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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260081i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Integrated Multiorgan Ultrasound for Assessment of Congestion in Heart Failure</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8695-3747</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saha</surname>
						<given-names>Trisha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3254-6820</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aboumarie</surname>
						<given-names>Hatem Soliman</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">University College London Medical School</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="GB">England</country>
					<institution content-type="original">University College London Medical School, London – England</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">London</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="GB">England</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London – England</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Hatem Soliman Aboumarie</bold> • Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals. Hill End Road. Postal code: <postal-code>WD35FH</postal-code>. London – England E-mail: <email>hatem.soliman@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>28</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260081</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart Failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome in which fluid overload and congestion play a central role in symptoms, hospitalization, and mortality. Traditional methods for assessing congestion, such as clinical examination and natriuretic peptide levels, often lack sensitivity and provide limited information about the distribution and severity of fluid accumulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Traditional bedside methods, such as auscultation for lung crepitations, chest radiography to detect overt pulmonary oedema, and palpation to grade pitting oedema, can help identify congestion. However, these approaches often only detect congestion after it is well established. In modern practice, echocardiography and focused ultrasound allow clinicians to identify congestion much earlier when applied systematically and evidence-based protocols. Echocardiography provides valuable information regarding Ejection Fraction (EF) and structural abnormalities that contribute to heart failure and fluid overload. Lung ultrasound, particularly the BLUE protocol with a B profile, can reveal early pulmonary congestion long before clinical signs become apparent, allowing timely intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Beyond the lungs, targeted ultrasound of the venous system using VExUS can detect elevated venous pressures even before pitting oedema develops. This broader ultrasound-based assessment gives physicians a more sensitive and comprehensive assessment of a patient's congestive status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Integrated multiorgan ultrasound has emerged as a powerful, non-invasive tool that allows clinicians to visualise congestion across several key organs, including the lungs, heart, venous system, and kidneys. By combining findings from several ultrasound windows, this approach offers a more accurate and dynamic assessment of haemodynamic status than single-organ imaging alone. Consequently, integrated ultrasound has the potential to guide personalised therapy, optimize decongestion strategies, and reduce the risk of hospital readmission in patients with HF.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Lung Ultrasound</title>
				<p>In heart failure, lung ultrasound enables early detection of pulmonary congestion, which presents as interstitial oedema resulting from elevated left ventricular filling pressures. Since pulmonary congestion is both a major driver of hospitalisation and a central feature of heart failure pathophysiology, lung ultrasound serves as an essential tool for diagnosis, ongoing monitoring, and therapeutic decision-making in congestive heart failure.</p>
				<p>Patients are typically scanned across eight regions, with two anterior and two lateral zones on each side of the chest. Posterior views are generally not included unless there is a specific need to assess for pleural effusion. Positioning the probe at the level of the pleural line reveals the pleural line as a bright horizontal structure that moves with respiration, a finding known as lung sliding. Interstitial pulmonary oedema appears as bright vertical B-lines that arise from the pleural line and move in harmony with it. An increasing number of B-lines not only indicates a reduction in air content within the lung tissue but also identifies those at increased risk of subsequent heart failure readmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiac Ultrasound</title>
				<p>Transthoracic echocardiography is a cornerstone of non-invasive diagnosis and management in patients with clinical Heart Failure. Intracardiac filling pressures, chamber function, prognosis, and expected clinical outcomes can all be assessed using spectral Doppler.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, echocardiography enables assessment of mitral inflow patterns, mitral annular motion, and prompt identification of valvular abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is an essential tool for classifying patients with HF into those with preserved ejection fraction (&gt; 50%) and those with reduced ejection fraction (45-50 %), which is a critical distinction for guiding management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Systemic Venous Congestion Ultrasound</title>
				<p>Systemic venous congestion is a defining feature of heart failure, yet it is frequently under-recognised despite its major contribution to fluid overload and its strong links with morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Evidence shows that excessive fluid administration can increase the risk of acute kidney injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As venous pressures rise, the arteriovenous pressure gradient narrows, which reduces organ perfusion. Persistent elevations in capillary hydrostatic pressure, combined with endothelial barrier dysfunction, lead to interstitial oedema. Increasing systemic venous pressure further lowers organ perfusion pressure, placing encapsulated organs such as the brain and kidneys at particular risk of damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Traditional haemodynamic monitoring has largely centred on maintaining adequate cardiac output and mean arterial pressure through fluid administration and the use of vasopressors or inotropes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although the importance of preventing, identifying, and treating congestion is increasingly recognised, the true prevalence of systemic venous congestion in ICU patients remains uncertain. Central venous pressure measurement is invasive, susceptible to error even in experienced clinicians, and carries inherent procedural risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Other approaches to assessing fluid responsiveness, including interpretation of the Frank-Starling curve, evaluation of peripheral oedema, and monitoring weight changes, have significant limitations and do not reliably reflect systemic venous pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The absence of a clear definition or reliable method for assessing venous congestion has posed major challenges, but several ultrasound-based parameters have now been established. Assessment of the hepatic portal pulsatility index, renal venous flow patterns, and inferior vena cava diameter allows clinicians to quantify and grade the severity of systemic venous congestion. The Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) grading system applies colour Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler to visualise venous anatomy and evaluate blood flow patterns, providing a structured approach to identifying significant venous congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Preparation</title>
				<p>With the patient lying supine, the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the hepatic, portal, and renal veins can be assessed using either a phased array transducer (2- 7.5 MHz) or a curvilinear transducer (2-5 MHz). The hepatic and portal veins are typically evaluated using standard cardiac or abdominal ultrasound approaches. Optimal imaging of the renal vessels often requires lowering the Nyquist limit by 10 to 15 cm/s and increasing the colour gain to enhance visualisation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>VExUS Protocol:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>IVC Assessment</title>
					<p>The first step in the VExUS assessment is the estimation of right atrial pressure through evaluation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in spontaneously breathing patients. Using a subxiphoid view, the probe is positioned to obtain a long-axis image of the IVC about 2 cm below its junction with the right atrium. An IVC diameter under 2 cm usually indicates the absence of significant venous congestion and corresponds to a score of 0. In contrast, an IVC diameter greater than 2 cm suggests elevated right atrial pressure and possible venous congestion, prompting further evaluation of the hepatic veins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>However, this method has important limitations, particularly in mechanically ventilated patients, in whom the relationship between right atrial pressure and IVC dilation is weak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Several additional factors can influence IVC measurements, including baseline dilation in endurance athletes, differences in body surface area that may require adjusted thresholds, and instances in which elevated abdominal pressure leads to a small IVC despite high right atrial pressure. Taniguchi <italic>et al.</italic>, reported an optimal IVC cutoff of 1.7 cm for Asian patients with smaller body surface areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> To accurately distinguish the IVC from the abdominal aorta, clinicians should look for the aorta's bright hyperechoic wall and its characteristic pulsatile movement, which corresponds to the cardiac cycle.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Hepatic Vein Assessment</title>
					<p>If a subxiphoid view is not attainable, a right lateral sonographic window can be used to evaluate all components of the VExUS exam, particularly the thin-walled hepatic veins draining into the IVC. The three hepatic veins (right, middle, and left) can be assessed for their Doppler flow patterns. Although any of these vessels may be used, the right and middle hepatic veins are usually the easiest to visualise. The left hepatic vein is often more difficult to assess because bowel or stomach gas may obscure the view. When the probe is positioned over a hepatic vein, colour Doppler typically displays a blue signal as blood flows away from the transducer. Pulsed-wave Doppler then reveals a waveform resembling right atrial pressure at the point where the hepatic vein enters the IVC. This waveform reflects the right heart's ability to accommodate venous return and contributes to the evaluation of venous congestion.</p>
					<p>Hepatic vein Doppler waveforms normally show two antegrade waves: the systolic (S) wave and the diastolic (D) wave, both of which reflect changes in right atrial pressure. Under normal conditions, antegrade flow occurs twice: during ventricular systole as right atrial relaxation draws blood into the hepatic vein, and during diastole when the tricuspid valve opens. In healthy individuals, the S wave is larger than the D wave. As right atrial pressure increases, this pattern reverses, with the D wave becoming larger than the S wave, indicating mild hepatic vein abnormalities. In more advanced venous congestion, the S wave may become retrograde, signalling significant right heart dysfunction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Interpretation of Hepatic Vein Doppler. Created on Canva.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>It is important to recognise that significant tricuspid regurgitation can limit the usefulness of hepatic vein Doppler assessment. Tricuspid regurgitation may cause S wave reversal even without marked venous congestion, which can lead to misinterpretation. Other conditions, such as liver cirrhosis, inferior vena cava stenosis, fatty infiltration, and hepatic lymphoma, can also blunt or distort hepatic vein waveforms, making accurate evaluation of venous congestion more difficult.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Portal Vein Assessment</title>
					<p>Placing the probe slightly upward along the right midaxillary line provides a clear view of the portal vein, which typically has a baseline velocity of about 20 cm/s. In this view, the main portal vein crosses over the IVC, while the hepatic vein drains directly into it. When colour Doppler is applied over the hyperechoic walls of the portal vein, red flow should appear, indicating blood moving toward the transducer.</p>
					<p>In the absence of systemic venous congestion, both colour and pulsed-wave Doppler usually show minimal phasic variation or a largely monophasic waveform, as seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. When right atrial pressure rises, this pressure can be transmitted to the portal vein, producing portal vein pulsatility, which is a key marker of venous congestion. Pulsatility can be quantified using the Portal Vein Pulsatility Index: ((Vmax − Vmin) / Vmax) × 100, where Vmax and Vmin represent the maximum and minimum velocity during a cardiac cycle. Marked portal vein pulsatility indicates advanced right heart dysfunction and is associated with poor prognosis.</p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Interpretation of Portal Vein Doppler. Created on Canva.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>In lean individuals, some degree of portal vein pulsatility may occur even without raised right atrial pressure. As with hepatic vein Doppler, conditions such as cirrhosis or fatty liver can obscure or alter portal vein waveforms, potentially reducing the accuracy of congestion assessment in affected patients.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Renal Vein Assessment</title>
					<p>The interlobar vessels are best assessed along the posterior axillary line to obtain an optimal view. The hilar veins and peripheral arcuate veins should be avoided, as they can give misleading velocity measurements that result in overestimation or underestimation. Intrarenal venous flow offers important information about the downstream impact of elevated right atrial pressure on the encapsulated kidneys. With colour Doppler, both arterial flow in red and venous flow in blue can be visualised within the intrarenal vessels in the same imaging plane. Because these vessels are small, careful adjustment of the colour and pulsed-wave Doppler scales, along with increased gain, is essential for producing clear and reliable images. Asking the patient to briefly hold their breath can further improve visualisation.</p>
					<p>In healthy individuals, renal interlobular venous flow appears as a monophasic waveform below the baseline on Doppler, representing blood moving away from the transducer. The arterial waveform, seen above the baseline, helps identify the phases of the cardiac cycle. As right atrial pressure rises, renal venous flow can become pulsatile, showing distinct S and D waves. In more advanced venous congestion, the S wave may reverse. However, this reversal can be obscured by the arterial waveform above the baseline, making only monophasic D waves visible (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Interpretation of Intrarenal Vein Doppler. Created on Canva.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Patients with congestive HF are susceptible to complications such as congestive renal failure, which contributes to the development of cardiorenal syndrome. Tricuspid regurgitation can further worsen renal congestion, resulting in a poorer long-term prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Notably, Martin <italic>et al</italic>., evaluated a modified version of the VExUS score that closely resembled the original but omitted the more technically challenging renal component. Their study suggested that this simplified approach may be more efficient in identifying elevated right atrial pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>VExUS Score</title>
				<p>The Venous Excess Ultrasound Score is a structured grading system used to determine the severity of systemic venous congestion through Doppler assessment of three key veins: the hepatic, portal, and intrarenal veins. Each vessel is evaluated for characteristic flow abnormalities that indicate rising levels of congestion, and the overall score ranges from Grade 0 to Grade 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>VExUS Grading scores 0-3.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Grade 0 reflects no significant congestion, with normal Doppler patterns in all veins and an IVC diameter under 2 cm. Grade 1 represents mild congestion, defined by a dilated IVC and abnormal flow limited to the hepatic vein. Grade 2 indicates moderate congestion, with an IVC greater than 2 cm and abnormal waveforms in both the hepatic and portal veins. Grade 3 signifies severe congestion, characterised by a plethoric IVC and abnormal flow across the hepatic, portal, and intrarenal veins, consistent with marked right heart dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A higher VExUS score correlates with more advanced congestion and is associated with poorer clinical outcomes.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>VExUS is a valuable tool for the assessment of systemic venous congestion and should be considered within the context of a comprehensive haemodynamic evaluation. As a bedside technique, it offers a practical way to identify, monitor, and assess critically ill patients with venous congestion and to evaluate their response to treatment. Despite its value, VExUS has limitations. It cannot distinguish between right ventricular pressure overload and volume overload, so it should not be used as the sole guide for clinical decision-making. In addition, several conditions can alter VExUS waveforms, which may complicate interpretation. For a complete evaluation of congestion in heart failure, VExUS should be integrated with cardiac ultrasound to assess intracardiac pressures and ventricular function, as well as lung ultrasound to detect early pulmonary oedema (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). For these reasons, a multiparametric approach is necessary for accurate assessment, diagnosis, and management.</p>
			<fig id="f5">
				<label>Figure 5</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Integrated multiorgan ultrasound for the assessment of congestion in heart failure.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf05.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ultrassonografia Integrada de Múltiplos Órgãos para Avaliação da Congestão na Insuficiência Cardíaca</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8695-3747</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saha</surname>
						<given-names>Trisha</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3254-6820</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aboumarie</surname>
						<given-names>Hatem Soliman</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="GB">Inglaterra</country>
					<institution content-type="original">University College London Medical School, Londres – Inglaterra</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="GB">Inglaterra</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Londres – Inglaterra</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Hatem Soliman Aboumarie</bold> • Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals. Hill End Road. CEP: <postal-code>WD35FH</postal-code>. Londres – Inglaterra E-mail: <email>hatem.soliman@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome clínica complexa na qual a sobrecarga hídrica e a congestão desempenham papel central nos sintomas, nas hospitalizações e na mortalidade. Os métodos tradicionais de avaliação da congestão, como o exame clínico e a dosagem de peptídeos natriuréticos, frequentemente apresentam sensibilidade limitada e fornecem informações restritas sobre a distribuição e a gravidade do acúmulo de líquidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Métodos tradicionais à beira do leito, como a ausculta de crepitações pulmonares, a radiografia de tórax para identificação de edema pulmonar franco e a palpação para graduação do edema depressível podem auxiliar na identificação da congestão, porém muitas vezes a detectam apenas quando ela já está bem estabelecida. Na prática moderna, o uso da ecocardiografia e da ultrassonografia focada permite aos clínicos identificar a congestão muito mais precocemente, quando aplicados de forma sistemática e baseada em evidências. A ecocardiografia fornece informações valiosas sobre a Fração de Ejeção (FE) e as alterações estruturais que contribuem para a IC e a sobrecarga hídrica. A ultrassonografia pulmonar, particularmente por meio do protocolo BLUE com perfil B, pode revelar congestão pulmonar precoce muito antes do aparecimento dos sinais clínicos, possibilitando uma intervenção oportuna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Além dos pulmões, a avaliação direcionada do sistema venoso por meio do <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic> (VExUS) pode detectar elevações da pressão venosa antes mesmo do desenvolvimento de edema depressível. Essa avaliação ampliada baseada em ultrassonografia proporciona aos médicos uma compreensão mais sensível e abrangente do estado congestivo do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A ultrassonografia integrada de múltiplos órgãos surgiu como uma poderosa ferramenta não invasiva que permite aos clínicos visualizar a congestão em diversos órgãos-chave, incluindo pulmões, coração, sistema venoso e rins. Ao combinar achados provenientes de múltiplas janelas ultrassonográficas, essa abordagem oferece uma avaliação mais precisa e dinâmica do estado hemodinâmico do que a obtida por meio da imagem de um único órgão. Como resultado, a ultrassonografia integrada tem potencial para orientar terapias individualizadas, otimizar as estratégias de descongestão e reduzir o risco de reinternações em pacientes com IC.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Ultrassonografia Pulmonar</title>
					<p>Na IC, a ultrassonografia pulmonar permite a identificação precoce da congestão pulmonar, que se manifesta como edema intersticial decorrente do aumento das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo. Como a congestão pulmonar é tanto um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelas hospitalizações quanto uma característica central da fisiopatologia da IC, a ultrassonografia pulmonar constitui uma ferramenta essencial para o diagnóstico, o monitoramento contínuo e a tomada de decisões terapêuticas na IC congestiva.</p>
					<p>Os pacientes são tipicamente examinados em oito regiões, com duas zonas anteriores e duas zonas laterais em cada lado do tórax. As regiões posteriores geralmente não são incluídas, a menos que haja necessidade específica de avaliação de derrame pleural. Ao posicionar o transdutor no nível da linha pleural, esta é visualizada como uma estrutura horizontal hiperecogênica que se movimenta com a respiração, fenômeno conhecido como deslizamento pulmonar. O edema pulmonar intersticial se manifesta como linhas B hiperecogênicas verticais que se originam na linha pleural e se movem em sincronia com ela. Um número crescente de linhas B não apenas indica redução do conteúdo aéreo no tecido pulmonar, mas também identifica pacientes com maior risco de futuras reinternações por IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ultrassonografia Cardíaca</title>
					<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica é um dos pilares do diagnóstico e manejo não invasivos de pacientes com IC clínica. As pressões de enchimento intracardíacas, a função das câmaras cardíacas, o prognóstico e os desfechos clínicos esperados podem ser avaliados por meio do Doppler espectral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Além disso, a ecocardiografia permite a avaliação dos padrões de enchimento mitral, da movimentação do anel mitral e a rápida identificação de quaisquer alterações valvares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Trata-se de uma ferramenta essencial para classificar os pacientes com IF em portadores de FE preservada (&gt; 50%) e FE reduzida (45–50%), distinção fundamental para orientar o manejo clínico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ultrassonografia da Congestão Venosa Sistêmica</title>
					<p>A congestão venosa sistêmica é uma característica definidora da IC, porém frequentemente é subdiagnosticada, apesar de sua importante contribuição para a sobrecarga hídrica e de sua forte associação com morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes criticamente enfermos. Evidências demonstram que a administração excessiva de fluidos pode aumentar o risco de lesão renal aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> À medida que as pressões venosas se elevam, o gradiente de pressão arteriovenoso se reduz, diminuindo a perfusão dos órgãos. Elevações persistentes da pressão hidrostática capilar, combinadas à disfunção da barreira endotelial, levam ao desenvolvimento de edema intersticial. O aumento progressivo da pressão venosa sistêmica reduz ainda mais a pressão de perfusão dos órgãos, colocando órgãos encapsulados, como cérebro e rins, sob risco particularmente elevado de lesão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Tradicionalmente, a monitorização hemodinâmica tem se concentrado na manutenção de débito cardíaco adequado e pressão arterial média satisfatória por meio da administração de fluidos e do uso de vasopressores ou inotrópicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora a importância da prevenção, identificação e tratamento da congestão seja atualmente mais reconhecida, a verdadeira prevalência da congestão venosa sistêmica em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva permanece incerta. A mensuração da pressão venosa central é invasiva, suscetível a erros mesmo quando realizada por profissionais experientes e associada a riscos inerentes ao procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Outras abordagens para avaliação da responsividade a fluidos, incluindo a interpretação da curva de Frank-Starling, a avaliação do edema periférico e o monitoramento das alterações de peso corporal, apresentam limitações significativas e não refletem de forma confiável a pressão venosa sistêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A ausência de uma definição clara ou de um método confiável para avaliação da congestão venosa representou um grande desafio, porém diversos parâmetros ultrassonográficos já foram estabelecidos. A avaliação do índice de pulsatilidade da veia porta hepática, dos padrões de fluxo venoso renal e do diâmetro da veia cava inferior (VCI) permite aos clínicos quantificar e graduar a gravidade da congestão venosa sistêmica. O sistema de graduação VExUS utiliza Doppler colorido e Doppler pulsado para visualizar a anatomia venosa e avaliar os padrões de fluxo sanguíneo, fornecendo uma abordagem estruturada para a identificação de congestão venosa significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Preparação</title>
					<p>Com o paciente em decúbito dorsal, a VCI e as veias hepáticas, porta e renais podem ser avaliadas utilizando um transdutor setorial (2 a 7,5 MHz) ou um transdutor convexo (2 a 5 MHz). As veias hepáticas e a veia porta são tipicamente avaliadas por meio das abordagens convencionais da ultrassonografia cardíaca ou abdominal. A obtenção de imagens ideais dos vasos renais frequentemente requer a redução do limite de Nyquist em 10 a 15 cm/s e o aumento do ganho do Doppler colorido para melhorar a visualização.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Protocolo VExUS:</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Avaliação da VCI</title>
						<p>A primeira etapa da avaliação pelo VExUS consiste em estimar a pressão do átrio direito por meio da avaliação da VCI em pacientes respirando espontaneamente. Utilizando uma janela subxifoide, o transdutor é posicionado para obter uma imagem em eixo longo da VCI aproximadamente 2 cm abaixo de sua junção com o átrio direito. Um diâmetro da VCI inferior a 2 cm geralmente indica ausência de congestão venosa significativa e corresponde a uma pontuação 0. Por outro lado, um diâmetro da VCI superior a 2 cm sugere aumento da pressão atrial direita e possível congestão venosa, justificando a avaliação subsequente das veias hepáticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Entretanto, esse método apresenta limitações importantes, especialmente em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica, nos quais a relação entre a pressão atrial direita e a dilatação da VCI é fraca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Diversos outros fatores também podem influenciar as medidas da VCI, incluindo dilatação basal em atletas de resistência (<italic>endurance</italic>), diferenças na área de superfície corporal que podem exigir limiares ajustados e situações em que o aumento da pressão intra-abdominal resulta em uma VCI de pequeno calibre apesar da elevada pressão atrial direita. Taniguchi <italic>et al.</italic> relataram um ponto de corte ideal para a VCI de 1,7 cm em pacientes asiáticos com menor área de superfície corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Para diferenciar de forma confiável a VCI da aorta abdominal, o examinador deve identificar a parede hiperecogênica característica da aorta e seu movimento pulsátil sincronizado com cada batimento cardíaco.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Avaliação das Veias Hepáticas</title>
						<p>Caso a janela subxifoide não seja obtida adequadamente, uma janela ultrassonográfica lateral direita pode ser utilizada para avaliar todos os componentes do exame VExUS, particularmente as veias hepáticas de paredes finas que drenam para a VCI. As três veias hepáticas (direita, média e esquerda) podem ser avaliadas quanto aos seus padrões de fluxo ao Doppler. Embora qualquer uma dessas veias possa ser utilizada, as veias hepáticas direita e média costumam ser as mais facilmente visualizadas. A veia hepática esquerda geralmente é mais difícil de avaliar, pois a presença de gás no estômago ou nas alças intestinais pode prejudicar a visualização. Quando o transdutor é posicionado sobre uma veia hepática, o Doppler colorido normalmente exibe um sinal azul, correspondente ao fluxo sanguíneo se afastando do transdutor. O Doppler pulsado revela então uma forma de onda que se assemelha à pressão atrial direita no ponto em que a veia hepática desemboca na VCI. Essa forma de onda reflete a capacidade do coração direito de acomodar o retorno venoso e contribui para a avaliação da congestão venosa.</p>
						<p>Os traçados Doppler normais das veias hepáticas apresentam duas ondas anterógradas: a onda sistólica (S) e a onda diastólica (D), ambas refletindo alterações da pressão atrial direita. Em condições normais, o fluxo anterógrado ocorre em dois momentos: durante a sístole ventricular, quando o relaxamento do átrio direito atrai sangue para a veia hepática, e durante a diástole, quando a valva tricúspide se abre. Em indivíduos saudáveis, a onda S é maior que a onda D. À medida que a pressão atrial direita aumenta, esse padrão se inverte, com a onda D tornando-se maior que a onda S, indicando alterações leves nas veias hepáticas. Em estágios mais avançados de congestão venosa, a onda S pode tornar-se retrógrada, sinalizando disfunção significativa do coração direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Interpretação do Doppler das Veias Hepáticas. Criado no Canva.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
						<p>É importante reconhecer que a insuficiência tricúspide significativa pode limitar a utilidade da avaliação Doppler das veias hepáticas. A insuficiência tricúspide pode causar reversão da onda S mesmo na ausência de congestão venosa importante, o que pode levar a interpretações equivocadas. Outras condições, como cirrose hepática, estenose da VCI, infiltração gordurosa e linfoma hepático, também podem atenuar ou distorcer os traçados das veias hepáticas, dificultando a avaliação precisa da congestão venosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Avaliação da Veia Porta</title>
						<p>Posicionar o transdutor ligeiramente acima da linha axilar média direita proporciona uma visualização adequada da veia porta, cuja velocidade basal é tipicamente de aproximadamente 20 cm/s. Nessa janela, a veia porta principal cruza a VCI, enquanto a veia hepática drena diretamente para ela. Quando o Doppler colorido é aplicado sobre as paredes hiperecogênicas da veia porta, deve ser observado fluxo em vermelho, indicando sangue em direção ao transdutor.</p>
						<p>Na ausência de congestão venosa sistêmica, tanto o Doppler colorido quanto o Doppler pulsado geralmente demonstram variação fásica mínima ou um padrão predominantemente monofásico, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>. Quando a pressão atrial direita se eleva, essa pressão pode ser transmitida para a veia porta, produzindo pulsatilidade portal, um importante marcador de congestão venosa. A pulsatilidade pode ser quantificada por meio do Índice de Pulsatilidade da Veia Porta: ((Vmáx − Vmín) / Vmáx) × 100, em que Vmáx e Vmín representam as velocidades máxima e mínima durante um ciclo cardíaco. Pulsatilidade acentuada da veia porta indica disfunção avançada do coração direito e está associada a pior prognóstico.</p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Interpretação do Doppler da Veia Porta. Criado no Canva.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
						<p>Em indivíduos magros, algum grau de pulsatilidade portal pode ocorrer mesmo na ausência de elevação da pressão atrial direita. Assim como ocorre na avaliação Doppler das veias hepáticas, condições como cirrose ou esteatose hepática podem obscurecer ou alterar os traçados da veia porta, reduzindo potencialmente a precisão da avaliação nesses pacientes.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Escore VExUS</title>
					<p>O escore VExUS é um sistema estruturado de graduação utilizado para determinar a gravidade da congestão venosa sistêmica por meio da avaliação Doppler de três veias-chave: hepática, porta e intrarrenais. Cada vaso é avaliado quanto à presença de alterações características do fluxo que indicam níveis crescentes de congestão, e a pontuação global varia de Grau 0 a Grau 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Interpretação do Doppler das Veias Intrarrenais. Criado no Canva.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Escore de Graduação VExUS 0–3.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>O Grau 0 reflete ausência de congestão significativa, com padrões Doppler normais em todas as veias e diâmetro da VCI inferior a 2 cm. O Grau 1 representa congestão leve, definida por VCI dilatada e alterações de fluxo restritas à veia hepática. O Grau 2 indica congestão moderada, com VCI superior a 2 cm e formas de onda anormais tanto nas veias hepáticas quanto na veia porta. O Grau 3 corresponde à congestão grave, caracterizada por VCI pletórica e fluxo anormal nas veias hepáticas, porta e intrarrenais, compatível com disfunção importante do coração direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Escores VExUS mais elevados correlacionam-se com congestão mais avançada e estão associados a piores desfechos clínicos.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O VExUS é uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica dentro de uma análise hemodinâmica abrangente. Como técnica realizada à beira do leito, oferece uma maneira prática de identificar, monitorar e avaliar pacientes criticamente enfermos com congestão venosa, bem como sua resposta ao tratamento. Apesar de sua utilidade, o VExUS apresenta limitações. Ele não permite diferenciar sobrecarga pressórica de sobrecarga volumétrica do ventrículo direito e, portanto, não deve ser utilizado como único guia para a tomada de decisões clínicas. Além disso, diversas condições podem alterar os traçados do VExUS, o que pode dificultar sua interpretação. Para uma avaliação completa da congestão na IC, o VExUS deve ser integrado à ultrassonografia cardíaca para avaliação das pressões intracardíacas e da função ventricular, bem como à ultrassonografia pulmonar para detecção precoce de edema pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Por essas razões, uma abordagem multiparamétrica é necessária para uma avaliação, diagnóstico e manejo precisos.</p>
				<fig id="f10">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ultrassonografia integrada de múltiplos órgãos para avaliação da congestão na IC.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-3-e20260081-gf05-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>