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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">03801</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260103i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Special Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Position Statement on the Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Cardiovascular Medicine – 2026: Executive Summary</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1348-9074</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alcantara</surname>
						<given-names>Monica Luiza de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6900-4964</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bernardo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcos Paulo Lacerda</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5903-987X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Beck</surname>
						<given-names>Adenalva Lima de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Nascimento</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5531-9647</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Morhy</surname>
						<given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-0725-0761</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lira</surname>
						<given-names>Edgar Bezerra de</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Felix</surname>
						<given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Goldwasser</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2634-4632</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Otto</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8253-7535</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Salgado</surname>
						<given-names>Angelo Antunes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5575-9354</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siciliano</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Paula dos Reis Velloso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-9564-7435</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Netto</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Melo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2153-7301</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Freire</surname>
						<given-names>Claudia Maria Vilas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1622-6621</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Albricker</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Cristina Lopes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1216-8316</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael Modesto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8258-0584</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mancuso</surname>
						<given-names>Frederico José Neves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Dalton de Souza</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3254-6820</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aboumarie</surname>
						<given-names>Hatem Soliman</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3314-9712</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Miglioranza</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>21</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7287-9198</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amaral</surname>
						<given-names>Salomon Israel do</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Melo</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7900-6506</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Marcio Mendes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2535-4342</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paladin</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Tito</given-names>
						<suffix>Filho</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>25</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4741-322X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Lidia Ana Zytynski</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>26</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6186-3537</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27"><sup>27</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29"><sup>29</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Soeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>30</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31"><sup>31</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32"><sup>32</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33"><sup>33</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Cláudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34"><sup>34</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35"><sup>35</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0371-4060</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>30</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barberato</surname>
						<given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36"><sup>36</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Quinta D’Or</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">RDSL</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Quinta D’Or RDSL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">HUPE</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Copa Star</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa Star, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Sirio Libanês</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sirio Libanês, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Eccos Diagnóstico CardioVascular Avançado</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Eccos Diagnóstico CardioVascular Avançado, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Einstein Hospital Istaelita</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Einstein Hospital Istaelita, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>8</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>9</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Americas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state"> RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Americas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>10</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Copa D’Or</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa D’Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11">
				<label>11</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12">
				<label>12</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D’Or</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Rede D’Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff13">
				<label>13</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital DF Star</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D’Or</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital DF Star – Rede D’Or, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff14">
				<label>14</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">EBSERH</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff15">
				<label>15</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMC), Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff16">
				<label>16</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Universitário UniBh</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Inspirali</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário UniBh-Inspirali, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff17">
				<label>17</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Aliança</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D’Or</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Aliança Rede D’Or, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff18">
				<label>18</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff19">
				<label>19</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff20">
				<label>20</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Harefield Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Londres</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="GB">UK</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Harefield Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Londres, UK – England</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff21">
				<label>21</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">EcoHaertel</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Mae de Deus</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">EcoHaertel – Hospital Mae de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff22">
				<label>22</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Botafogo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff23">
				<label>23</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFPB</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff24">
				<label>24</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">UDI Hospital</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D’or São Luiz</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Luís</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">UDI Hospital Rede D’or São Luiz, São Luís, MA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff25">
				<label>25</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff26">
				<label>26</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC-PR), Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff27">
				<label>27</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff28">
				<label>28</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff29">
				<label>29</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário São Camilo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff30">
				<label>30</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff31">
				<label>31</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Coração de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff32">
				<label>32</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff33">
				<label>33</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Esperança Recife</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D’or</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança Recife – Rede D’or, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff34">
				<label>34</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff35">
				<label>35</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Porto Alegre</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff36">
				<label>36</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Cardioeco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardioeco – Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Monica Luiza de Alcantara Rua Almirante Baltazar, 435. CEP: 20941-150. Imperial de São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>alcantaramonica@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>19</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260103</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is one of the most significant innovations in contemporary cardiovascular clinical practice, serving as an extension of the bedside physical examination. This executive summary outlines the Position Statement from the Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC-SBC), published in 2026, covering the key domains of cardiovascular POCUS application: cardiac assessment, lung ultrasound, assessment of systemic venous congestion (VExUS), screening for deep vein thrombosis, management of circulatory shock, short-term mechanical circulatory support, emergency medicine applications, cardiorespiratory arrest, and ultrasound-guided procedures. Fundamental concepts regarding training, certification, and ethical and legal aspects relevant to the Brazilian context are discussed. This document emphasizes that POCUS does not replace a comprehensive diagnostic echocardiogram, but rather adds substantial clinical value when performed by properly trained professionals within structured protocols.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Point-of-Care Systems</kwd>
				<kwd>Shock</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Venous Thrombosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Emergencies</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="16"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Position Statement on the Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Cardiovascular Medicine – 2026: Executive Summary</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>PE: Pulmonary embolism; POCUS: Point-of-care ultrasound; TEE: Transesophageal echocardiography; TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography; US: Ultrasound; VA-ECMO: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound Score; VV-ECMO: Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec>
			<title>1. Introduction and Concept</title>
			<p>Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is defined as the use of ultrasound as an adjunct to the clinical examination, focused on answering an urgent clinical question at the bedside. In the cardiovascular context, it encompasses anatomical and functional assessment of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in both inpatients and outpatients, from neonates to adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The main advantages of POCUS are portability, low cost, and accessibility. It can be used by properly trained cardiologists, critical care physicians, emergency physicians, and pediatricians in emergency departments, intensive care units (ICUs), operating rooms, and hard-to-reach settings. The miniaturization of equipment, with screens the size of a smartphone, and the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) to guide transducer positioning have progressively expanded its clinical application.</p>
			<p>It is fundamental to distinguish POCUS from a comprehensive diagnostic echocardiogram. POCUS is used to answer specific, immediate clinical questions and does not replace a comprehensive echocardiographic assessment when the latter is indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>2. Equipment, Training, and Certification</title>
			<sec>
				<title>2.1. Equipment</title>
				<p>The ideal equipment for POCUS should allow for image acquisition in one- and two-dimensional modes, spectral Doppler, and color flow mapping, using variable-frequency transducers and offering DICOM-format storage capabilities. Handheld devices perform adequately for most applications.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.2. Structured Training</title>
				<p>The Department of Cardiovascular Imaging of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC-SBC) has proposed the AcQUIRE protocol (AcQUIsition, Interpretation, and documentation of REsults), organized into three progressive levels of competence:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Level 1</bold> (N = 30 exams; 2 weeks of training): Identification of key cardiac structures, acquisition of standard views, qualitative recognition of abnormalities, and documentation in the medical record.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Level 2</bold> (N = 50 exams; 4 weeks of training): Understanding of POCUS protocols for differential diagnosis of shock and respiratory failure, in addition to assessment of fluid responsiveness and systemic congestion.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Level 3</bold> (N = 70 exams; 12 weeks of training): Advanced assessment of valves, cardiac output (CO), filling pressures, and ultrasound-guided procedures.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>This methodology includes an introductory theoretical-practical course (4 hours of online lectures and 8 hours of hands-on training with mannequins), practical training supervised by a qualified echocardiographer, assessment using a standardized checklist, and annual revalidation requiring a minimum score of 70% (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Supplement 1</xref>). In order to maintain competence, professionals must perform at least 10 exams per month.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2.3. Ethical and Legal Aspects in Brazil</title>
				<p>Cardiovascular POCUS should be considered a bedside medical procedure, which does not replace a comprehensive diagnostic echocardiogram. Professionals who perform the procedure assume civil liability for the actions taken, including the decision to perform, technical execution, interpretation, and documentation in the medical record.⁶</p>
				<p>In Brazil, training in POCUS remains limited in undergraduate and medical residency curricula, resulting in inconsistent professional qualifications.⁷ There is a persistent lack of standardized procedure coding and clear reimbursement policies in both the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and the supplementary health sector. Regulation by the Federal Council of Medicine, in coordination with medical specialty societies, is a priority to ensure legal protection for professionals and patient safety. Integration with telehealth strategies, specifically the <italic>Programa Telessaúde Brasil Redes</italic> (Brazil Telehealth Networks Program) and the <italic>Ação Estratégica SUS Digital</italic> (Digital SUS Strategic Action), strengthens the use of tele-POCUS as a tool to expand access to specialized cardiovascular assessment.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>3. Cardiac POCUS</title>
			<sec>
				<title>3.1. Main Echocardiographic Views</title>
				<p>Cardiac POCUS utilizes five main echocardiographic views (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>):</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Main views used in cardiac POCUS, with respective transducer positions and structures assessed. AO: aorta; IVC: inferior vena cava; POCUS: point-of-care ultrasound; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Parasternal long-axis view</bold>: assessment of global contractility, pericardial effusion, chamber dimensions, and regional wall motion.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Parasternal short-axis view</bold>: global contractility, regional wall motion, and pericardial effusion.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Apical 4-chamber view</bold>: global contractility, regional wall motion, and chamber dimensions.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Subcostal view</bold>: pericardial effusion, chamber dimensions, and global contractility.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Subcostal inferior vena cava (IVC) view</bold>: assessment of IVC and hepatic vein distensibility.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3.2. Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Function</title>
				<p>Cardiac POCUS employs a qualitative approach to assess left ventricular (LV) systolic function; this method is more intuitive and clinically relevant than traditional quantitative methods (Simpson, Teichholz), which are more time-consuming and do not yield greater accuracy in emergency settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The assessment considers endocardial excursion and myocardial thickening, classifying function into four categories (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Semiquantitative tools such as MAPSE (mitral annular plane systolic excursion) and EPSS (E-point septal separation) can serve as complementary measures. AI demonstrates good correlation with automated ejection fraction when image acquisition is adequate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Qualitative assessment of left ventricular systolic function</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left"><bold>Normal</bold></td>
									<td align="left">Thickening of most LV segments, with endocardial displacement toward the center of the LV.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Hyperdynamic</bold></td>
									<td>Increased endocardial excursion and myocardial thickening, leading to partial or total systolic obliteration of the LV</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Reduced systolic function</bold></td>
									<td>Reduced endocardial excursion and myocardial thickening.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Severe dysfunction</bold></td>
									<td>Severely reduced endocardial excursion and myocardial thickening.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Videos 1 to 13 (Supplement 2) provide examples. LV: left ventricle.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3.3. Right Ventricular Assessment</title>
				<p>Cardiac POCUS aids in the rapid diagnosis of conditions affecting the right ventricle (RV). RV enlargement is assessed by means of the RV/LV ratio: when the RV area exceeds two thirds of the LV area, it suggests enlargement and significant overload; when the RV/LV ratio is ≥ 1.0, the finding suggests major overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Lateral tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE &lt; 1.7 cm) indicates RV systolic dysfunction and has prognostic value in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the context of acute pulmonary embolism, RV dilation with septal flattening (D-shape) and McConnell’s sign (present in only 12%–20% of cases) can assist in diagnosis.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3.4. Cardiac Tamponade</title>
				<p>POCUS is a highly valuable tool for the early detection of cardiac tamponade, whose classic clinical signs (Beck’s triad) are not always present. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref> provides an overview of the key findings. IVC distension with minimal respiratory variation and right atrial (RA) collapse during ventricular systole have high sensitivity; RV diastolic collapse is the most specific finding for filling restriction. Differentiation between pericardial and pleural effusion in the parasternal long-axis view is based on the relationship with the descending aorta; effusions anterior to the descending aorta are pericardial, whereas posterior effusions are pleural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Key findings of cardiac tamponade on POCUS. *IVC distension may be absent in cardiac tamponade associated with severe hypovolemia. Other findings may contribute to diagnosis, including leftward shift of the interventricular septum during inspiration (part of the physiology of pulsus paradoxus).12 IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; PE: pericardial effusion; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3.5. Advanced POCUS: LVOT VTI and E/e′ ratio</title>
				<p>Stroke volume is calculated as the product of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocity–time integral (VTI) and the LVOT area. In healthy individuals, the LVOT VTI ranges from 18 to 22 cm at heart rates between 55 and 95 bpm. Variations in LVOT VTI reflect changes in stroke volume and guide real-time therapeutic decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> An average E/e′ ratio &gt; 14 has high specificity for elevated left atrial pressure (LAP) and a strong association with fluid intolerance; an E/e′ ratio &lt; 8 has good accuracy for predicting LAP &lt; 18 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>4. Lung Ultrasound</title>
			<sec>
				<title>4.1. Basics and Artifacts</title>
				<p>Lung ultrasound (LUS) relies on artifacts generated from the pleural line. Under normal conditions, aerated lungs produce <bold>A-lines</bold> (horizontal reverberation artifacts). Thickening of interalveolar spaces or filling of alveoli with fluid or inflammatory material generates <bold>B-lines</bold> (vertical artifacts propagating across the entire ultrasound field). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> describes the main findings and their interpretation.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Description of the most frequent lung ultrasound findings and their interpretation</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Finding</th>
									<th align="left">Descrição</th>
									<th align="left">Significado</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Pleural line</bold></td>
									<td>Hyperechoic curvilinear line beneath the ribs.</td>
									<td>Interface between the parietal and visceral pleurae.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Pleural sliding</bold></td>
									<td>Sliding of the visceral pleura over the parietal pleura during respiration.</td>
									<td>Rules out pneumothorax and pleural adhesions.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>A-lines</bold></td>
									<td>Horizontal reverberation artifacts originating from the pleural line.</td>
									<td>Aerated lung (normal), COPD, or pneumothorax (with loss of pleural sliding).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>B-lines</bold></td>
									<td>Vertical artifacts originating from the pleural line that extend across the entire ultrasound field.</td>
									<td>Accumulation of hydrostatic and/or inflammatory fluid or fibrosis in the interlobular septa and alveoli.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Z-lines</bold></td>
									<td>Static vertical artifacts that do not extend to the bottom of the field.</td>
									<td>No pathological significance. Should be differentiated from B-lines.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Lung point</bold></td>
									<td>Transition point between pleural sliding and the absence of movement.</td>
									<td>Pathognomonic for pneumothorax. The more lateral the lung point, the larger the pneumothorax.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Lung pulse</bold></td>
									<td>Rhythmic movement of the pleura synchronized with the heartbeat.</td>
									<td>Rules out pneumothorax in the absence of pleural sliding.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Barcode sign (stratosphere sign)</bold></td>
									<td>Horizontal lines across the entire M-mode ultrasound field.</td>
									<td>Indicative of pneumothorax.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Plankton sign</bold></td>
									<td>Mobile punctate echoes within the fluid.</td>
									<td>May indicate infection or hemothorax; may appear after aggressive diuretic therapy.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Septated (loculated) effusion</bold></td>
									<td>Debris, fibrin strands, and septations.</td>
									<td>Complex effusion; suggestive of infection, abscess, empyema, or fibrosis, hindering pleural drainage.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Air bronchograms</bold></td>
									<td>Hyperechoic punctate echoes trapped within bronchi and surrounded by consolidation.</td>
									<td>When mobile (dynamic), suggestive of pneumonic consolidation; when static, suggestive of atelectasis.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Shred sign</bold></td>
									<td>Irregular, deep subpleural hyperechoic line separating the consolidated zone from the partially aerated zone.</td>
									<td>Present in non-translobar consolidations, most frequently associated with pneumonia.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Curtain sign</bold></td>
									<td>Overlapping of aerated lung during respiration, obscuring the image of the liver or spleen.</td>
									<td>Aerated lung bases at the point of analysis.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Jellyfish sign</bold></td>
									<td>Segment of collapsed lung exhibiting undulating movement within a large pleural effusion.</td>
									<td>Compressive atelectasis.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Subpleural consolidation</bold></td>
									<td>Small subpleural hypoechoic area (triangular, circular, or polygonal).</td>
									<td>Pulmonary embolism, atelectasis, infection, hemorrhage, or neoplasm.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Translobar consolidation</bold></td>
									<td>Absence of air in the lung, presenting a solid-organ texture (hepatization).</td>
									<td>Pneumonia or atelectasis.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4.2. Examination Protocols</title>
				<p>Three main protocols are recommended according to the clinical context (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>):</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Recommended lung ultrasound protocols. A – BLUE protocol15; B – 8-quadrant protocol17; C – 12-quadrant protocol.18 Note: See the references for further details. BLUE: Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency; PLAPS: posterolateral alveolar and/or pleural syndrome.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>BLUE protocol</bold> (Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency): divides each hemithorax into three quadrants (two anterior and one posterolateral basal [PLAPS point]). The <bold>B-profile</bold> (≥ 3 B-lines per quadrant with preserved pleural sliding) indicates pulmonary congestion, with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 95%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Recommended in emergency settings.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>8-quadrant protocol</bold>: recommended for grading and longitudinal monitoring of congestion in patients with heart failure, without compromising time or accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>12-quadrant protocol</bold>: includes the posterior chest region; indicated for interstitial syndromes such as pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4.3. Main Applications</title>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Pulmonary congestion:</bold> LUS detects extravascular lung fluid with diagnostic performance equivalent to that of BNP measurement and superior to that of chest radiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline recommends (class I, level C) the integrated use of LUS and echocardiography to assess congestion in patients with acute heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Pleural effusion:</bold> LUS shows 93% accuracy for detecting pleural effusion, versus 47% for chest radiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The Balik method estimates volume by multiplying the greatest distance between the parietal pleura and the lung tissue during expiration (in cm) by 200, resulting in an estimate in mL.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Pneumothorax:</bold> Sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 98%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The absence of pleural sliding is the finding with the highest sensitivity; lung point is the only pathognomonic finding.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Pulmonary embolism:</bold> A triangular subpleural consolidation in the posterobasal regions is a suggestive finding. Triple POCUS (cardiac + venous + pulmonary) demonstrated a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 86% for pulmonary embolism in a multicenter study involving 357 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>5. VExUS: Assessment of Systemic Venous Congestion</title>
			<sec>
				<title>5.1. Introduction and Relevance</title>
				<p>Patients with RV failure, pulmonary hypertension, or fluid overload frequently develop systemic venous congestion, leading to reduced arteriovenous gradient, elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure, and interstitial edema. This mechanism causes organ (especially kidney) dysfunction, perpetuating a vicious cycle of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) has emerged as a reliable, reproducible method with good interobserver agreement for quantifying this congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>5.2. Protocol and Grading</title>
				<p>VExUS sequentially analyzes the following four components (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>):</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– VExUS grading: when the IVC diameter is greater than 2 cm, three grades of venous congestion are defined based on the severity of changes observed in hepatic, portal, and renal interlobar vein flow; these should ideally be recorded during end-expiratory apnea. IVC: inferior vena cava; VExUS: venous excess ultrasound. Adapted from Koratala et al.25</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>IVC:</bold> Measured 2 cm proximal to the IVC–RA junction, during end-expiratory apnea. IVC &lt; 2 cm: VExUS grade 0 (no congestion). IVC ≥ 2 cm: proceed to analysis of the remaining components.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Hepatic vein (pulsed-wave Doppler):</bold> Three patterns: <list list-type="bullet">
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 1 (normal): S wave &gt; D wave</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 2 (increased RA pressure): S wave &lt; D wave</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 3 (markedly increased RA pressure): reversed S wave</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Portal vein (pulsed-wave Doppler):</bold> Classified by pulsatility fraction: <list list-type="bullet">
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 1: oscillation &lt; 30%</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 2: oscillation 31%–50%</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 3: oscillation &gt; 50% or flow reversal</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Renal interlobar vein (pulsed-wave Doppler):</bold><list list-type="bullet">
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 1: continuous flow</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 2: biphasic flow</p>
								</list-item>
								<list-item>
									<p>Type 3: monophasic flow</p>
								</list-item>
							</list>
						</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p><bold>Final grading:</bold></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>Grade 0: IVC &lt; 2 cm</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grade 1: IVC ≥ 2 cm + type 1 or 2 patterns, in any combination</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grade 2: IVC ≥ 2 cm + one type 3 waveform</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Grade 3: IVC ≥ 2 cm + two or more type 3 waveforms</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>5.3. Clinical Evidence and Applications</title>
				<p>The original study by Beaubien-Souligny et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> validated the score in 145 postoperative cardiac surgery patients, demonstrating a significant association with subsequent acute kidney injury (hazard ratio = 3.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65–8.24; p = 0.001). Subsequent studies have demonstrated its applicability in cardiorenal syndrome, complex hyponatremia, acute coronary syndromes, non-cardiac perioperative assessment, and pediatric patients in the ICU.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>VExUS does not assess the need for fluid replacement, but it is a key indicator of fluid tolerance, identifying cases where discontinuing fluid resuscitation or removing fluid would be beneficial. VExUS 0 or 1: fluid-tolerant; VExUS 2 or 3: fluid-intolerant.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>6. POCUS in Deep Vein Thrombosis</title>
			<p>POCUS for the assessment of proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT), performed by appropriately trained professionals in urgent and emergency settings, currently has a <bold>grade I recommendation and level B evidence</bold>.</p>
			<p>The extended compression protocol, also known as three-point compression ultrasound, is currently recommended (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 5</xref>), supported by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine consensus and the American College of Emergency Physicians’ emergency ultrasound guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> DVT diagnosis is established by visualizing a thrombus (intraluminal echogenic material) or identifying venous incompressibility. In acute thrombosis, incompressibility often precedes visualization of the thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f06">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Sequence of views for the extended three-point compression ultrasound protocol.32 CFA: common femoral artery; CFV: common femoral vein; FA: femoral artery; FV: femoral vein; GSV: great saphenous vein; PA: popliteal artery; PV: popliteal vein; SFJ: saphenofemoral junction.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf06.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A meta-analysis by Pomero et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.1% (95% CI: 90.6%–98.5%) and a specificity of 96.8% (95% CI: 94.6%–98.1%) for compression ultrasound performed by emergency physicians. The examination is performed in under 5 minutes, reducing diagnostic delays and the need for unnecessary comprehensive scans.</p>
			<p>The technical sequence evaluates the saphenofemoral junction, the area 1–2 cm distal to the saphenofemoral junction, the proximal and mid-to-distal segments of the femoral vein in the thigh (at 2–3 cm intervals), and the popliteal vein. The linear transducer (5–10 MHz) is positioned transversely over the vein, with progressive compression to assess for complete collapse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>7. POCUS in Patients with Circulatory Shock</title>
			<sec>
				<title>7.1. Diagnostic Approach</title>
				<p>POCUS is the method of choice for the initial hemodynamic assessment and monitoring of patients with circulatory shock, allowing for diagnosis of hemodynamic profile within 2 minutes, even when performed by non-specialists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The proposed approach integrates the BLUE, cardiac POCUS, and adapted EGLS protocols, addressing five sequential key questions:</p>
				<list list-type="alpha-lower">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Is there tamponade?</bold> Investigate for moderate to severe pericardial effusion, dilated IVC with minimal respiratory variation, and diastolic collapse of the right heart chambers (swinging heart).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Is the patient hypovolemic?</bold> A hyperdynamic LV (kissing walls) or small-diameter IVC (≤ 10 mm) with collapse throughout the respiratory cycle. Lungs without B-lines (A-pattern).</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Is important LV systolic dysfunction the cause of shock?</bold> Significant LV systolic dysfunction associated with pulmonary congestion (B-profile on LUS) and/or systemic venous congestion (dilated IVC). Pure cardiogenic shock is unlikely to be the primary cause of instability in the presence of a normal lung pattern.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Are there signs of RV distension (<italic>cor pulmonale</italic>)?</bold> RV &gt; 60% of the LV (mild <italic>cor pulmonale</italic>); RV = LV (moderate); or RV &gt; LV (severe), with septal flattening (D-shape) and dilated IVC.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Is there pneumothorax?</bold> Absence of pleural sliding and presence of a lung point.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 6</xref> shows the complete diagnostic algorithm.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f07">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Initial diagnostic algorithm for circulatory shock based on POCUS. CT: computed tomography; ECG: electrocardiogram; FAC: fractional area change; IVC: inferior vena cava; LV: left ventricle; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; MNM: myocardial necrosis markers; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PAT: pulmonary acceleration time; PLAPS: posterolateral alveolar and/or pleural syndrome; POCUS: point-of-care ultrasound; RV: right ventricle; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; VTI: velocity–time integral. Adapted from the EGLS, BLUE, and EFAST protocols.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf07.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>7.2. Fluid Responsiveness and Fluid Tolerance</title>
				<p>Fluid responsiveness (FR) is defined as an increase in CO &gt; 10%–15% induced by an increase in preload. The main parameter for estimating CO via POCUS is the LVOT VTI (normal: 18–22 cm at a heart rate of 55–95 bpm).</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Passive leg raising (PLR):</bold> An increase in VTI of ≥ 10% induced by PLR predicts an increase in CO following fluid infusion with 84% accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> PLR can be performed in patients under spontaneous or mechanical ventilation. Intraobserver variability of VTI measurements (± 11%) should be considered. Changes &gt; 20% are more likely to represent true FR.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Expiratory and inspiratory pause maneuvers (TOEF/TOIF):</bold> The sum of the absolute variation (≥ 13%) in LVOT VTI during combined TOEF and TOIF maneuvers has shown 93% accuracy in predicting FR; this approach is reserved for more experienced practitioners.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Fluid tolerance:</bold> Assessed via the presence of B-lines on LUS (pulmonary congestion) and the VExUS score (systemic venous congestion). VExUS 0 or 1: fluid-tolerant; VExUS 2 or 3: fluid-intolerant.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>8. POCUS in Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support</title>
			<p>POCUS plays a multifaceted role in short-term mechanical circulatory support, encompassing initial patient assessment, guidance of cannulation, continuous hemodynamic monitoring, and early detection of complications.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>8.1. Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump</title>
				<p>Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is preferable to fluoroscopy for guiding intra-aortic balloon pump insertion because it allows for real-time visualization, is portable, and does not utilize ionizing radiation. Correct positioning requires the tip of the intra-aortic balloon to be located approximately 2 cm distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. TEE also allows for the exclusion of primary contraindications (significant aortic regurgitation, aortic dissection) prior to insertion.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>8.2. Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</title>
				<p>Echocardiography is essential across the four phases of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support: pre-cannulation, cannulation and initiation, monitoring for malfunction, and weaning. Special attention must be paid to the absence of aortic valve opening during peripheral support; this finding indicates blood stasis, risk of thrombosis, and the need for LV decompression strategies. All patients on acute mechanical circulatory support should undergo daily echocardiography, with additional focused exams in the event of acute hemodynamic deterioration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Bedside cardiovascular echocardiography for venovenous and venoarterial ECMO across the pre-cannulation, cannulation and initiation, malfunction, and weaning phases requires a highly specialized approach with well-defined protocols, extending beyond the scope of basic POCUS.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>9. POCUS in Emergency Settings</title>
			<sec>
				<title>9.1. Chest Pain</title>
				<p>POCUS aids in the differential diagnosis of life-threatening conditions in patients with chest pain, including pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, and pericardial diseases. The identification of pericardial effusion has an accuracy of over 95%, even when performed by emergency physicians with adequate training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Assessment of the aorta in suspected dissection and analysis of regional LV wall motion to identify acute coronary syndrome require advanced training and should be performed by cardiovascular imaging specialists.</p>
				<p>Regarding diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, the combination of cardiac findings (RV dilation, McConnell’s sign, D-shaped septum), pulmonary findings (triangular subpleural consolidation), and vascular findings (noncompressible proximal DVT) has shown a specificity of over 95% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In patients with hemodynamic instability, cardiac POCUS should be the first tool employed, given that the absence of signs of RV overload can rule out massive pulmonary embolism as a possible cause.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– POCUS as an aid to diagnosis of pulmonary embolism 32</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Finding</th>
									<th align="left">Interpretation</th>
									<th align="left">Observations</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Deep vein thrombosis</bold></td>
									<td>Visualization of a thrombus in a noncompressible deep vein (femoral, popliteal, etc.)</td>
									<td>Highly suggestive of pulmonary embolism if associated with respiratory symptoms</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>RV dilation</bold></td>
									<td>RV diameter &gt; LV diameter (RV/LV &gt; 1) in parasternal or apical views</td>
									<td>Suggestive of RV pressure overload (sign of massive/submassive embolism).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>McConnell’s sign</bold></td>
									<td>Hypokinesis of the basal and mid-portions of the RV free wall with apical sparing</td>
									<td>Highly suggestive of pulmonary embolism (specificity ~94%).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Interventricular septal flattening</bold></td>
									<td>Shift of the interventricular septum toward the LV during diastole</td>
									<td>Indicates RV pressure overload.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Pulmonary hypertension</bold></td>
									<td>Estimated PASP</td>
									<td>Can be calculated based on peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Thrombus in transit</bold></td>
									<td>Direct visualization of thrombus in the right heart chambers</td>
									<td>Specific, but low sensitivity. Differential diagnosis includes embolic masses, such as tumors and vegetations.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Pulmonary artery thrombus</bold></td>
									<td>Direct visualization of thrombus in the main pulmonary artery or its branches (rare)</td>
									<td>Specific, but low sensitivity (more common in central pulmonary embolism).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Pleural effusion</bold></td>
									<td>Fluid in the pleural cavity (usually small to moderate)</td>
									<td>Nonspecific, but common in pulmonary embolism</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Triangular subpleural consolidations</bold></td>
									<td>Suggestive of pulmonary infarction</td>
									<td>Patients with pulmonary embolism without pulmonary infarction may show a normal LUS pattern.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>LUS: lung ultrasound; LV: left ventricle; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV: right ventricle.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>9.2. Dyspnea and Hemodynamic Instability</title>
				<p>LUS is a key tool for rapid assessment of patients with dyspnea. The presence of ≥ 3 B-lines in a single intercostal space suggests significant pulmonary congestion, with distribution and severity correlating with the clinical presentation. Integrated use of the VExUS protocol to assess systemic venous congestion complements the management of patients with hemodynamic instability and/or organ dysfunction, particularly regarding risk stratification for acute kidney injury.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>9.3. Peripheral Edema</title>
				<p>POCUS is useful for investigating specific causes of peripheral edema, especially DVT, complementing LUS (pulmonary congestion) and VExUS (systemic venous congestion) in differential diagnosis.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>10. POCUS during Cardiopulmonary Arrest</title>
			<p>POCUS during cardiopulmonary arrest (POCUS-CPA), when performed by a trained operator, allows assessment of the quality of chest compressions, diagnosis of reversible causes of arrest (hypovolemia, tension pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, and cardiac tamponade), monitoring of interventions, and assessment of the response to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> The method also provides relevant prognostic data regarding the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f08">
					<label>Figure 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Utility of POCUS-CPA. The illustration in the center depicts the team positioning suggested in this statement for performing POCUS-CPA. The subcostal view allows rapid confirmation of CPA versus cardiac mechanical activity and of shockable versus non-shockable rhythm (panel 1), as well as assessment of the effectiveness of chest compressions (panel 2B). It is possible to identify reversible causes, such as tension pneumothorax (panel 3C), hypovolemic shock (panel 3D), cardiac tamponade (panel 3E), and signs of pulmonary embolism (panel 3F). After ROSC, a targeted assessment can be performed to investigate other causes (panel 4). CPA: cardiopulmonary arrest; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ROSC: return of spontaneous circulation.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf08.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The <bold>CASA</bold> (Cardiac Arrest Sonographic Assessment) protocol is the only one that has demonstrated a reduction in the duration of interruptions for rhythm checks, and it is recommended for routine implementation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
			<p><bold>Technical aspects:</bold> A phased-array transducer (3.5–5 MHz) is recommended. Images should be acquired during the 10-second pause for rhythm assessment and analyzed throughout the resuscitation cycle. The subcostal view is the recommended initial approach. Subcostal images can be acquired during chest compressions to assess their effectiveness.</p>
			<p><bold>Reversible causes identified by POCUS-CPA:</bold></p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Cardiac tamponade:</bold> A dilated IVC prompts further assessment; differential diagnosis from pleural effusion is based on the relationship to the descending aorta.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Pulmonary embolism:</bold> Sudden RV dilation (RV/LV ≥ 1:1), D-shaped septum.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Tension pneumothorax:</bold> Absence of pleural sliding, stratosphere sign, lung point.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Hypovolemia:</bold> Complete ventricular collapse and IVC collapse.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p><bold>Important limitation:</bold> The use of POCUS-CPA remains subject to uncertainty, as it has not yet demonstrated a significant impact on patient prognosis, primarily due to the lack of a universal protocol definitively incorporated into advanced cardiovascular life support.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>11. Ultrasound-Guided Procedures</title>
			<sec>
				<title>11.1. Vascular Access</title>
				<p>Ultrasound-guided catheter placement is safer than the “blind” (unguided) technique. The dynamic (real-time) technique is preferred, as it increases accuracy, reduces the number of attempts, and decreases complications. Two puncture planes can be used:</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Short-axis:</bold> Technically more accessible; the limitation is the inability to continuously visualize the needle tip.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Long-axis:</bold> Allows direct visualization of the needle tip along its entire trajectory, offering greater control and safety, although it is technically more challenging.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>The main sites for ultrasound-guided puncture are the internal jugular vein, femoral vein, and subclavian vein.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>11.2. Ultrasound-Guided Pericardiocentesis</title>
				<p>When performed by experienced professionals with appropriate training, ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis presents major event rates of 0.3% to 3.9% and minor event rates of 0.4% to 20%, compared to a morbidity of ~20% and mortality of 6% with the traditional “blind” subxiphoid technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> The parasternal apical window is the most frequently used (66% of cases in the Mayo Clinic series). Correct catheter placement is confirmed by the injection of 5 mL of agitated saline.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>11.3. Assessment of the Full Stomach</title>
				<p>Gastric POCUS assesses the quantity and quality of gastric contents prior to procedures such as TEE, enhancing safety by identifying a full stomach containing liquid (anechoic appearance of the distended gastric antrum) or solid matter (heterogeneous appearance with hyperechoic areas). This assessment is particularly relevant in conditions associated with gastroparesis (diabetes, obesity, hemodynamic instability).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>12. Final Considerations and Future Perspectives</title>
			<p>Cardiovascular POCUS represents a natural extension of contemporary physical examination, with proven potential to positively impact clinical decision-making in emergency, intensive care, and outpatient settings. Responsible adoption of this technology requires clear legal regulation, standardized training with competency certification, adequate supervision, and continuous quality monitoring.</p>
			<p>In Brazil, the incorporation of cardiovascular POCUS into the SUS faces significant structural barriers, including limited availability of equipment, irregular training, lack of standardized care flows, and logistical challenges; however, there are growing opportunities through telehealth programs, federal funding (SUS Digital, FINEP), and state funding (FAPERJ). Handheld devices priced at USD 4,000 to 6,000 represent a viable alternative for expanding access in regions with limited infrastructure.</p>
			<p>It is likely that the advent of AI for image interpretation, automatic B-line counting, and the development of integrated algorithms will significantly expand the use of POCUS in emergency medicine, intensive care, and cardiology. The future of cardiovascular medicine will likely involve POCUS as an integral component of bedside clinical assessment, yet always interpreted in light of the clinical history, physical examination, and other patient data.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2" scope="col">Position Statement on the Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Cardiovascular Medicine – 2026: Executive Summary</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2025/2026.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Expert</td>
								<td align="left">Type of relationship with industry</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Alex dos Santos Felix</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Biomerieux.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ana Cristina Lopes Albriker</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ana Paula dos Reis Veloso Siciliano</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Angelo Salgado</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Antonio Tito Paladino Filho</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Bayer: Firialta (HF); Pfizer: Vyndaquel/Vynkella (Amyloidosis); Alnylan: Amvuttra (Amyloidosis) Servier: Vastarel (CAD); Novartis: Entresto, Sybrava (HF, DLP); AstraZeneca: Forxiga, Lokelma, Breztri (HF, CKD, COPD); Viatris: Inspra (HF); Merck: Concor HF, CAD); Novo Nordisk: Wegovy (Obesity, CAD); EMS: Vynaxa (CAD).</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Other relationships</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Novo Nordisk: Wegovy (Obesity, HF).</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dalton de Souza Barros</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Daniel Goldwasser</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Edgar Bezerra de Lira Filho</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fernando Mello Netto</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- St. Jude – Abbott: MitraClip (TEER); Edwards Lifesciences: PASCAL (TEER); Abbott: Amplatzer (PFO occluder, ASD occluder); Amulet (left atrial appendage occlusion – LAAO).</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Frederico José Neves Mancuso</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hatem Soliman Aboumarie</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>João Ricardo Cordeiro Fernandes</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Lidia Ana Zytynski Moura</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Bayer, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Viatris.</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Other relationships</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Novo Nordisk, Astra.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Luiz Claudio Danzmann</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- AstraZeneca: Lokelma; Bristol Myers Squibb: Camzyos; Bayer: Firialta.</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Other relationships</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- AstraZeneca: Lokelma.</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Any other interest — financial or other — that should be declared considering the position taken in SBC that has not been expressly listed above: - Health area; medical education.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Marcio Mendes Pereira</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Abbott: MitraClip.</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Other relationships</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Abbott: MitraClip.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Marcos Paulo Lacerda Bernardo</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Monica Luiza de Alcantara</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Boston Medical: proctoria Watchman; Edwards Lifesciences: proctoria PASCAL; Vitória Hospitalar: proctoria MitraClip (Abbott), Amplatzer (Abbott)</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>B - Funding for research under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthetic, equipment, and implant industries, Brazilian or foreign:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Bayer, Novartis, Idorsia, Roche Diagnostics</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rafael Modesto Fernandes</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Other relationships</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Edwards.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Salomon Israel do Amaral</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Samira Saady Morhy</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Silvio Henrique Barberato</td>
								<td>
									<list list-type="bullet">
										<list-item>
											<p>Financial declaration</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Pfizer: Amyloidosis; AstraZeneca: HFpEF.</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Other relationships</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
										</list-item>
										<list-item>
											<p>- Pfizer: Amyloidosis.</p>
										</list-item>
									</list>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Simone Nascimento Santos</td>
								<td>Nothing to be declared</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
			<title>Supplementary Materials</title>
			<supplementary-material id="suppl01">
				<label>Supplementary material 1</label>
				<p>For additional information, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0103_AE_Port_MatSuplementar.pdf">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0103_AE_Port_MatSuplementar.pdf</ext-link>
				</p>
				<media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-suppl01.pdf"/>
			</supplementary-material>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28002"><sup>28</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29002"><sup>29</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Soeiro</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30002"><sup>30</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7330-7674</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Montenegro</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31002"><sup>31</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32002"><sup>32</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33002"><sup>33</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Danzmann</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Cláudio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34002"><sup>34</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35002"><sup>35</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0371-4060</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30002"><sup>30</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0711-7995</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barberato</surname>
						<given-names>Silvio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36002"><sup>36</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Quinta D’Or RDSL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa Star, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5002">
				<label>5</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Sirio Libanês, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6002">
				<label>6</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Eccos Diagnóstico CardioVascular Avançado, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7002">
				<label>7</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Einstein Hospital Istaelita, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8002">
				<label>8</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9002">
				<label>9</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Americas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10002">
				<label>10</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa D’Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff11002">
				<label>11</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff12002">
				<label>12</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Rede D’Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff13002">
				<label>13</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital DF Star – Rede D’Or, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff14002">
				<label>14</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff15002">
				<label>15</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMC), Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff16002">
				<label>16</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário UniBh-Inspirali, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff17002">
				<label>17</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Aliança Rede D’Or, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff18002">
				<label>18</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff19002">
				<label>19</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff20002">
				<label>20</label>
				<country country="GB">UK</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Harefield Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Londres, UK – Inglaterra</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff21002">
				<label>21</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">EcoHaertel – Hospital Mae de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff22002">
				<label>22</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff23002">
				<label>23</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff24002">
				<label>24</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">UDI Hospital Rede D’or São Luiz, São Luís, MA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff25002">
				<label>25</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff26002">
				<label>26</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC-PR), Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff27002">
				<label>27</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff28002">
				<label>28</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff29002">
				<label>29</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff30002">
				<label>30</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff31002">
				<label>31</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital do Coração de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff32002">
				<label>32</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff33002">
				<label>33</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperança Recife – Rede D’or, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff34002">
				<label>34</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff35002">
				<label>35</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff36002">
				<label>36</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardioeco – Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Monica Luiza de Alcantara Rua Almirante Baltazar, 435. CEP: 20941-150. Imperial de São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: alcantaramonica@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>O ultrassom point-of-care (POCUS) representa uma das mais relevantes inovações na prática clínica cardiovascular contemporânea, funcionando como extensão do exame físico à beira do leito. Este sumário executivo sintetiza o Posicionamento do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC-SBC) publicado em 2026, abordando os principais domínios de aplicação do POCUS cardiovascular: avaliação cardíaca, ultrassonografia pulmonar (USP), avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica (VExUS), pesquisa de trombose venosa profunda (TVP), abordagem do choque circulatório, suporte circulatório mecânico de curto prazo, aplicações na emergência, parada cardiorrespiratória e procedimentos guiados por ultrassom. São apresentados os conceitos fundamentais de treinamento, certificação e os aspectos ético-legais relevantes ao contexto brasileiro. O documento enfatiza que o POCUS não substitui o ecocardiograma diagnóstico completo, mas agrega valor clínico substancial quando aplicado por profissionais devidamente treinados dentro de protocolos estruturados.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito</kwd>
				<kwd>Choque</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Trombose Venosa</kwd>
				<kwd>Emergências</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Posicionamento sobre o Uso do Ultrassom Point-of-Care (POCUS) na Medicina Cardiovascular – 2026: Sumário Executivo</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>ECMO-VA: Oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venoarterial; ECMO-VV: Oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venovenosa; ETE: Ecocardiografia transesofágica; ETT: Ecocardiografia transtorácica; POCUS: Point-of-care ultrasound; US: Ultrassonografia; TEP: Tromboembolismo pulmonar; VExUS: Venous excess ultrasound.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec>
				<title>1. Introdução e Conceito</title>
				<p>O ultrassom <italic>point-of-care</italic> (POCUS) é definido como o uso da ultrassonografia como método auxiliar ao exame clínico, focado em responder a uma questão clínica urgente à beira do leito. No contexto cardiovascular, abrange a avaliação anatômica e funcional do coração, pulmão e vasos, em pacientes internados ou ambulatoriais, desde neonatos até adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Suas principais vantagens são portabilidade, baixo custo e acessibilidade. Pode ser utilizado por médicos cardiologistas, intensivistas, emergencistas e pediatras devidamente treinados, em salas de pronto atendimento, unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), centros cirúrgicos e ambientes de difícil acesso. A miniaturização dos equipamentos — hoje com telas do tamanho de um <italic>smartphone</italic> — e o advento da inteligência artificial (IA) para guiar o posicionamento do transdutor têm ampliado progressivamente sua utilização clínica.</p>
				<p>É fundamental distinguir o POCUS do ecocardiograma diagnóstico completo. O POCUS responde a perguntas clínicas específicas e imediatas, não substituindo, quando indicado, a avaliação ecocardiográfica abrangente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>2. Equipamentos, Treinamento e Certificação</title>
				<sec>
					<title>2.1. Equipamentos</title>
					<p>O equipamento ideal para POCUS deve permitir aquisição de imagens em modalidades uni e bidimensional, Doppler espectral e mapeamento de fluxo em cores, com transdutores de frequências variáveis e capacidade de armazenamento em formato DICOM. Dispositivos <italic>handheld</italic> têm desempenho adequado para a maioria das aplicações.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2.2. Treinamento Estruturado</title>
					<p>O Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC-SBC) propõe o Protocolo AcQUIRE (AQUIsição, Interpretação e documentação dos REsultados), organizado em três níveis progressivos de competência:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Nível 1</bold> (N = 30 exames; 2 semanas de treinamento): Identificação das principais estruturas cardíacas, aquisição das janelas básicas, reconhecimento qualitativo de anormalidades e registro em prontuário.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Nível 2</bold> (N = 50 exames; 4 semanas de treinamento): Conhecimento dos protocolos de POCUS no diagnóstico diferencial do choque e da insuficiência respiratória, avaliação da responsividade a fluidos e da congestão sistêmica.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Nível 3</bold> (N = 70 exames; 12 semanas de treinamento): Avaliação avançada de valvas, débito cardíaco (DC), pressões de enchimento e procedimentos guiados por ultrassom.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>A metodologia inclui curso introdutório teórico-prático (aulas <italic>online</italic> de 4 horas e <italic>hands-on</italic> em manequins de 8 horas), treinamento prático supervisionado por ecocardiografista habilitado, avaliação com <italic>checklist</italic> padronizado e revalidação anual com escore mínimo de 70% (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01-pt">Suplemento 1</xref>). A manutenção da competência exige realização de no mínimo 10 exames por mês.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>2.3. Aspectos Ético-Legais no Brasil</title>
					<p>O POCUS cardiovascular deve ser compreendido como ato médico à beira do leito que não substitui o ecocardiograma diagnóstico completo. O profissional que o realiza assume responsabilidade civil pelos atos praticados, incluindo indicação, execução técnica, interpretação e registro em prontuário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>No Brasil, a formação em POCUS ainda apresenta inserção limitada nos currículos de graduação e residência médica, gerando heterogeneidade na qualificação profissional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Persiste ausência de codificação padronizada e de políticas claras de reembolso tanto no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) quanto na saúde suplementar. A regulamentação pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina, em articulação com as sociedades médicas de especialidade, é prioritária para garantir segurança jurídica aos profissionais e proteção aos pacientes. A integração com estratégias de telessaúde — especialmente o Programa Telessaúde Brasil Redes e a Ação Estratégica SUS Digital — fortalece o uso do tele-POCUS como ferramenta de ampliação do acesso à avaliação cardiovascular especializada.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>3. POCUS Cardíaco</title>
				<sec>
					<title>3.1. Janelas Ecocardiográficas Principais</title>
					<p>O POCUS cardíaco utiliza cinco janelas ecocardiográficas principais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>):</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Principais janelas utilizadas no POCUS cardíaco, com respectivos posicionamentos da sonda e estruturas avaliadas. AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; AO: aorta; POCUS: ultrassom point-of-care; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Paraesternal longitudinal</bold> (eixo longo): avaliação da contratilidade global, derrame pericárdico, dimensões cavitárias e contratilidade segmentar.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Paraesternal transversal</bold> (eixo curto): contratilidade global e segmentar, derrame pericárdico.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Apical 4 câmaras</bold>: contratilidade global e segmentar, dimensões cavitárias.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Subcostal</bold>: derrame pericárdico, dimensões cavitárias e contratilidade global.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Subcostal com foco na veia cava inferior (VCI)</bold>: avaliação da distensibilidade da VCI e veias supra-hepáticas.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3.2. Avaliação da Função Sistólica do Ventrículo Esquerdo</title>
					<p>O POCUS cardíaco adota abordagem qualitativa para avaliação da função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), mais intuitiva e clinicamente relevante que os métodos quantitativos tradicionais (Simpson, Teichholz), que consomem mais tempo e não resultam em maior acurácia na urgência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A avaliação considera a excursão do endocárdio e o espessamento miocárdico, classificando a função em quatro categorias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). Ferramentas semiquantitativas como MAPSE (<italic>mitral annular plane systolic excursion</italic>) e EPSS (<italic>E-point septal separation</italic>) podem ser complementares. A IA demonstra boa correlação com a fração de ejeção automatizada quando há boa aquisição de imagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Avaliação qualitativa da função sistólica do VE</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">.</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="left">Normal</td>
										<td align="left">Espessamento da maior parte dos segmentos do VE, com deslocamento do endocárdio em direção ao centro do VE.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Hiperdinâmico</bold></td>
										<td>Excursão endocárdica e espessamento miocárdico aumentado, levando a uma obliteração sistólica do VE parcial ou total.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Função sistólica reduzida</bold></td>
										<td>Redução da excursão endocárdica e espessamento miocárdico.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Disfunção grave</bold></td>
										<td>Grave redução da excursão endocárdica e espessamento miocárdico.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>Veja exemplos nos Vídeos 1 a 13 no Suplemento 2. VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3.3. Avaliação do Ventrículo Direito</title>
					<p>O POCUS cardíaco auxilia no diagnóstico rápido de condições que acometem o ventrículo direito (VD). O aumento do VD é evidenciado pela relação VD/VE: quando a área do VD supera dois terços da área do VE, sugere aumento e sobrecarga significativa; quando VD/VE ≥ 1,0, o achado é sugestivo de sobrecarga importante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A excursão sistólica do anel tricúspide lateral (TAPSE &lt; 1,7 cm) indica disfunção sistólica do VD, com valor prognóstico em pacientes com tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) agudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No contexto de TEP agudo, a dilatação do VD com aplainamento septal (septo em D) e o sinal de McConnell (presente em apenas 12%–20% dos casos) podem auxiliar no diagnóstico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3.4. Tamponamento Cardíaco</title>
					<p>O POCUS é ferramenta de grande valor para detecção precoce do tamponamento cardíaco, cujos sinais clínicos clássicos (tríade de Beck) nem sempre estão presentes. Os achados fundamentais estão sumarizados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>. A distensão da VCI com variação respiratória mínima e o colabamento do átrio direito (AD) na sístole ventricular têm alta sensibilidade; o colabamento diastólico do VD é o achado mais específico de restrição ao enchimento. A diferenciação entre derrame pericárdico e pleural na janela paraesternal longitudinal baseia-se na relação com a aorta descendente: derrames anteriores a ela são pericárdicos; posteriores, pleurais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Achados fundamentais de tamponamento cardíaco ao POCUS. *A distensão da VCI pode estar ausente no tamponamento cardíaco com hipovolemia acentuada. Outros achados podem contribuir para o diagnóstico, como o desvio do septo interventricular para a esquerda durante a inspiração (parte da fisiologia do pulso paradoxal).12 AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; DPe: derrame pericárdico; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>3.5. POCUS Avançado: TVI da VSVE e Relação E/e′</title>
					<p>O volume sistólico é calculado pelo produto da integral velocidade-tempo (TVI) da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) pela área da VSVE. Em indivíduos saudáveis, a TVI da VSVE varia entre 18 e 22 cm com frequência cardíaca entre 55 e 95 bpm. Variações na TVI da VSVE refletem mudanças no volume sistólico e orientam decisões terapêuticas em tempo real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A relação E/e′ média &gt; 14 tem alta especificidade para aumento da pressão atrial esquerda (PAE) e forte associação com fluido-intolerância; E/e′ &lt; 8 tem boa acurácia para predizer PAE &lt; 18 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>4. Ultrassonografia Pulmonar</title>
				<sec>
					<title>4.1. Fundamentos e Artefatos</title>
					<p>A ultrassonografia pulmonar (USP) baseia-se em artefatos gerados a partir da linha pleural. Em condições normais, o pulmão aerado produz <bold>linhas A</bold> (artefatos horizontais de reverberação). O espessamento dos espaços interalveolares ou o preenchimento dos alvéolos por líquido ou processo inflamatório gera <bold>linhas B</bold> (artefatos verticais que se propagam por todo o campo ultrassonográfico). Os principais achados e seus significados estão descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Descrição dos achados mais frequentes à USP e seu significado</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Achado</th>
										<th align="left">Descrição</th>
										<th align="left">Significado</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Linha pleural</bold></td>
										<td>Linha curvilínea hiperecoica abaixo das costelas.</td>
										<td>Interface entre as pleuras parietal e visceral.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Deslizamento pleural</bold></td>
										<td>Deslizamento da pleura visceral sobre a parietal com a respiração.</td>
										<td>Exclui pneumotórax e aderência pleural.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Linhas A</bold></td>
										<td>Artefatos horizontais de reverberação a partir da linha pleural.</td>
										<td>Pulmão aerado (normal) ou DPOC ou pneumotórax (com perda do deslizamento pleural).</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Linhas B</bold></td>
										<td>Artefatos verticais a partir da linha pleural que se estendem ao longo de todo o campo ultrassônico.</td>
										<td>Acúmulo de líquido hidrostático e/ou inflamatório ou fibrose nos septos interlobulares e alvéolos.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Linhas Z</bold></td>
										<td>Artefatos verticais estáticos que não se estendem até o final do campo.</td>
										<td>Sem significado patológico. Devem ser diferenciadas das linhas B.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Ponto pulmonar</bold></td>
										<td>Ponto de transição entre o deslizamento pleural e a perda de seu movimento.</td>
										<td>Patognomônico de pneumotórax. Quanto mais lateral o ponto pulmonar, maior o pneumotórax.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Pulso pulmonar</bold></td>
										<td>Movimento rítmico da pleura sincronizado com os batimentos cardíacos.</td>
										<td>Exclui pneumotórax na ausência de deslizamento pleural.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Código de barras (sinal da estratosfera)</bold></td>
										<td>Linhas horizontais em todo o campo ultrassônico ao modo M.</td>
										<td>Indicativo de pneumotórax.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sinal do plâncton</bold></td>
										<td>Ecos puntiformes móveis no interior do líquido.</td>
										<td>Pode indicar infecção, hemotórax ou estar presente após terapia agressiva com diuréticos.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Derrame septado (loculado)</bold></td>
										<td>Debris, fibrinas e septações.</td>
										<td>Derrame complexo, sugestivo de infecção, abscesso, empiema ou fibrose, dificultando a drenagem pleural.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Broncograma aéreo</bold></td>
										<td>Ecos puntiformes hiperecogênicos represados em brônquios e circundados por consolidação.</td>
										<td>Quando móveis (dinâmicos), sugerem consolidação pneumônica; quando estáticos, sugerem atelectasia.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sinal do retalho</bold></td>
										<td>Linha hiperecoica, irregular, subpleural e profunda que divide a zona consolidada da zona parcialmente aerada.</td>
										<td>Presente nas consolidações não translobares mais frequentemente associadas a pneumonia.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sinal da cortina</bold></td>
										<td>Sobreposição de pulmão aerado durante a respiração, apagando a imagem do fígado ou baço.</td>
										<td>Bases pulmonares areadas no ponto de análise.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sinal da medusa</bold></td>
										<td>Segmento de pulmão colapsado com movimento ondulatório em meio a derrame pleural volumoso.</td>
										<td>Atelectasia compressiva.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Consolidação subpleural</bold></td>
										<td>Pequena área hipoecoica subpleural (triangular, circular ou poligonal).</td>
										<td>Embolia pulmonar, atelectasia, infecção, hemorragia ou neoplasia.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Consolidação translobar</bold></td>
										<td>Ausência de ar no pulmão, que apresenta textura de órgão sólido (hepatização).</td>
										<td>Pneumonia ou atelectasia.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>DPOC: doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>4.2. Protocolos de Exame</title>
					<p>Três protocolos principais são recomendados conforme o contexto clínico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>):</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Protocolos de USP recomendados. A – BLUE15; B – 8 quadrantes17; C – 12 quadrantes.18 Obs.: Para maior detalhamento, utilizar as referências. BLUE: Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency; PLAPS: posterolateral alveolar and/or pleural syndrome.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Protocolo BLUE</bold> (<italic>Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency</italic>): divide cada hemitórax em três quadrantes (dois anteriores e um posterolateral basal – ponto PLAPS [posterolateral alveolar and/or pleural syndrome]). O <bold>perfil B</bold> (≥ 3 linhas B por quadrante com deslizamento pleural preservado) indica congestão pulmonar, com sensibilidade de 97% e especificidade de 95%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Recomendado para serviços de emergência.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Protocolo de 8 quadrantes</bold>: recomendado para graduação e acompanhamento longitudinal da congestão em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, sem prejuízo no tempo ou na acurácia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Protocolo de 12 quadrantes</bold>: inclui a região posterior do tórax, indicado em síndromes intersticiais como pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>4.3. Principais Aplicações</title>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Congestão pulmonar: A USP detecta o líquido extravascular pulmonar com desempenho equivalente à dosagem de BNP e superior à radiografia de tórax.19 A Diretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca recomenda (classe I, nível C) o uso integrado de USP e ecocardiografia na avaliação da congestão em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca aguda.20</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Derrame pleural: A USP apresenta acurácia de 93% para detecção de derrame pleural, versus 47% da radiografia de tórax.15 O método de Balik estima o volume multiplicando-se a maior distância entre a cúpula pleural e o tecido pulmonar na expiração (em cm) por 200, resultando em estimativa em mL.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Pneumotórax: Sensibilidade de 90% e especificidade de 98%.21 A ausência de deslizamento pleural é o achado de maior sensibilidade; o ponto pulmonar é o único achado patognomônico.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>TEP: A consolidação subpleural triangular em regiões posterobasais é o achado sugestivo. O triplo POCUS (cardíaco + venoso + pulmonar) demonstrou sensibilidade de 90% e especificidade de 86% para TEP em estudo multicêntrico com 357 pacientes.22</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>5. VExUS: Avaliação da Congestão Venosa Sistêmica</title>
				<sec>
					<title>5.1. Introdução e Relevância</title>
					<p>Pacientes com insuficiência ventricular direita, hipertensão pulmonar ou sobrecarga hídrica frequentemente desenvolvem congestão venosa sistêmica, levando à redução do gradiente arteriovenoso, elevação da pressão hidrostática capilar e edema intersticial. Esse mecanismo causa disfunção orgânica, especialmente renal, perpetuando um ciclo vicioso de morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O VExUS (<italic>venous excess ultrasound</italic>) emerge como método confiável, reprodutível e com boa concordância interobservador para quantificar essa congestão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>5.2. Protocolo e Graduação</title>
					<p>O VExUS analisa sequencialmente quatro componentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>):</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Graduação do VExUS: quando o diâmetro da VCI é maior do que 2 cm, três graus de congestão venosa são definidos com base na gravidade das alterações encontradas no fluxo das veias supra-hepática, porta e interlobar renal, que idealmente devem ser registrados em apneia expiratória. VCI: veia cava inferior; VExUS: venous excess ultrasound. Adaptado de Koratala et al.25</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>VCI:</bold> Medida 2 cm antes da desembocadura no AD, em apneia expiratória. VCI &lt; 2 cm: VExUS grau 0 (sem congestão). VCI ≥ 2 cm: prossegue para análise dos demais componentes.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Veia supra-hepática (Doppler pulsado):</bold> Três padrões: <list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 1 (normal): onda S &gt; onda D</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 2 (pressão do átrio direito [PAD] aumentada): onda S &lt; onda D</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 3 (PAD muito aumentada): onda S reversa</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Veia porta (Doppler pulsado):</bold> Classificada pela fração de pulsatilidade: <list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 1: oscilação &lt; 30%</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 2: oscilação 31%–50%</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 3: oscilação &gt; 50% ou inversão do fluxo</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Veia interlobar renal (Doppler pulsado):</bold><list list-type="bullet">
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 1: fluxo contínuo</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 2: fluxo bifásico</p>
									</list-item>
									<list-item>
										<p>Tipo 3: fluxo monofásico</p>
									</list-item>
								</list>
							</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p><bold>Graduação final:</bold></p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p>Grau 0: VCI &lt; 2 cm</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Grau 1: VCI ≥ 2 cm + padrões tipo 1 ou 2 em qualquer combinação</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Grau 2: VCI ≥ 2 cm + uma curva tipo 3</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Grau 3: VCI ≥ 2 cm + duas ou mais curvas tipo 3</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>5.3. Evidências Clínicas e Aplicações</title>
					<p>O estudo original de Beaubien-Souligny et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> validou o escore em 145 pacientes de pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, demonstrando associação significativa com lesão renal aguda subsequente (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> = 3,69; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,65–8,24; p = 0,001). Estudos subsequentes evidenciaram aplicabilidade em: síndrome cardiorrenal, hiponatremia complexa, síndromes coronarianas agudas, avaliação perioperatória não cardíaca e pacientes pediátricos em UTI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O VExUS não avalia necessidade de reposição volêmica, mas é indicador fundamental de fluido-tolerância, identificando casos em que a descontinuidade da ressuscitação volêmica ou a remoção de fluidos será benéfica. VExUS 0 ou 1 = fluido-tolerante; VExUS 2 ou 3 = fluido-intolerante.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>6. POCUS na Trombose Venosa Profunda</title>
				<p>O POCUS para pesquisa de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) proximal, realizado por profissionais devidamente treinados em situações de urgência e emergência, possui <bold>grau de recomendação I e nível de evidência B</bold>.</p>
				<p>O protocolo recomendado é o de <bold>ultrassonografia de compressão em três pontos</bold> (USC estendida) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 5</xref>), corroborado pelo Consenso Europeu da Sociedade de Medicina Intensiva e pela Diretriz de Ultrassonografia em Emergência do Colégio Americano de Emergencistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O diagnóstico de TVP é feito pela visualização de trombo (material ecogênico intraluminal) ou pela identificação de incompressibilidade venosa. Na trombose aguda, a incompressibilidade precede frequentemente a visualização do trombo.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06002">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Sequência de cortes para o protocolo de ultrassonografia de compressão de três pontos (estendido).32 A POPL: artéria poplítea; AF: artéria femoral; AFC: artéria femoral comum; JSF: junção safenofemoral; V POPL: veia poplítea; VF: veia femoral; VFC: veia femoral comum; VSM: veia safena magna.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf06-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Metanálise de Pomero et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> demonstrou sensibilidade de 96,1% (IC95%: 90,6%–98,5%) e especificidade de 96,8% (IC95%: 94,6%–98,1%) para a USC realizada por emergencistas. O exame é executado em menos de 5 minutos, reduzindo atrasos diagnósticos e necessidade de exames completos desnecessários.</p>
				<p>A sequência técnica avalia: junção safenofemoral, 1–2 cm abaixo da junção safenofemoral, segmentos proximal e médio-distal da veia femoral na coxa (a cada 2–3 cm) e veia poplítea. O transdutor linear (5–10 MHz) é posicionado transversalmente sobre a veia, com compressão progressiva para avaliar colabamento completo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>7. POCUS no Paciente em Choque Circulatório</title>
				<sec>
					<title>7.1. Abordagem Diagnóstica</title>
					<p>O POCUS é o método de escolha para avaliação e monitorização hemodinâmica inicial do paciente em choque circulatório, permitindo o diagnóstico do perfil hemodinâmico em até 2 minutos, mesmo quando realizado por não especialistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A abordagem proposta integra os protocolos BLUE, POCUS cardíaco e EGLS adaptado, com cinco perguntas-chave sequenciais:</p>
					<list list-type="alpha-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Há tamponamento?</bold> Investigar derrame pericárdico moderado a importante, VCI dilatada com mínima variação respiratória e colapso diastólico das câmaras direitas (<italic>swinging heart</italic>).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>O paciente está hipovolêmico?</bold> VE hiperdinâmico (<italic>kissing walls</italic>) ou VCI fina (≤ 10 mm) com colabamento ao longo do ciclo respiratório. Pulmões sem linhas B (padrão A).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Há disfunção sistólica importante do VE como causa do choque?</bold> Disfunção sistólica importante do VE associada a congestão pulmonar (perfil B à USP) e/ou venosa sistêmica (VCI dilatada). É improvável que o choque cardiogênico puro seja causa primária de instabilidade na presença de padrão pulmonar normal.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Há sinais de distensão do VD (<italic>cor pulmonale</italic>)?</bold> VD &gt; 60% do VE (<italic>cor pulmonale</italic> leve); VD = VE (moderado); ou VD &gt; VE (grave), com aplainamento septal (<italic>D-shape</italic>) e VCI dilatada.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Há pneumotórax?</bold> Ausência de deslizamento pleural e presença de ponto pulmonar (<italic>lung point</italic>).</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>O algoritmo diagnóstico completo está apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 6</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f07002">
							<label>Figura 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Algoritmo diagnóstico inicial do choque circulatório baseado no POCUS. ECG: eletrocardiograma; Eco TT: ecocardiograma transtorácico; FAC: variação da área fracional; MMII: membros inferiores; MNM: marcador de necrose miocárdica; PAPm: pressão média de artéria pulmonar; PLAPS: posterolateral alveolar and/or pleural syndrome; POCUS: ultrassom point-of-care; PSAP: pressão sistólica de artéria pulmonar; Rx: radiografia; SIV: septo interventricular; TAC: tempo de aceleração pulmonar; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; TC: tomografia computadorizada; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; VTI: integral da velocidade no tempo; FR: fluido-responsividade. Adaptado dos protocolos EGLS, BLUE e EFAST.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf07-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>7.2. Fluido-Responsividade e Fluido-Tolerância</title>
					<p>A fluido-responsividade (FR) é definida como aumento do DC &gt; 10%–15% induzido pelo aumento da pré-carga. O principal parâmetro para estimativa do DC pelo POCUS é a TVI da VSVE (normal: 18–22 cm com frequência cardíaca de 55–95 bpm).</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Passive leg raising</italic> (PLR):</bold> Aumento ≥ 10% da TVI provocado pelo PLR prediz aumento do DC após infusão volêmica com acurácia de 84%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Pode ser realizado em pacientes sob ventilação espontânea ou mecânica. A variabilidade intraobservador das medidas da TVI (± 11%) deve ser considerada: variações &gt; 20% têm maior probabilidade de representar verdadeira FR.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Manobras de pausa expiratória e inspiratória (TOEF/TOIF):</bold> A soma da variação absoluta ≥ 13% da TVI da VSVE com as manobras combinadas de TOEF e TOIF apresentou acurácia de 93% para predição de FR, sendo reservada a profissionais com maior experiência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Fluido-tolerância:</bold> Avaliada pela presença de linhas B à USP (congestão pulmonar) e pelo escore VExUS (congestão venosa sistêmica). VExUS 0 ou 1: fluido-tolerante; VExUS 2 ou 3: fluido-intolerante.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>8. POCUS no Suporte Circulatório Mecânico de Curto Prazo</title>
				<p>O POCUS tem papel multifacetado no suporte circulatório mecânico de curto prazo, abrangendo: avaliação inicial do paciente, orientação da canulação, monitoramento hemodinâmico contínuo e detecção precoce de complicações.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>8.1. Balão Intra-Aórtico</title>
					<p>A ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) é preferível à fluoroscopia para orientar a inserção do balão intra-aórtico por permitir visualização em tempo real, ser portátil e não usar radiação ionizante. O posicionamento correto exige que a extremidade do balão intra-aórtico esteja cerca de 2 cm distal à origem da artéria subclávia esquerda. A ETE permite excluir contraindicações primárias (regurgitação aórtica significativa, dissecção aórtica) antes da inserção.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>8.2. Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea Venoarterial</title>
					<p>A ecocardiografia é essencial nas quatro fases do suporte com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) venoarterial: pré-canulação, canulação e iniciação, monitoramento de mau funcionamento e desmame. Atenção especial deve ser dada à ausência de abertura da válvula aórtica durante o suporte periférico — achado que indica estase sanguínea, risco de trombose e necessidade de estratégias de descompressão do VE. Todo paciente em suporte circulatório mecânico agudo deve ser submetido a ecocardiografia diária, com exames focados adicionais em caso de deterioração hemodinâmica aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A ecocardiografia cardiovascular à beira do leito para ECMO venovenosa e venoarterial nas fases de pré-canulação, canulação e iniciação, mau funcionamento e desmame demanda abordagem altamente especializada, com protocolos bem definidos, além do escopo do POCUS básico.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>9. POCUS na Unidade de Emergência</title>
				<sec>
					<title>9.1. Dor Torácica</title>
					<p>O POCUS auxilia no diagnóstico diferencial de condições potencialmente fatais em pacientes com dor torácica, incluindo TEP, pneumotórax e pericardiopatias. A identificação de derrame pericárdico tem acurácia superior a 95% mesmo quando realizada por emergencistas com treinamento adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> A avaliação da aorta com suspeita de dissecção e a análise da contratilidade segmentar do VE para identificação de síndrome coronariana aguda exigem treinamento avançado e devem ser realizadas por especialistas em imagem cardiovascular.</p>
					<p>Para diagnóstico de TEP, a combinação de achados cardíacos (dilatação do VD, sinal de McConnell, septo em D), pulmonares (consolidação subpleural triangular) e vasculares (TVP proximal incompressível) apresenta especificidade superior a 95% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>). Em pacientes hemodinamicamente instáveis, o POCUS cardíaco deve ser a primeira ferramenta empregada, pois a ausência de sinais de sobrecarga do VD pode excluir TEP maciço como causa possível.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– POCUS no auxílio ao diagnóstico de TEP 32</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Achado</th>
										<th align="left">Significado</th>
										<th align="left">Observações</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>TVP</bold></td>
										<td>Visualização de trombo não compressível em veias profundas (femoral, poplítea, etc.)</td>
										<td>Achado altamente sugestivo de TEP se associado a sintomas respiratórios.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Dilatação do VD</bold></td>
										<td>Diâmetro do VD &gt; VE (VD/VE &gt; 1) em corte paraesternal ou apical</td>
										<td>Sugere sobrecarga de pressão do VD (sinal de embolia maciça/submaciça).</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sinal de McConnell</bold></td>
										<td>Hipocinesia da porção basal e média da parede livre do VD com ápice preservado</td>
										<td>Altamente sugestivo de embolismo pulmonar (especificidade ~94%).</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Septo achatado/aplainado</bold></td>
										<td>Desvio do septo interventricular para o VE em diástole</td>
										<td>Indica sobrecarga pressórica do VD.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Hipertensão pulmonar</bold></td>
										<td>Estimativa de PSAP</td>
										<td>Pode ser calculada a partir do pico de regurgitação tricúspide.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Trombo em trânsito</bold></td>
										<td>Visualização direta de trombo nas cavidades direitas</td>
										<td>Específico, mas de baixa sensibilidade. Diagnóstico diferencial com massas emboligênicas, como tumores e vegetações.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Trombo em artéria pulmonar</bold></td>
										<td>Visualização direta de trombo no tronco da artéria pulmonar ou ramos (raro)</td>
										<td>Específico, mas de baixa sensibilidade (mais comum em TEP central).</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Derrame pleural</bold></td>
										<td>Líquido na cavidade pleural (geralmente pequeno a moderado)</td>
										<td>Inespecífico, mas comum em TEP.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Consolidações subpleurais triangulares</bold></td>
										<td>Sugerem infarto pulmonar</td>
										<td>Pacientes com TEP sem infarto pulmonar podem ter um padrão normal à USP</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; TEP: tromboembolismo pulmonar; USP: ultrassonografia pulmonar; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; TVP: trombose venosa profunda.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>9.2. Dispneia e Instabilidade Hemodinâmica</title>
					<p>A USP é ferramenta central na avaliação rápida de pacientes com dispneia. A presença de ≥ 3 linhas B em um único espaço intercostal sugere congestão pulmonar importante, com distribuição e gravidade correlacionadas ao quadro clínico. O uso integrado do VExUS para avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica completa a abordagem do paciente com instabilidade hemodinâmica e/ou disfunção orgânica, em especial na estratificação de risco de lesão renal aguda.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>9.3. Edema Periférico</title>
					<p>O POCUS é útil na investigação de causas específicas de edema periférico, particularmente TVP, complementando a avaliação com USP (congestão pulmonar) e VExUS (congestão venosa sistêmica) no diagnóstico diferencial.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>10. POCUS na Parada Cardiorrespiratória</title>
				<p>O POCUS durante a parada cardiorrespiratória (POCUS-PCR), quando realizado por operador capacitado, permite: verificar a qualidade das compressões torácicas, diagnosticar causas reversíveis de parada (hipovolemia, pneumotórax hipertensivo, TEP e tamponamento cardíaco), monitorar intervenções e avaliar a resposta ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> O método também oferece dados prognósticos relevantes sobre a chance de retorno da circulação espontânea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f08002">
						<label>Figura 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Utilidade do POCUS durante uma parada cardiorrespiratória (POCUS-PCR). A ilustração central representa a disposição da equipe sugerida neste posicionamento durante a realização do POCUS-PCR. A janela subcostal permite a confirmação rápida da PCR versus contração cardíaca, de ritmo chocável versus não chocável (painel 1) e da eficácia da compressão torácica (painel 2B). É possível identificar causas reversíveis, como pneumotórax hipertensivo (painel 3C), choque hipovolêmico (painel 3D), tamponamento cardíaco (painel 3E) e sinais de tromboembolismo pulmonar (painel 3F). Após o retorno do ritmo cardíaco espontâneo, é possível realizar uma avaliação direcionada para investigar outras causas (painel 4). RCP: ressuscitação cardiopulmonar; RCE: retorno da circulação espontânea.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-gf08-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>O protocolo <bold>CASA</bold> (<italic>Cardiac Arrest Sonographic Assessment</italic>) é o único que demonstrou redução no tempo das interrupções para checagem do ritmo, sendo recomendado para implementação rotineira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>Aspectos técnicos:</bold> Recomenda-se transdutor setorial (3,5–5 MHz). As imagens devem ser adquiridas durante os 10 segundos de pausa para checagem do ritmo e analisadas ao longo do ciclo de reanimação. A janela subcostal é a inicial recomendada. Durante as compressões torácicas, imagens subcostais podem ser adquiridas para avaliar a eficácia da massagem cardíaca.</p>
				<p><bold>Causas reversíveis identificadas pelo POCUS-PCR:</bold></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Tamponamento cardíaco:</bold> VCI dilatada orienta a avaliação; diagnóstico diferencial com derrame pleural pela relação com aorta descendente.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>TEP:</bold> Dilatação súbita do VD (VD/VE ≥ 1:1), septo em D.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Pneumotórax hipertensivo:</bold> Ausência de deslizamento pleural, sinal da estratosfera, ponto pulmonar.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Hipovolemia:</bold> Colabamento completo dos ventrículos e colapso da VCI.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p><bold>Limitação importante:</bold> O uso do POCUS-PCR ainda é cercado de incertezas, pois não demonstrou até o momento impacto significativo no prognóstico dos pacientes, principalmente pela ausência de um protocolo universal incorporado definitivamente ao suporte avançado de vida em cardiologia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>11. Procedimentos Guiados por Ultrassonografia</title>
				<sec>
					<title>11.1. Acesso Vascular</title>
					<p>O posicionamento de cateteres guiado por ultrassonografia é mais seguro que a técnica “às cegas”. A técnica dinâmica (tempo real) é preferencial por aumentar a precisão, reduzir tentativas e diminuir complicações. Dois planos de punção podem ser utilizados:</p>
					<list list-type="bullet">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Corte transversal (eixo curto):</bold> Tecnicamente mais acessível; limitação é a impossibilidade de visualização contínua da ponta da agulha.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold>Corte longitudinal (eixo longo):</bold> Permite visualização direta da ponta da agulha em toda sua trajetória, com maior controle e segurança, porém mais desafiador tecnicamente.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<p>Os principais sítios de punção guiada por ultrassonografia são: veia jugular interna, veia femoral e veia subclávia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>11.2. Pericardiocentese Guiada por Ultrassom</title>
					<p>Quando executada por profissionais experientes com treinamento adequado, a pericardiocentese guiada por ultrassom apresenta taxa de eventos maiores de 0,3% a 3,9% e de eventos menores de 0,4% a 20%, em comparação com morbidade de ~20% e mortalidade de 6% pela técnica “às cegas” subxifoide tradicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> A janela para-apical é a mais frequentemente utilizada (66% dos casos na série da Clínica Mayo). O posicionamento correto do cateter é confirmado pela injeção de 5 ml de solução salina agitada.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>11.3. Avaliação do Estômago Cheio</title>
					<p>O POCUS gástrico avalia a quantidade e qualidade do resíduo gástrico antes de procedimentos como ETE, aumentando a segurança ao identificar estômago cheio com conteúdo líquido (aspecto anecoico do antro gástrico distendido) ou sólido (aspecto heterogêneo com áreas hiperecogênicas). Esta avaliação é particularmente relevante em condições que cursam com gastroparesia (diabetes, obesidade, instabilidade hemodinâmica).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>12. Considerações Finais e Perspectivas Futuras</title>
				<p>O POCUS cardiovascular representa uma extensão natural do exame físico moderno, com potencial comprovado para impactar positivamente a tomada de decisões clínicas em cenários de urgência, terapia intensiva e ambulatório. A adoção responsável dessa tecnologia requer regulamentação legal clara, treinamento padronizado com certificação de competências, supervisão adequada e monitoramento contínuo da qualidade.</p>
				<p>No contexto brasileiro, a incorporação do POCUS cardiovascular ao SUS enfrenta barreiras estruturais relevantes — disponibilidade limitada de equipamentos, capacitação irregular, ausência de fluxos assistenciais padronizados e desafios logísticos — mas conta com oportunidades crescentes via programas de telessaúde, financiamento federal (SUS Digital, FINEP) e fomento estadual (FAPERJ). Equipamentos <italic>handheld</italic> com custo internacional de USD 4.000–6.000 representam alternativa viável para ampliação do acesso em regiões com infraestrutura restrita.</p>
				<p>O advento da IA para a interpretação de imagens, a contagem automática de linhas B e o desenvolvimento de algoritmos integrados tendem a ampliar significativamente a utilização do POCUS na medicina de urgência, terapia intensiva e cardiologia. O futuro aponta para uma medicina cardiovascular em que o POCUS seja componente indissociável da avaliação clínica à beira do leito – mas sempre interpretado à luz da história clínica, do exame físico e dos demais dados do paciente.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4002">
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2" scope="col">Posicionamento sobre o Uso do Ultrassom Point-of-Care (POCUS) na Medicina Cardiovascular – 2026: Sumário Executivo</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">O relatório abaixo lista as declarações de interesse conforme relatadas à SBC pelos especialistas durante o período de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2025/2026.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Especialista</td>
									<td align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a indústria</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Adenalva Lima de Souza Beck</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Alex dos Santos Felix</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou instituição) provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Biomerieux.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ana Cristina Lopes Albriker</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ana Paula dos Reis Veloso Siciliano</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Angelo Salgado</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Antonio Tito Paladino Filho</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>A - Pagamento de qualquer espécie e desde que economicamente apreciáveis, feitos a (i) você, (ii) ao seu cônjuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com você, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jurídica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, sócio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atuação como proctor de treinamentos, remunerações, honorários pagos por participações em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comitês, etc. Provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Bayer: Firialta (IC); Pfizer: Vyndaquel/ Vynkella (Amiloidose); Alnylan: Amvuttra (Amiloidose) Servier: Vastarel (DAC); Novartis: Entresto, Sybrava (IC, DLP); AstraZeneca: Forxiga, Lokelma, Breztri (IC, DRC, DPOC); Viatris: Inspra (IC); Merck: Concor (IC, DAC); Novo Nordisk: Wegovy (Obesidade, IC); EMS: Vynaxa (DAC).</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Financiamento de atividades de educação médica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscrições para congressos e cursos, provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Novo Nordisk: Wegovy (Obesidade, IC).</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Claudia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dalton de Souza Barros</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Daniel Goldwasser</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Edgar Bezerra de Lira Filho</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fernando Mello Netto</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>A - Pagamento de qualquer espécie e desde que economicamente apreciáveis, feitos a (i) você, (ii) ao seu cônjuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com você, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jurídica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, sócio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atuação como proctor de treinamentos, remunerações, honorários pagos por participações em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comitês, etc. Provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- St. Jude – Abbott: MitraClip (TEER); Edwards Lifesciences: PASCAL (TEER); Abbott: Amplatzer (oclusor de FOP, oclusor de CIA); Amulet (oclusão do apêndice atrial esquerdo – OAAE).</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Frederico José Neves Mancuso</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Hatem Soliman Aboumarie</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>João Ricardo Cordeiro Fernandes</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lidia Ana Zytynski Moura</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>A - Pagamento de qualquer espécie e desde que economicamente apreciáveis, feitos a (i) você, (ii) ao seu cônjuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com você, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jurídica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, sócio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atuação como proctor de treinamentos, remunerações, honorários pagos por participações em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comitês, etc. Provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Bayer, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Lilly, Viatris.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Participação societária de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreciável de empresas na área de saúde, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Novo Nordisk, Astra.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Luiz Claudio Danzmann</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>A - Pagamento de qualquer espécie e desde que economicamente apreciáveis, feitos a (i) você, (ii) ao seu cônjuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com você, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jurídica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, sócio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atuação como proctor de treinamentos, remunerações, honorários pagos por participações em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comitês, etc. Provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- AstraZeneca: Lokelma; Bristol Myers Squibb: Camzyos; Bayer: Firialta.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Financiamento de atividades de educação médica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscrições para congressos e cursos, provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Astra Zeneca: Lokelma.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Possui qualquer outro interesse (financeiro ou a qualquer outro título) que deva ser declarado tendo em vista o cargo ocupado na SBC, ainda que não expressamente elencado anteriormente:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Area de saúde: ensino médico.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marcelo Dantas Tavares de Melo</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marcio Mendes Pereira</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>A - Pagamento de qualquer espécie e desde que economicamente apreciáveis, feitos a (i) você, (ii) ao seu cônjuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com você, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jurídica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, sócio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atuação como proctor de treinamentos, remunerações, honorários pagos por participações em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comitês, etc. Provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Abbott: MitraClip.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educação médica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscrições para congressos e cursos, provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Abbott: MitraClip</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marcos Paulo Lacerda Bernardo</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Maria Estefânia Bosco Otto</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Monica Luiza de Alcantara</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>A - Pagamento de qualquer espécie e desde que economicamente apreciáveis, feitos a (i) você, (ii) ao seu cônjuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com você, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jurídica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, sócio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atuação como proctor de treinamentos, remunerações, honorários pagos por participações em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comitês, etc. Provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Boston Medical: proctoria Watchman; Edwards Lifesciences: proctoria PASCAL; Vitória Hospitalar: proctoria MitraClip (Abbott), Amplatzer (Abbott)</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou instituição) provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Bayer, Novartis, Idorsia, Roche Diagnostics.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rafael Modesto Fernandes</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Financiamento de atividades de educação médica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscrições para congressos e cursos, provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Edwards</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Salomon Israel do Amaral</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Samira Saady Morhy</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Silvio Henrique Barberato</td>
									<td>
										<list list-type="bullet">
											<list-item>
												<p>Declaração financeira</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>A - Pagamento de qualquer espécie e desde que economicamente apreciáveis, feitos a (i) você, (ii) ao seu cônjuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com você, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jurídica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, sócio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atuação como proctor de treinamentos, remunerações, honorários pagos por participações em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comitês, etc. Provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Pfizer: Amiloidose; AstraZeneca: ICFEP.</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>Financiamento de atividades de educação médica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscrições para congressos e cursos, provenientes da indústria farmacêutica, de órteses, próteses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>- Pfizer: Amiloidose.</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Simone Nascimento Santos</td>
									<td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
				<title>Supplementary Materials</title>
				<supplementary-material id="suppl01-pt">
					<label>Material suplementar 1</label>
					<p>Para informação adicional, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0103_AE_Port_MatSuplementar.pdf">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0103_AE_Port_MatSuplementar.pdf</ext-link>
					</p>
					<media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260103-suppl01-pt.pdf"/>
				</supplementary-material>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Realização:</label>
					<p><italic>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC-SBC)</italic></p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>