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<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260096i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Right Ventricular Strain in Post-COVID Syndrome: Functional Recovery Does Not Always Mean Myocardial Recovery</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5611-4002</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vrandecic</surname>
						<given-names>Barbara Athayde Linhares Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Biocor Institute</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Nova Lima</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Biocor Institute, Nova Lima, MG – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Barbara Athayde Linhares Martins Vrandecic</bold> • Biocor Institute. Alameda Oscar Niemeyer, 217. Postal Code: <postal-code>34006-056</postal-code>. Nova Lima, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>barbaravrandecic@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260096</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Ventricles</kwd>
				<kwd>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Among the various cardiovascular manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome, few remain as challenging as interpreting the persistent alterations in right ventricular mechanics. Although numerous studies have shown that the right ventricle is particularly susceptible to the overload imposed by the pulmonary circulation during the acute phase of infection, the clinical significance of the echocardiographic abnormalities that persist after recovery is still incompletely understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Its high sensitivity to variations in pulmonary afterload, hypoxia, vascular inflammation, and microvascular thrombosis explains the vulnerability of the right ventricle to SARS-CoV-2. This fact justifies the growing interest in the right ventricular free-wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS), currently recognized as the most sensitive echocardiographic method for detecting subclinical impairment of right ventricular function before changes appear in conventional parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The main merit of the present study does not lie merely in confirming the persistence of RVFWLS abnormalities after COVID-19 - a finding already described in previous investigations - but in shifting the discussion toward a conceptually more relevant question: does clinical recovery necessarily accompany the recovery of ventricular mechanics?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>This change in perspective represents, in my view, the study's principal scientific contribution. Rather than treating strain solely as a marker of ventricular dysfunction, the authors introduce the possibility that it may represent a biomarker of myocardial recovery trajectory. This concept significantly broadens its clinical interpretation, positioning strain as a potential biomarker of the biological recovery of the right ventricle, allowing clinicians to track remodeling processes that do not necessarily manifest in the patient's clinical course.</p>
		<p>Although previous studies have demonstrated persistent impairment of RVFWLS after COVID-19, most of them focused on describing the presence of these abnormalities. The present work goes beyond this descriptive approach by exploring the biological meaning of the persistence of altered right ventricular strain during clinical follow-up, shifting the focus from simply identifying dysfunction to understanding myocardial recovery over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The study's results reveal an apparent dissociation between clinical evolution and the evolution of right ventricular mechanics. Despite objective improvement in functional capacity and pulmonary diffusion over approximately one year of follow-up, RVFWLS remained mildly reduced and essentially stable, while conventional parameters of right ventricular function remained preserved.</p>
		<p>At first glance, the absence of a robust association between strain and functional recovery could suggest limited clinical utility of RVFWLS. However, this interpretation overlooks a fundamental issue: mechanical biomarkers do not necessarily follow the same timeline as clinical recovery. On the contrary, the findings suggest that functional recovery and myocardial recovery represent physiologically distinct dimensions of the cardiovascular repair process. From this perspective, the persistence of subtle RVFWLS abnormalities ceases to represent a mere residual echocardiographic finding and instead reflects a potential marker of the biological trajectory of ventricular remodeling.</p>
		<p>In this perspective, RVFWLS may represent a persistent mechanical signature of prior cardiopulmonary injury rather than an isolated marker of the patient's current clinical status.</p>
		<p>This interpretation is biologically plausible. Myocardial deformation likely reflects not only momentary ventricular contractility but also the structural consequences of the injury sustained during the acute phase of the disease. Remodeling of the extracellular matrix, reorganization of myocardial fibers, persistence of microvascular abnormalities, and prolonged adaptation to changes in pulmonary afterload may sustain subtle alterations in ventricular mechanics even after partial recovery of pulmonary function and functional capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The study also reinforces a conceptual shift occurring in contemporary echocardiography. The debate is no longer about whether strain is superior to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) or factional area change (FAC) – a question largely answered by the literature – but rather about understanding which physiological dimensions each parameter represents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>While TAPSE, FAC, and tricuspid annular systolic velocity reflect distinct components of ventricular function that depend on geometry and loading conditions, RVFWLS appears to capture earlier and more subtle changes in myocardial mechanics. Thus, strain should not be interpreted as a substitute for conventional parameters, but as a complementary component of a truly multiparametric assessment of right ventricular function, as emphasized by recent guidelines from the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In other words, ventricular mechanical function and functional performance appear to represent distinct dimensions of post-COVID recovery.</p>
		<p>From this perspective, the article significantly expands the potential role of RVFWLS. Instead of using it solely as a diagnostic or prognostic marker, it opens the possibility of employing it as a tool to monitor ventricular remodeling over time. This view brings the assessment of the right ventricle closer to the contemporary concept of ventricular reserve and right ventricle–pulmonary circulation coupling, areas that will likely represent the next major advance in functional echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Naturally, some limitations must be considered. The absence of pre-infection echocardiograms makes it impossible to assert that all observed alterations resulted exclusively from COVID-19, especially in a population with a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Moreover, the relatively small number of participants reduces the statistical power to detect subtle associations, and the lack of cardiopulmonary exercise testing or invasive hemodynamic assessment limits more robust pathophysiological interpretations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Despite these limitations, the study offers an important conceptual contribution. It demonstrates that functional recovery may occur in parallel with the persistence of subtle alterations in right ventricular mechanics, reinforcing that the evaluation of these patients must remain integrated and multiparametric. More than answering whether the right ventricle improves after COVID-19, the work suggests that we may be assessing distinct physiological phenomena: on one hand, the patient's clinical recovery; on the other, the structural and mechanical recovery of the myocardium.</p>
		<p>This distinction may extend beyond the context of COVID-19 and become applicable to other conditions characterized by acute injury to the right ventricle, such as pulmonary embolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. In this sense, the present study contributes not only to the understanding of post-COVID syndrome but also to broadening our interpretation of the true clinical meaning of right ventricular free-wall longitudinal strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The true advance of this study does not lie in demonstrating that RVFWLS remains altered after COVID-19. Its greatest merit is suggesting that ventricular mechanics follow their own timeline of recovery, partially independent of the patient's clinical evolution. This paradigm shift significantly expands the role of strain, which becomes interpreted not only as a marker of dysfunction but also as a potential biomarker of longitudinal myocardial remodeling.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260096</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Strain</italic> do Ventrículo Direito na Síndrome Pós-COVID: Recuperação Funcional nem Sempre Significa Recuperação Miocárdica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="editor">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5611-4002</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vrandecic</surname>
						<given-names>Barbara Athayde Linhares Martins</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Nova Lima</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Biocor Institute, Nova Lima, MG – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Barbara Athayde Linhares Martins Vrandecic</bold> • Biocor Institute. Alameda Oscar Niemeyer, 217. CEP: <postal-code>34006-056</postal-code>. Nova Lima, MG – Brasil E-mail: <email>barbaravrandecic@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Ventrículos do Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Síndrome de Pós-COVID-19 Aguda</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Deformação Longitudinal Global</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Entre as diversas manifestações cardiovasculares da síndrome pós-COVID-19, poucas permanecem tão desafiadoras quanto a interpretação das alterações persistentes da mecânica ventricular direita. Embora numerosos estudos tenham demonstrado que o ventrículo direito é particularmente suscetível à sobrecarga imposta pela circulação pulmonar durante a fase aguda da infecção, o significado clínico das alterações ecocardiográficas que persistem após a recuperação ainda é incompletamente compreendido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Sua elevada sensibilidade às variações da pós-carga pulmonar, à hipóxia, à inflamação vascular e à trombose microvascular explica a vulnerabilidade do ventrículo direito ao SARS-CoV-2. Tal fato justifica o crescente interesse pelo <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito (<italic>right ventricular free-wall longitudinal strain</italic> – RVFWLS), atualmente reconhecido como o método ecocardiográfico mais sensível para detectar comprometimento subclínico da função ventricular direita antes do aparecimento de alterações nos parâmetros convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O principal mérito do presente estudo não reside simplesmente em confirmar a persistência de alterações do RVFWLS após a COVID-19 – achado já descrito por investigações anteriores – mas em deslocar a discussão para uma questão conceitualmente mais relevante: a recuperação clínica necessariamente acompanha a recuperação da mecânica ventricular?<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Essa mudança de perspectiva representa, a meu ver, a principal contribuição científica do trabalho. Em vez de tratar o <italic>strain</italic> apenas como um marcador de disfunção ventricular, os autores introduzem a possibilidade de que ele represente um biomarcador da trajetória de recuperação miocárdica. Tal conceito amplia significativamente sua interpretação clínica, passando a representar um potencial biomarcador da recuperação biológica do ventrículo direito, permitindo acompanhar processos de remodelamento que não necessariamente se refletem na evolução clínica do paciente.</p>
			<p>Embora estudos anteriores tenham demonstrado comprometimento persistente do RVFWLS após a COVID-19, a maior parte deles concentrou-se em descrever a presença dessas alterações. O presente trabalho avança além dessa abordagem descritiva ao explorar o significado biológico da persistência do <italic>strain</italic> ventricular direito alterado durante o seguimento clínico, deslocando o foco da simples identificação da disfunção para a compreensão da recuperação miocárdica ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Os resultados do estudo evidenciam uma aparente dissociação entre a evolução clínica e a evolução da mecânica ventricular direita. Apesar da melhora objetiva da capacidade funcional e da difusão pulmonar ao longo de aproximadamente um ano de seguimento, o RVFWLS permaneceu discretamente reduzido e essencialmente estável, enquanto os parâmetros convencionais da função ventricular direita permaneceram preservados.</p>
			<p>À primeira vista, a ausência de associação robusta entre strain e recuperação funcional poderia sugerir limitada utilidade clínica do RVFWLS. Entretanto, essa interpretação ignora uma questão fundamental: biomarcadores mecânicos não necessariamente acompanham a cronologia da recuperação clínica. Ao contrário, os achados sugerem que recuperação funcional e recuperação miocárdica representam dimensões fisiológicas parcialmente independentes do processo de reparo cardiovascular. Sob essa perspectiva, a persistência de alterações discretas do RVFWLS deixa de representar uma simples anormalidade ecocardiográfica residual e passa a refletir um possível marcador da trajetória biológica do remodelamento ventricular.</p>
			<p>Nessa perspectiva, o RVFWLS pode representar uma &quot;assinatura mecânica persistente&quot; (<italic>persistent myocardial mechanical signature</italic>) da lesão cardiopulmonar prévia, mais do que um marcador isolado do estado clínico atual.</p>
			<p>Essa interpretação é biologicamente plausível. A deformação miocárdica provavelmente não reflete apenas a contratilidade ventricular momentânea, mas também as consequências estruturais da agressão sofrida durante a fase aguda da doença. Remodelamento da matriz extracelular, reorganização das fibras miocárdicas, persistência de alterações microvasculares e adaptação prolongada às modificações da pós-carga pulmonar podem manter alterações discretas da mecânica ventricular mesmo após a recuperação parcial da função pulmonar e da capacidade funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O estudo também reforça uma transformação conceitual que vem ocorrendo na ecocardiografia contemporânea. O debate deixou de ser se o strain é superior à excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE) ou à variação fracionada da área (FAC) - questão amplamente respondida pela literatura - para concentrar-se em compreender quais dimensões fisiológicas cada parâmetro representa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Enquanto TAPSE, FAC e velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide refletem componentes distintos da função ventricular dependentes da geometria e das condições de carga, o RVFWLS parece capturar alterações mais precoces e sutis da mecânica miocárdica. Assim, o strain não deve ser interpretado como substituto dos parâmetros convencionais, mas como um componente complementar de uma avaliação verdadeiramente multiparamétrica da função ventricular direita, conforme enfatizado pelas recentes diretrizes da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em outras palavras, função mecânica ventricular e desempenho funcional parecem representar dimensões distintas da recuperação pós-COVID.</p>
			<p>Sob essa perspectiva, o artigo amplia significativamente o papel potencial do RVFWLS. Em vez de utilizá-lo apenas como marcador diagnóstico ou prognóstico, abre-se a possibilidade de empregá-lo como ferramenta para monitorar remodelamento ventricular ao longo do tempo. Essa visão aproxima a avaliação do ventrículo direito do conceito contemporâneo de reserva ventricular e de acoplamento ventrículo direito-circulação pulmonar, áreas que provavelmente representarão o próximo grande avanço da ecocardiografia funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Naturalmente, algumas limitações devem ser consideradas. A ausência de ecocardiogramas prévios à infecção impossibilita afirmar que todas as alterações observadas decorreram exclusivamente da COVID-19, especialmente em uma população com elevada prevalência de obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes. Além disso, o número relativamente pequeno de participantes reduz o poder estatístico para detectar associações discretas, e a ausência de testes cardiopulmonares de exercício ou de avaliação invasiva da hemodinâmica limita interpretações fisiopatológicas mais robustas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Apesar dessas limitações, o estudo oferece uma contribuição conceitual importante. Ele demonstra que a recuperação funcional pode ocorrer paralelamente à persistência de alterações discretas da mecânica ventricular direita, reforçando que a avaliação desses pacientes deve permanecer integrada e multiparamétrica. Mais do que responder se o ventrículo direito melhora após a COVID-19, o trabalho sugere que talvez estejamos avaliando fenômenos fisiológicos diferentes: de um lado, a recuperação clínica do indivíduo; de outro, a recuperação estrutural e mecânica do miocárdio.</p>
			<p>Essa distinção pode extrapolar o contexto da COVID-19 e tornar-se aplicável a outras condições caracterizadas por agressão aguda ao ventrículo direito, como embolia pulmonar, síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, hipertensão pulmonar e insuficiência cardíaca. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo contribui não apenas para a compreensão da síndrome pós-COVID, mas também para ampliar nossa interpretação sobre o verdadeiro significado clínico do strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O verdadeiro avanço deste estudo não consiste em demonstrar que o RVFWLS permanece alterado após a COVID-19. Seu maior mérito é sugerir que a mecânica ventricular possui uma cronologia própria de recuperação, parcialmente independente da evolução clínica do paciente. Essa mudança de paradigma amplia significativamente o papel do strain, que passa a ser interpretado não apenas como marcador de disfunção, mas também como potencial biomarcador de remodelamento miocárdico longitudinal.</p>
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