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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250063i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20250063i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Step-by-Step Approach to the Evaluation of Constrictive Pericarditis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5333-9056</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Travessa</surname><given-names>Aline</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5973-7996</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6403-1005</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Machado</surname><given-names>Louise Moutinho</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8776-0912</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Esteves</surname><given-names>Natalia Sousa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Aeronáutica de Belém</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Belém</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Aeronáutica de Belém, Belém, PA – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Força Aérea Brasileira</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São José dos Campos</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Força Aérea Brasileira, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, São José dos Campos, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Aline Travessa</bold> • Hospital de Aeronáutica de Belém. Avenida Almirante Barroso, 3492. Postal code: <postal-code>66613-710</postal-code>. Belém, PA – Brazil. E-mail: <email>alinetravessa@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250063</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>19</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>29</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>29</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Constrictive Pericarditis (CP) is an uncommon but potentially curable condition, typically presenting with right-sided heart failure and impaired ventricular filling. Diagnosis can be challenging and requires a structured approach that integrates various cardiovascular imaging modalities. This article offers a practical guide, based on evidence and clinical experience, for the step-by-step recognition of Constrictive Pericarditis, highlighting echocardiographic findings.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Pericarditis</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler Echocardiography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="19"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<fig id="f1">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Constrictive pericarditis is a condition resulting from chronic inflammation of the pericardium, which culminates in fibrosis, thickening, and calcification, leading to marked restriction of cardiac chamber filling. Although it may develop as a complication of acute pericarditis, progression to the constrictive form usually occurs over months to years.</p>
<p>Etiologies include systemic infections, prior cardiac surgery, malignancy, radiotherapy, particularly mediastinal irradiation, autoimmune diseases, and idiopathic causes. In endemic countries, tuberculosis is a major cause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Clinical suspicion most often arises in patients with right-sided heart failure, characterized by systemic congestion (hepatic congestion, anasarca, cardiac cirrhosis) and features of low cardiac output, such as fatigue, cardiac cachexia, and muscle weakness. Additional findings may include a pericardial knock on physical examination and electrocardiographic abnormalities, such as low QRS voltage and nonspecific ST- and T-wave changes. In this setting, cardiovascular imaging plays a central role in establishing the diagnosis and guiding management (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Center Figure</xref>).</p>
<p>This article aims to present a practical, evidence-based diagnostic flowchart for the evaluation of CP, with emphasis on the sequential use of imaging modalities.</p>
<sec>
<title>Pathophysiology of CP</title>
<p>Following pericardial injury, an inflammatory cascade is triggered, involving innate immune mechanisms with activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and release of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly those of the IL-1 family. This inflammatory response promotes cellular infiltration, amplifying and sustaining the autoinflammatory process. Over time, persistent inflammation leads to fibroblast proliferation, granulation tissue formation, pathological neovascularization, and progressive pericardial thickening. This process may progress to fibrosis and calcification, ultimately leading to CP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Under physiological conditions, the pericardium has sufficient elasticity to accommodate changes in cardiac volume. In CP, pericardial thickening restricts ventricular expansion during diastole.</p>
<p>From a hemodynamic standpoint, two key mechanisms stand out:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Dissociation between intrathoracic and intracardiac pressures, caused by the rigid pericardium, which prevents normal transmission of respiratory variations;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Marked ventricular interdependence, in which increased venous return to the right chambers during inspiration results in reduced filling of the left chambers, due to interventricular septal shift toward the Left Ventricle (LV), secondary to the inability of the Right Ventricle (RV) free wall to expand as a result of the restriction imposed by the thickened pericardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Thus, ventricular filling during diastole is initially rapid but is abruptly interrupted by pericardial constraint, leading to increased filling pressures in the right chambers, reduced preload in the left chambers, and decreased cardiac output.</p>
<p>Finally, inflammatory and hemodynamic alterations also contribute to sodium and water retention through activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, perpetuating symptoms and complicating clinical management.</p>
<p>Early recognition of constrictive pericarditis allows appropriate indication of pericardiectomy, which may be curative and restore normal diastolic function in many patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Clinical presentation and diagnosis</title>
<p>Loss of normal pericardial compliance restricts diastolic ventricular filling, resulting in a clinical syndrome dominated by right-sided heart failure. In advanced stages, this presentation is frequently misinterpreted as primary hepatic or renal disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Exertional dyspnea is among the most common symptoms and often develops insidiously, reflecting elevated pulmonary venous pressures and reduced cardiac output. Fatigue is another frequent complaint and is directly related to decreased peripheral perfusion. Patients commonly present with bilateral, ascending peripheral edema as a sign of systemic congestion. Ascites, in turn, occurs in approximately half of cases and may be disproportionate to the degree of edema, misleadingly suggesting primary liver disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Other findings include abdominal fullness, anorexia, and early satiety, frequently related to hepatoesplenic congestion. In advanced cases, cachexia may be present.</p>
<p>Physical examination should focus on characteristic findings such as Kussmaul&apos;s sign (paradoxical inspiratory jugular venous distension), pulsus paradoxus (a &gt; 10 mmHg inspiratory decline in systolic blood pressure), and the classic pericardial knock, an early diastolic sound best heard at the mitral or tricuspid area, indicating abrupt cessation of ventricular filling.</p>
<p>When present together, these findings should strongly raise suspicion for CP and prompt comprehensive evaluation using complementary imaging modalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Clinical presentation of Constrictive Pericarditis</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>CP encompasses subtypes with important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><bold>Transient Constrictive Pericarditis (TCP):</bold> associated with active inflammation and reversible pericardial thickening, characterized by spontaneous resolution or resolution after anti-inflammatory therapy (NSAIDs, colchicine, or corticosteroids); early identification is important to avoid unnecessary pericardiectomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis (ECP):</bold> defined by persistence of constrictive physiology after drainage of a significant pericardial effusion (PEff). The classic hemodynamic finding is the persistence of elevated right atrial pressure after pericardiocentesis. Currently, ECP can be identified by echocardiography through the presence of constrictive features after drainage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p></list-item>
</list>
<p>CP&apos;s main differential diagnosis is restrictive cardiomyopathy, particularly infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. The distinction is based on clinical presentation, hemodynamic assessment, and imaging studies.</p>
<p>Among imaging diagnostic modalities, the following can be highlighted:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><bold>Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE):</bold> first-line examination for anatomical and hemodynamic assessment of CP. Transesophageal and stress echocardiography are generally unnecessary for establishing the diagnosis. Limitations: inability to identify active inflammation or fibrosis.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Computed Tomography (CT):</bold> gold standard for the identification of pericardial calcifications and for surgical planning, allowing detailed visualization of the relationship with adjacent structures.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR):</bold> a complementary modality that assesses pericardial thickening (&gt;3 mm), edema (T2-STIR), inflammation (LGE), and therapeutic response. It is also useful for surgical planning and follow-up of reversible forms.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Cardiac Catheterization (CC):</bold> used when noninvasive tests are inconclusive. It demonstrates equalization of diastolic pressures, the square root sign, and respiratory discordance between RV and LV systolic pressures. Although invasive, it remains a reference standard for confirmation in equivocal cases.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the main indications for each diagnostic method.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><title>Indications for Imaging Modalities in Constrictive Pericarditis</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">TTE</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Initial examination to assess function and hemodynamics; detection of suggestive signs of CP.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CMR</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Identification of active inflammation, fibrosis, and pericardial thickening.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">TC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Assessment of calcifications and preoperative planning.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Definitive diagnosis in cases with inconclusive findings; detailed hemodynamic assessment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Echocardiographic evaluation: step by step</title>
<p>During echocardiographic evaluation, techniques such as M-mode and Doppler are mandatory. For optimal echocardiographic assessment, a respirometer should always be used, particularly for evaluation of parameters such as septal motion, variation of atrioventricular flows, hepatic vein Doppler, and superior vena cava Doppler.</p>
<p>The main echocardiographic criteria include:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p><bold>Pericardial thickening:</bold> although not always present, identification of a thickened or calcified pericardium is suggestive, in addition to assessment of pericardial effusion.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Characteristic hemodynamic changes:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p>Respiratory-related septal bounce: abrupt motion of the interventricular septum during diastole, with anterior displacement during inspiration and posterior displacement during expiration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 2</xref>), reflecting exaggerated ventricular interdependence.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Respiratory variation of mitral and tricuspid inflow velocities: inspiratory variation of mitral inflow (E wave) greater than 25% and tricuspid inflow (E wave) greater than 40%.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Restrictive diastolic filling pattern: E/A ratio greater than 2 and mitral E-wave deceleration time shorter than 140 ms.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>End-diastolic expiratory reversal velocity in the hepatic vein: a ratio between end-diastolic reversed and forward flow velocity ≥ 0.8 is highly specific.</p></list-item></list></list-item>
<list-item><p>Tissue Doppler findings:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><bold>Preserved or increased medial mitral annular e′ velocity:</bold> medial e′ velocity ≥ 9 cm/s is highly specific for CP.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>&quot;<italic>Annulus reversus</italic>&quot;:</bold> medial e′ velocity exceeds lateral e′ velocity, due to the effect of pericardial restriction.</p></list-item></list></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Dilation and lack of collapse of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins:</bold> indicative of elevated right atrial pressure.</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Respiratory variation in interventricular septal motion.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>The combination of these findings increases diagnostic accuracy; particularly, the presence of respiratory septal shift associated with medial e′ velocity ≥ 9 cm/s or expiratory diastolic reversal of hepatic venous flow shows high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>A landmark Mayo Clinic study evaluated 130 patients with surgically confirmed CP and identified five key echocardiographic variables derived from prior investigations: interventricular septal motion abnormalities (including respirophasic septal shift and septal bounce), respiratory variation in mitral inflow E-wave velocity, septal mitral annular e′ velocity, the septal-to-lateral e′ ratio, and expiratory diastolic reversal of hepatic venous flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>In addition to these variables, the use of global longitudinal strain and three-dimensional echocardiography may provide additional information.</p>
<p>The integrated use of anatomical and functional criteria is essential to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) and other causes of diastolic heart failure.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><title>Main clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory characteristics for differential diagnosis</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Constrictive pericarditis</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Restrictive cardiomyopathy</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Paradoxical pulse</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Present in 1/3 of cases</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Rarely</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pericardial knock</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequently</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ECG with low QRS voltage</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequently</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Rarely</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Respiratory variation in mitral/tricuspid flows</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Marked</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Absent or slight</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle"><italic>Septal bounce</italic></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Present</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular wall thickness</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Increased</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Dip-plateau pattern on catheterization</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Present</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Variable</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">BNP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Normal or slightly high</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Elevated</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 3</xref> demonstrates a practical flowchart for the echocardiographic diagnostic approach in suspected constrictive pericarditis.</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Echocardiographic evaluation in Constrictive Pericarditis.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Differential Diagnosis: Constrictive Pericarditis vs. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy</title>
<p>Constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy share symptoms of diastolic dysfunction, but there are marked differences, as summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><title>Imaging parameters for differential diagnosis</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Constrictive pericarditis</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Restrictive cardiomyopathy</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pericardial thickening</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequently</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">lateral (tissue Doppler)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Preserved or increased</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduced</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Late pericardial enhancement (MRI)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequently</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Septal bounce</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Present</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Ventricular interdependence</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pronounced</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Minimum</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is a complex but potentially treatable condition; its diagnosis requires a systematic approach that combines clinical signs and imaging tools. While echocardiography remains the cornerstone of initial evaluation, multimodality imaging is essential for identifying active inflammation and fibrosis and guiding therapeutic decision-making. Adoption of a structured diagnostic protocol facilitates early recognition, avoids unnecessary interventions, and ultimately improves patient outcomes.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Canva for creation of the central figure of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
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<etal/>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250063</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Passo a Passo na Avaliação da Pericardite Constritiva</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5333-9056</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Travessa</surname><given-names>Aline</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5973-7996</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6403-1005</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Machado</surname><given-names>Louise Moutinho</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8776-0912</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Esteves</surname><given-names>Natalia Sousa</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Belém</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Aeronáutica de Belém, Belém, PA – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São José dos Campos</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Força Aérea Brasileira, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, São José dos Campos, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Aline Travessa</bold> Hospital de Aeronáutica de Belém. Avenida Almirante Barroso, 3492. CEP: <postal-code>66613-710</postal-code>. Belém, PA – Brasil E-mail: <email>alinetravessa@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label><p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A Pericardite Constritiva (PC) é uma condição rara, mas potencialmente curável, que se manifesta por sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca direita e restrição ao enchimento ventricular. O diagnóstico pode ser desafiador e requer uma abordagem estruturada que integra diversas modalidades de imagem cardiovascular. Este artigo oferece um guia prático, baseado em evidências e na experiência clínica, para o reconhecimento passo a passo da Pericardite Constritiva, com destaque aos achados ecocardiográficos.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Pericardite</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
</kwd-group>

<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f5">
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A PC é uma afecção resultante da inflamação crônica do pericárdio, que culmina em fibrose, espessamento, calcificação e determina intensa restrição ao enchimento das câmaras cardíacas. Embora seja uma complicação da pericardite aguda, o processo constritivo leva meses ou até anos para ocorrer.</p>
<p>Dentre as causas de pericardite, incluem-se infecções sistêmicas, cirurgia cardíaca prévia, neoplasia, radioterapia (principalmente com irradiação mediastinal), doenças autoimunes e causas idiopáticas. Nos países endêmicos, a tuberculose representa uma causa relevante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>A suspeita clínica ocorre em quadros de insuficiência cardíaca direita, com sinais e sintomas de congestão sistêmica (congestão hepática, anasarca, cirrose cardíaca) e sinais de baixo débito cardíaco (fadiga, caquexia cardíaca, fraqueza muscular), presença de <italic>knock</italic> pericárdico ao exame físico, eletrocardiograma com baixa voltagem e alterações inespecíficas de segmento ST e onda T; nesse contexto, a imagem cardiovascular é essencial para guiar o diagnóstico e o manejo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
<p>O artigo visa apresentar um fluxograma prático e baseado em evidências para avaliação diagnóstica da PC, com ênfase no uso sequencial das modalidades de imagem.</p>
<sec>
<title>Fisiopatologia da PC</title>
<p>A cascata inflamatória envolvida após um insulto ao pericárdio envolve os mecanismos da imunidade inata, com ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3 e produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, especialmente interleucinas da família IL-1. Esta ativação inflamatória leva a infiltração celular que resulta em amplificação da resposta inflamatória, com perpetuação do processo autoinflamatório. A persistência da inflamação leva à proliferação de fibroblastos, formação de tecido de granulação, neovascularização patológica e espessamento do pericárdio. O processo pode evoluir para fibrose e calcificação, culminando na Pericardite Constritiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em condições fisiológicas, o pericárdio possui elasticidade suficiente para acomodar alterações do volume cardíaco. Na PC, o espessamento do pericárdio determina limitação à expansão ventricular durante o período de diástole.</p>
<p>Do ponto de vista hemodinâmico, dois mecanismos se destacam:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Dissociação entre as pressões intratorácica e intracardíaca, causada pelo pericárdio rígido que impede a transmissão normal das variações respiratórias;</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Interdependência ventricular acentuada, em que o aumento do retorno venoso para as câmaras direitas durante a inspiração, resulta em diminuição do enchimento das câmaras esquerdas, uma vez que há desvio do septo interventricular em direção ao Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE), devido à impossibilidade de expansão da parede livre do Ventrículo Direito (VD), dada à restrição imposta pelo pericárdio espessado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p></list-item>
</list>
<p>Deste modo, o enchimento ventricular na diástole é inicialmente rápido, mas logo interrompido pela limitação pericárdica, resultando no aumento das pressões de enchimento em câmaras direitas com redução da pré-carga em câmaras esquerdas e do débito cardíaco.</p>
<p>Por fim, as alterações inflamatórias e hemodinâmicas também contribuem para o aumento da retenção de sódio e água, devido a alterações hormonais relacionadas à ativação dos sistemas simpático e sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, que perpetuam o quadro clínico e dificultam seu manejo.</p>
<p>O reconhecimento precoce da pericardite constritiva permite a indicação adequada da pericardiectomia, que pode ser curativa e restaurar a função diastólica normal em muitos pacientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Apresentação clínica e diagnóstico</title>
<p>A perda da elasticidade do pericárdio impede o adequado enchimento diastólico dos ventrículos, resultando em quadro clínico predominantemente de insuficiência cardíaca direita, frequentemente confundido com doenças hepáticas ou renais, especialmente em sua forma avançada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Entre os sintomas mais comuns, destaca-se a <bold>dispneia aos esforços</bold>, muitas vezes insidiosa, associada à elevação da pressão venosa pulmonar e à redução do débito cardíaco. A <bold>fadiga</bold> é outra queixa frequente e está diretamente relacionada à diminuição da perfusão periférica. Pacientes também costumam apresentar <bold>edema periférico</bold>, bilateral e ascendente, como sinal de congestão sistêmica. A <bold>ascite</bold>, por sua vez, ocorre em cerca de metade dos casos e pode ser desproporcional ao grau de edema, sugerindo, equivocadamente, uma hepatopatia primária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Outros achados incluem <bold>plenitude abdominal, anorexia</bold> e <bold>saciedade precoce</bold>, frequentemente relacionadas à congestão hepatoesplênica. Em casos avançados, pode haver <bold>caquexia</bold>.</p>
<p>No exame físico é fundamental estar atento a sinais sugestivos, como o <bold>sinal de Kussmaul</bold> (ingurgitamento jugular paradoxal na inspiração), <bold>pulso paradoxal</bold> (queda da pressão sistólica durante a inspiração &gt; 10 mmHg) e o característico <bold>knock pericárdico</bold>: som diastólico precoce auscultado no foco mitral ou tricúspide, indicativo de parada abrupta do enchimento ventricular.</p>
<p>Os achados descritos, quando presentes em conjunto, devem levantar forte suspeita de PC e motivar uma investigação detalhada com métodos de imagem complementares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption><title>Apresentação clínica da Pericardite Constritiva</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A PC apresenta subtipos com relevância diagnóstica e terapêutica:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><bold>Pericardite Constritiva Transitória (PCT):</bold> está associada à presença de inflamação ativa e espessamento pericárdico reversível, caracteriza-se por resolução espontânea ou após terapia anti-inflamatória (AINEs, colchicina ou corticosteroides), sendo importante a identificação precoce para evitar pericardiectomia desnecessariamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Pericardite Efusivo-Constritiva (PEC):</bold> definida pela persistência da fisiologia constritiva após a drenagem de derrame pericárdico significativo (PEff). O achado hemodinâmico clássico é a manutenção da pressão elevada no átrio direito após pericardiocentese. Hoje, a PEC pode ser identificada por ecocardiografia com sinais constritivos pós-drenagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p></list-item>
</list>
<p>O principal diagnóstico diferencial da PC é com a miocardiopatia restritiva, como amiloidose e sarcoidose. A distinção é clínica, hemodinâmica e exame de imagem.</p>
<p>Dentre os exames de diagnóstico por imagem, podemos destacar:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><bold>Ecocardiograma Transtorácico (ETT):</bold> exame inicial para avaliação anatômica e hemodinâmica da PC. Ecocardiograma transesofágico e sob estresse geralmente não são necessários para diagnosticar pericardite. Limitações: incapacidade de identificar inflamação ativa ou fibrose.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Tomografia Computadorizada (TC):</bold> padrão ouro para identificação de calcificações pericárdicas e para planejamento cirúrgico, permitindo a visualização detalhada da relação com estruturas adjacentes.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Ressonância Nuclear Magnética (RNM):</bold> modalidade complementar que avalia espessamento pericárdico (&gt; 3 mm), edema (T2-STIR), inflamação (LGE) e resposta terapêutica. É útil também no planejamento cirúrgico e no seguimento de formas reversíveis.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Cateterismo Cardíaco (CC):</bold> utilizado quando exames não invasivos são inconclusivos. Demonstra equalização das pressões diastólicas, sinal da raiz quadrada e discordância respiratória entre as pressões sistólicas do VD e VE. Embora invasivo, continua sendo um padrão de referência para confirmação em casos duvidosos.</p></list-item>
</list>
<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> resume as principais indicações de cada método diagnóstico.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption><title>Indicações para Modalidades de Imagem na Pericardite Constritiva</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="50%">
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<tbody style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">ETT</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Exame inicial para avaliar função e hemodinâmica; detectar sinais sugestivos de PC.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">RNM</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Identificação de inflamação ativa, fibrose e espessamento pericárdico.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">TC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliação de calcificações e planejamento pré-operatório.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">CC</td>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Diagnóstico definitivo em casos inconclusivos; avaliação hemodinâmica detalhada.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica: passo a passo</title>
<p>Durante a avaliação ecocardiográfica é mandatório a utilização de métodos como o Modo-M e o Doppler. Para uma avaliação ecocardiográfica ideal o respirômetro sempre deve ser usado, especialmente para avaliação de parâmetros como a movimentação septal, variação dos fluxos atrioventriculares, Doppler da veia hepática e veia cava superior.</p>
<p>Os principais critérios ecocardiográficos incluem:</p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item><p>Espessamento pericárdico: apesar de nem sempre presente, a identificação de pericárdio espessado ou calcificado é sugestiva, além da avaliação do derrame pericárdico.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p>Alterações hemodinâmicas características:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><bold>Desvio septal relacionado à respiração (&quot;</bold><italic>septal bounce</italic><bold>&quot;):</bold> movimento abrupto do septo interventricular durante a diástole, com deslocamento anterior na inspiração e posterior na expiração (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>), refletindo a dependência ventricular exacerbada.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Variação respiratória das velocidades de enchimento mitral e tricúspide:</bold> variação inspiratória do fluxo mitral (onda E) acima de 25% e do fluxo tricúspide (onda E) acima de 40%.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Padrão restritivo de enchimento diastólico:</bold> relação E/A acima de 2 e tempo de desaceleração da onda E mitral menor que 140 ms.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Velocidade do fluxo reverso diastólico final expiratório na veia hepática:</bold> relação entre a velocidade de fluxo diastólico final reverso e anterógrado ≥ 0,8 é altamente específica.</p></list-item></list></list-item>
<list-item><p>Achados do Doppler Tecidual:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item><p><bold>Velocidade preservada ou aumentada da onda e’ medial do anel mitral:</bold> onda e’ medial ≥ 9 cm/s é altamente específico para PC.</p></list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>&quot;</bold><italic>Annulus reversus</italic><bold>&quot;:</bold> velocidade da onda e’ medial é maior que a onda e’ lateral, devido ao efeito da restrição pericárdica.</p></list-item></list></list-item>
<list-item><p>Dilatação e ausência de colapso da veia cava inferior e veias hepáticas: sinal de pressão atrial direita elevada.</p></list-item>
</list>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption><title>Variação respiratória no movimento do septo interventricular.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A combinação dos achados acima aumenta a acurácia diagnóstica, especialmente, a presença do desvio septal respiratório associado a onda e’ medial ≥ 9 cm/s ou reversão diastólica expiratória do fluxo hepático apresentam sensibilidade e especificidade elevadas para o diagnóstico de PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Um tradicional estudo desenvolvido pela Mayo Clinic avaliou 130 pacientes com PC confirmada cirurgicamente, utilizando as cinco principais variáveis ecocardiográficas selecionadas com base em estudos prévios, com o objetivo de avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade dessas variáveis, isoladamente ou em combinação, sendo as seguintes: alterações na movimentação do septo interventricular, que incluem o <italic>respirophasic septal shift</italic> e o <italic>septal bounce</italic>, variação na velocidade da onda E do fluxo mitral, velocidade da onda e’ no anel septal mitral, relação da onda e’ no anel mitral septal e lateral, fluxo reverso diastólico expiratório na veia hepática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Além dessas variáveis, a utilização do <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal e do ecocardiograma tridimensional podem oferecer informações adicionais.</p>
<p>O uso integrado de critérios anatômicos e funcionais é fundamental para diferenciar pericardite constritiva de miocardiopatia restritiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>) e outras causas de insuficiência cardíaca diastólica.</p>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Tabela 2</label>
<caption><title>Principais características clínicas, ecocardiográficas e laboratorial para o diagnóstico diferencial</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Característica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pericardite Constritiva</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Miocardiopatia Restritiva</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Pulso paradoxal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Presente em 1/3 dos casos</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Raro</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><italic>Knock</italic> pericárdico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">ECG com baixa voltagem QRS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Raro</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Variação respiratória nos fluxos mitral/tricúspide</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Acentuada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente ou discreta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Septal bounce</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Presente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Espessura da parede ventricular</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Aumentada</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Padrão <italic>dip-plateau</italic> no cateterismo</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Presente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Variável</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">BNP</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Normal ou levemente alto</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Elevado</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref> demonstra um fluxograma prático para a abordagem diagnóstica ecocardiográfica na suspeita clínica de PC.</p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption><title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica na Pericardite Constritiva.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-1-e20250063-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Diagnóstico diferencial: Pericardite Constritiva vs Miocardiopatia Restritiva</title>
<p>Pericardite constritiva e miocardiopatia restritiva compartilham sintomas de disfunção diastólica, mas há diferenças marcantes, conforme resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Tabela 3</label>
<caption><title>Parâmetros de imagem para o diagnóstico diferencial</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">Característica</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Pericardite Constritiva</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Miocardiopatia Restritiva</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Espessamento pericárdico</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">e&apos; lateral (Doppler tecidual)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Preservado ou aumentado</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduzido</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Realce tardio pericárdico (RNM)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">Septal bounce</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Presente</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">Interdependência ventricular</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pronunciada</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Mínima</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A PC é uma condição complexa, mas potencialmente tratável, seu diagnóstico requer uma abordagem sistemática que combine sinais clínicos e ferramentas de imagem. A ecocardiografia é essencial na triagem inicial, mas a avaliação por imagem multimodal é importante para identificar inflamação, fibrose e orientar o tratamento. A adoção de um protocolo integrado permite diagnóstico precoce, evita intervenções desnecessárias e contribui para melhores desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Durante a preparação deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram Canva para criação da Figura Central do manuscrito. Após o uso desta ferramenta/serviço, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p></fn>
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<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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