do strain por meio da cúspide mitral é uma alternativa viável, confiável, facilmente reprodutível e que vem sendo progressivamente incorporada aos softwares nativos dos aparelhos de ecocardiografia. Considerado o impacto que essa análise tem nos diferentes cenários clínicos, essa alternativa deve ser sempre lembrada, facilitando sobremaneira a descrição desse parâmetro ecocardiográfico, que apresenta impacto prognóstico validado e superior à descrição apenas da fração de ejeção no laudo final. Como toda nova técnica de análise, essa abordagem requer estudos comparativos entre os diferentes tipos de análise, determinando a acurácia dessa medida em relação aos já validados marcadores de eventos utilizados.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos que fundamentam o texto da pesquisa já estão disponíveis em repositório de dados, sob os seguintes DOIs:</p>
				<p>10.1093/ehjci/jeag006</p>
				<p>10.1016/j.echo.2014.11.003</p>
				<p>10.1093/ehjci/jez189</p>
				<p>10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.10.010</p>
				<p>10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.11.004</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>