<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">02203</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260090i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Microfistulas: Correlation Between Coronary Flow Steal, Positive Inotropic Effect, and Normalization of T-Wave Polarity</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6650-1292</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>José Sebastiao de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9292-2894</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Diógenes</surname>
						<given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0780-2922</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>Marília Esther Benevides</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1566-684X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chagas</surname>
						<given-names>Isadora Sucupira Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3566-1063</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Feitosa</surname>
						<given-names>Mateus Paiva Marques</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Clinicardio</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Clinicardio, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Ceará</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UNINTA</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Itapipoca</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">UNINTA, Itapipoca, CE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Addres:</label> José Sebastiao De Abreu Clinicárdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Lourenço, 500. Postal code: 60115-280. Fortaleza, CE – Brazil E-mail: <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>11</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260090</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>7</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>7</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with microfistulas is a rare condition, and the incidence of multiple microfistulas draining into the left ventricle (LV) ranges from 0.07% to 0.09%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Diagnosis can be established via contrast ventriculography, coronary angiography, and echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Two-dimensional echocardiography with color and pulsed-wave Doppler allows visualization of microfistula flow and measurement of diastolic flow velocity (DFV) using the same approach as for the left anterior descending artery (LAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In apical HCM with microfistulas, electrocardiography (ECG) may show negative T waves of varying depths; this finding has been attributed to LV hypertrophy itself, myocardial ischemia, and coronary flow steal caused by the microfistulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The interpretation of changes in T-wave polarity, whether at rest or under increased metabolic demand, remains controversial, limiting the utility of this finding as an indicator of ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this context, negative T waves may become positive during physical or pharmacological stress echocardiography; however, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with hypertension and dyslipidemia who smoked and was undergoing irregular medical treatment. She sought cardiology assessment due to fatigue during strenuous exertion, without chest pain. She was in good general condition, with normal lung sounds, regular heart rhythm, a heart rate (HR) of 60 bpm, an audible fourth heart sound, no murmurs, and no edema; her blood pressure measured 190/90 mmHg. ECG showed sinus rhythm with T-wave inversion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>). Echocardiography revealed marked HCM, predominantly apical, without dynamic obstruction. The patient was prescribed losartan, amlodipine, and a statin and advised to quit smoking.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Electrocardiographic tracings. Ventricular repolarization abnormality at baseline (A) and normalization of T-wave polarity during dobutamine stress echocardiography (B). After five years, the ventricular repolarization abnormality persists at baseline (C), and T waves become positive during physical exertion (D).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Four months later, she was referred for dobutamine stress echocardiography to assess myocardial ischemia. At baseline, myocardial contractility was normal. The LAD was clearly visualized, and DFV measured 54 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref>). Multiple other flow signals were observed in the LV apical region, but DFV was not recorded.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography of the LAD at baseline (A) and during dobutamine stress (B). Baseline pulsed-wave Doppler measurements in the LAD (C) and the microfistula (D). Prominent color Doppler flow through the microfistulas into the LV at baseline (E) is completely suppressed by the positive inotropic effect during physical exertion, whereas flow in the LAD (arrow) is preserved (F). HR: heart rate; PDV: peak diastolic velocity.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>During stress, DFV in the LAD was recorded at a HR of 127 bpm and measured 99 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2B</xref>), whereas color flow in the microfistulas appeared attenuated or suppressed. The test concluded at a HR of 151 bpm; no ischemic manifestations or arrhythmias occurred (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f04">Video 1</xref>), and the negative T waves seen on the baseline ECG became positive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). Despite these results, the attending physician requested coronary angiography, which showed normal, large-caliber coronary arteries; ventriculography was not performed at that time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<media id="f04" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-m01.mp4">
				<label>Video 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Dobutamine stress echocardiography was negative for myocardial ischemia at maximal heart rate. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
					</title>
				</caption>
			</media>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Normal epicardial coronary arteries.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>She remained stable over the following five years, despite reporting fatigue during strenuous exertion. She maintained controlled blood pressure, normal LV ejection fraction, and normal LV global longitudinal strain, with grade II diastolic dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The ECG showed marked T-wave inversion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref>), with variations in T-wave depth compared to the ECG performed five years earlier. She was referred for repeat supine bicycle stress echocardiography; the test began with a HR of 62 bpm, reached a workload of 75 watts, and achieved a peak HR of 115 bpm. The test was terminated due to physical exhaustion; no arrhythmias or signs of myocardial ischemia occurred, and the T waves progressively became positive on ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Baseline echocardiographic variables measured before exercise stress echocardiography</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Left ventricular ejection fraction, Simpson’s method (%)</td>
								<td align="center">65</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (%)</td>
								<td align="center">−18.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left atrial volume index (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">31</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Left atrial reservoir strain (%)</td>
								<td align="center">27</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mitral Doppler E wave (cm/s)</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mitral E/A ratio</td>
								<td align="center">1.21</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mitral E/E′ ratio</td>
								<td align="center">16</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The highest flow velocities were obtained by optimizing alignment with the Doppler cursor. At baseline, DFV measured 56 cm/s in the LAD and 140 cm/s in the microfistula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2C and 2D</xref>). The prominent diastolic flow through the microfistula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2E</xref>) was completely suppressed when the HR reached 108 bpm, whereas flow through the LAD remained clearly visible in the LV apical region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2F</xref> and <xref ref-type="other" rid="f05">Video 2</xref>).</p>
			<media id="f05" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-m02.mp4">
				<label>Video 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– During physical exertion, flow through the microfistulas is completely suppressed, whereas flow through the LAD is preserved. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
					</title>
				</caption>
			</media>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Microfistulas constitute a vascular labyrinth, representing the persistence of embryonic sinusoids that are typically obliterated over the course of normal development. In apical HCM with microfistulas, a plexiform communication occurs between the coronary artery and the LV cavity, a rare association that often raises the possibility of myocardial ischemia. Symptoms suggestive of angina and the presence of a murmur may or may not be observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The ratio of stress DFV to resting DFV yields coronary flow velocity reserve, which was low (&lt; 2) in the LAD, a finding that could have resulted from impairment of either the epicardial coronary arteries or the microcirculation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In our case, although dobutamine stress echocardiography at maximal HR was negative for ischemia, a false-negative result was suspected.</p>
			<p>Given the possibility of myocardial ischemia in the presence of ECG T-wave pseudonormalization, coronary angiography was a plausible indication; however, it revealed large, normal epicardial coronary arteries.</p>
			<p>The value of T-wave polarity changes as an indicator of myocardial ischemia during stress is controversial. However, even at rest, conditions that might cause some form of ischemic memory are absent in our case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> False-positive diagnoses of ischemia based on prominent ECG abnormalities should be avoided in patients with apical HCM and microfistulas. It is worth noting that the depth of these negative T waves can vary over time during routine follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This was observed in our case, although no specific explanation for these changes was identified.</p>
			<p>During dobutamine stress echocardiography, flow through the microfistulas appeared to be suppressed, but this was not given due attention at that time. Exercise stress echocardiography was performed using a supine bicycle, allowing for real-time echocardiographic monitoring. Once the HR reached 108 bpm, microfistula flow was completely suppressed; simultaneously, the T waves became positive on ECG, suggesting a correlation between these events. Conversely, flow through the LAD remained clearly evident.</p>
			<p>Even in the presence of grade II diastolic dysfunction, the positive inotropic effect on the LV during exercise stress echocardiography did not result in the suppression of diastolic flow through the epicardial coronary artery. However, the consequent rise in intracavitary pressure and the shortening of diastole likely contributed to the complete suppression of flow within the microfistulas. This microfistula flow has been considered coronary flow steal because there is no communication with the coronary network; rather, blood flows directly into the LV cavity without perfusing the myocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In our case report, we observed, for the first time, that this flow steal ceased following a moderate increase in LV contractile performance, which could contribute to the magnitude of clinical manifestations and the prognosis. However, we cannot infer that the suppression of flow steal is the sole determinant of normalization of T-wave polarity on ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>In this case of apical HCM with microfistulas, the change in ECG T-wave polarity was not consistent with pseudonormalization or myocardial ischemia, as it occurred in the presence of normal epicardial coronary arteries and coincided with suppression of coronary flow steal through the microfistulas, despite the positive inotropic effect.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation>1. Said SA, Thiadens AA, Fieren MJ, Meijboom EJ, van der Werf T, Bennink GB. Coronary Artery Fistulas. Neth Heart J. 2002;10(2):65-78.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Said</surname>
							<given-names>SA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thiadens</surname>
							<given-names>AA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fieren</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meijboom</surname>
							<given-names>EJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Werf</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bennink</surname>
							<given-names>GB</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coronary Artery Fistulas</article-title>
					<source>Neth Heart J</source>
					<year>2002</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>65</fpage>
					<lpage>78</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation>2. Liu Y, Wang Z, Zeng H, Yang S, Li X. Congenital Coronary Artery-Left Ventricular Multiple Micro-Fistulas and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22(1):483. doi: 10.1186/s12872-022-02926-w.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zeng</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>X</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Congenital Coronary Artery-Left Ventricular Multiple Micro-Fistulas and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
					<source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<size units="pages">483</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12872-022-02926-w</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation>3. Reddy K, Gupta M, Hamby RI. Multiple Coronary Arteriosystemic Fistulas. Am J Cardiol. 1974;33(2):304-6. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(74)90295-1.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Reddy</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gupta</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamby</surname>
							<given-names>RI</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Multiple Coronary Arteriosystemic Fistulas</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>1974</year>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>304</fpage>
					<lpage>306</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-9149(74)90295-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation>4. Duckworth F, Mukharji J, Vetrovec GW. Diffuse Coronary Artery to Left Ventricular Communications: An Unusual Cause of Demonstrable Ischemia. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1987;13(2):133-7. doi: 10.1002/ccd.1810130212.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Duckworth</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mukharji</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vetrovec</surname>
							<given-names>GW</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Diffuse Coronary Artery to Left Ventricular Communications: An Unusual Cause of Demonstrable Ischemia</article-title>
					<source>Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn</source>
					<year>1987</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>133</fpage>
					<lpage>137</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.1810130212</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation>5. Yamaguchi H, Ishimura T, Nishiyama S, Nagasaki F, Nakanishi S, Takatsu F, et al. Hypertrophic Nonobstructive Cardiomyopathy with Giant Negative T Waves (Apical Hypertrophy): Ventriculographic and Echocardiographic Features in 30 Patients. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44(3):401-12. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(79)90388-6.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamaguchi</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ishimura</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nishiyama</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nagasaki</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nakanishi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Takatsu</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Hypertrophic Nonobstructive Cardiomyopathy with Giant Negative T Waves (Apical Hypertrophy): Ventriculographic and Echocardiographic Features in 30 Patients</article-title>
					<source>Am J Cardiol</source>
					<year>1979</year>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>401</fpage>
					<lpage>412</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-9149(79)90388-6</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation>6. Hong GR, Choi SH, Kang SM, Lee MH, Rim SJ, Jang YS, et al. Multiple Coronary Artery-Left Ventricular Microfistulae in a Patient with Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Demonstration by Transthoracic Color Doppler Echocardiography. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44(4):710-4. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2003.44.4.710.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hong</surname>
							<given-names>GR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Choi</surname>
							<given-names>SH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kang</surname>
							<given-names>SM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rim</surname>
							<given-names>SJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jang</surname>
							<given-names>YS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Multiple Coronary Artery-Left Ventricular Microfistulae in a Patient with Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Demonstration by Transthoracic Color Doppler Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Yonsei Med J</source>
					<year>2003</year>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>710</fpage>
					<lpage>714</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3349/ymj.2003.44.4.710</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation>7. Abreu JS, Lima JW, Diógenes TC, Siqueira JM, Pimentel NL, Gomes PS Neto, et al. Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve during Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(2):134-42. doi: 10.5935/abc.20130242.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abreu</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Diógenes</surname>
							<given-names>TC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Siqueira</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pimentel</surname>
							<given-names>NL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gomes</surname>
							<given-names>PS</given-names>
							<suffix>Neto</suffix>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve during Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2014</year>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>134</fpage>
					<lpage>142</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130242</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation>8. Cottier C, Kiowski W, von Bertrab R, Pfisterer M, Burkart F. Multiple Coronary Arteriocameral Fistulas as a Cause of Myocardial Ischemia. Am Heart J. 1988;115(1 Pt 1):181-4. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90537-6.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cottier</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kiowski</surname>
							<given-names>W</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>von Bertrab</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pfisterer</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burkart</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Multiple Coronary Arteriocameral Fistulas as a Cause of Myocardial Ischemia</article-title>
					<source>Am Heart J</source>
					<year>1988</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<comment>Pt 1</comment>
					<fpage>181</fpage>
					<lpage>184</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-8703(88)90537-6</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation>9. Duygu H, Zoghi M, Nalbantgil S, Ozerkan F, Akilli A, Akin M, et al. Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Might Lead to Misdiagnosis of Ischaemic Heart Disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;24(7):675-81. doi: 10.1007/s10554-008-9311-7.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Duygu</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zoghi</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nalbantgil</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ozerkan</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Akilli</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Akin</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Might Lead to Misdiagnosis of Ischaemic Heart Disease</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2008</year>
					<volume>24</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>675</fpage>
					<lpage>681</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10554-008-9311-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation>10. Chen K, Zeng Z, Li T, Chen R, Luo J, Zhou Z. Coronary Artery-Left Ventricular Multiple Microfistulas, a Rare Disease that is Easily Missed: Case Report and Literature Review. J Int Med Res. 2022;50(2):3000605221082882. doi: 10.1177/03000605221082882.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zeng</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Luo</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhou</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coronary Artery-Left Ventricular Multiple Microfistulas, a Rare Disease that is Easily Missed: Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
					<source>J Int Med Res</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>50</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<size units="pages">3000605221082882</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/03000605221082882</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation>11. Wagoner LW, Movahed A, Reeves WC, Jolly SR. Clinical Significance of Electrocardiographic T-Wave Normalization with Exercise. Am J Noninvasive Card. 1993;7(1):27-32. doi: 10.1159/000470245.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wagoner</surname>
							<given-names>LW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Movahed</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reeves</surname>
							<given-names>WC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jolly</surname>
							<given-names>SR</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Clinical Significance of Electrocardiographic T-Wave Normalization with Exercise</article-title>
					<source>Am J Noninvasive Card</source>
					<year>1993</year>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>27</fpage>
					<lpage>32</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000470245</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation>12. Elhendy A, Geleijnse L, Salustri A, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Arnese M, et al. T Wave Normalization during Dobutamine Stress Testing in Patients with Non-Q Wave Myocardial Infarction. A Marker of Myocardial Ischaemia? Eur Heart J. 1996;17(4):526-31. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014904.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Elhendy</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Geleijnse</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salustri</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van Domburg</surname>
							<given-names>RT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cornel</surname>
							<given-names>JH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arnese</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>T Wave Normalization during Dobutamine Stress Testing in Patients with Non-Q Wave Myocardial Infarction. A Marker of Myocardial Ischaemia?</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>1996</year>
					<volume>17</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>526</fpage>
					<lpage>531</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014904</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation>13. Loeb HS, Friedman NC. Normalization of Abnormal T-Waves during Stress Testing does Not Identify Patients with Reversible Perfusion Defects. Clin Cardiol. 2007;30(8):403-7. doi: 10.1002/clc.20111.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Loeb</surname>
							<given-names>HS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Friedman</surname>
							<given-names>NC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Normalization of Abnormal T-Waves during Stress Testing does Not Identify Patients with Reversible Perfusion Defects</article-title>
					<source>Clin Cardiol</source>
					<year>2007</year>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>403</fpage>
					<lpage>407</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.20111</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation>14. Kang S, Choi WH. Pseudonormalization of Negative T Wave during Stress Test in Asymptomatic Patients without Ischemic Heart Disease: A Clue to Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? Cardiology. 2013;124(2):91-6. doi: 10.1159/000346235.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kang</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Choi</surname>
							<given-names>WH</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Pseudonormalization of Negative T Wave during Stress Test in Asymptomatic Patients without Ischemic Heart Disease: A Clue to Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?</article-title>
					<source>Cardiology</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>124</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>91</fpage>
					<lpage>96</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000346235</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation>15. Abreu MEB, Pinheiro TCD, Guimarães AAL, Abreu JS. Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve and Myocardial Contractility Under Stress in the Post-Infarction Ischemic Memory Dilemma. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc. 2022;35(1):eabc221. doi: 10.47593/2675-312X/20223501eabc221.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abreu</surname>
							<given-names>MEB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
							<given-names>TCD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guimarães</surname>
							<given-names>AAL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abreu</surname>
							<given-names>JS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve and Myocardial Contractility Under Stress in the Post-Infarction Ischemic Memory Dilemma</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<elocation-id>eabc221</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20223501eabc221</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation>16. Lyon A, Bueno-Orovio A, Zacur E, Ariga R, Grau V, Neubauer S, et al. Electrocardiogram Phenotypes in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Caused by Distinct Mechanisms: Apico-Basal Repolarization Gradients vs. Purkinje-Myocardial Coupling Abnormalities. Europace. 2018;20(suppl_3):iii102-iii112. doi: 10.1093/europace/euy226.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lyon</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bueno-Orovio</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zacur</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ariga</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grau</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neubauer</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Electrocardiogram Phenotypes in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Caused by Distinct Mechanisms: Apico-Basal Repolarization Gradients vs. Purkinje-Myocardial Coupling Abnormalities</article-title>
					<source>Europace</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<supplement>suppl_3</supplement>
					<fpage>iii102</fpage>
					<lpage>iii112</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euy226</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Estadual do Ceará under protocol number 6.312.526 (approved on 09/20/2023). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260090</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Apical com Microfístulas: Correlação entre Roubo de Fluxo, Inotropismo Positivo e Normalização da Polaridade da Onda T</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6650-1292</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>José Sebastiao de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9292-2894</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Diógenes</surname>
						<given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0780-2922</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>Marília Esther Benevides</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1566-684X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chagas</surname>
						<given-names>Isadora Sucupira Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3566-1063</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Feitosa</surname>
						<given-names>Mateus Paiva Marques</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Clinicardio, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">UNINTA, Itapipoca, CE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> José Sebastiao De Abreu Clinicárdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Lourenço, 500. CEP: 60115-280. Fortaleza, CE – Brasil E-mail: jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
				<kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) apical com microfístulas constitui uma patologia rara cuja incidência de múltiplas microfístulas para o ventrículo esquerdo (VE) varia entre 0,07% e 0,09%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O seu diagnóstico pode ser efetuado por meio da ventriculografia contrastada, da coronariografia e da ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Por meio do ecocardiograma bidimensional com o Doppler colorido e o pulsátil, é possível visualizar os fluxos das microfístulas e medir a velocidade do fluxo diastólico (VFD), da mesma forma que é medida na coronária descendente anterior (CDA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na CMH apical com microfístulas, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) pode evidenciar ondas T negativas com profundidades variáveis, o que tem sido atribuído à hipertrofia do VE por si, à isquemia miocárdica e também ao roubo de fluxo coronariano pelas microfístulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A modificação da polaridade das ondas T do ECG, quando avaliada em condição de repouso ou sob maior demanda metabólica, tem interpretação controversa, o que compromete seu valor como indicador de isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, as ondas T negativas podem apresentar positivação da polaridade durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse (EE) físico ou farmacológico, mas o possível mecanismo relacionado a esse fenômeno permanece incerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 61 anos, hipertensa, dislipidêmica e tabagista em tratamento clínico irregular procurou avaliação cardiológica com sensação de cansaço aos grandes esforços, sem queixa de dor torácica. Bom estado geral, ausculta pulmonar normal, ritmo cardíaco regular, frequência cardíaca (FC) de 60 bpm, presença de quarta bulha e sem sopro, ausência de edema, pressão arterial medindo 190 × 90 mmHg. O ECG mostrava ritmo sinusal com inversão da polaridade das ondas T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A</xref>). O ecocardiograma evidenciou acentuada CMH predominantemente apical sem obstrução dinâmica. Foi medicada com losartana, anlodipina, estatina e orientada para suspender o tabagismo.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Registros eletrocardiográficos. Alteração da repolarização ventricular em condição basal (A) e normalização da polaridade das ondas T durante o EE com dobutamina (B). Após cinco anos permanece a alteração da repolarização ventricular em condição basal (C) e durante o esforço físico ocorre a positivação das ondas T (D).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Após quatro meses foi encaminhada ao EE com dobutamina para pesquisa de isquemia miocárdica. Em condição basal a contratilidade miocárdica estava normal. A CDA foi bem visualizada e sua VFD mediu 54 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2A</xref>). Outros múltiplos fluxos foram verificados na região apical do VE, mas a VFD não foi registrada.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Doppler pulsátil na CDA em condição basal (A) e durante o estresse com dobutamina (B). Registro em condição basal do Doppler pulsátil na CDA (C) e na microfístula (D). O exuberante Doppler colorido das microfístulas para o VE em condição basal (E) é totalmente suprimido pelo aumento do inotropismo durante o esforço físico, enquanto o fluxo da CDA (seta) é preservado (F). FC: frequência cardíaca; PVD: pico de velocidade diastólica.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Durante o estresse a VFD na CDA foi registrada com FC de 127 bpm e mediu 99 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2B</xref>), enquanto nesse momento o fluxo colorido nas microfístulas pareceu estar atenuado ou suprimido. O exame foi concluído com FC de 151 bpm, não ocorrendo manifestação isquêmica ou arritmia (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f04002">Vídeo 1</xref>), enquanto as ondas T negativas do ECG basal tornaram-se positivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1B</xref>). Apesar desse resultado, o médico assistente solicitou a coronariografia, a qual mostrou coronárias normais e calibrosas, não sendo realizada ventriculografia naquela ocasião (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<media id="f04002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-m01-pt.mp4">
					<label>Vídeo 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– EE com dobutamina negativo para isquemia miocárdica em frequência cardíaca máxima. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Coronárias epicárdicas normais.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Apresentou evolução estável durante os cinco anos seguintes, apesar de relatar cansaço aos grandes esforços. Mantinha pressão arterial controlada, fração de ejeção e strain global longitudinal do VE normais, padrão de disfunção diastólica grau II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). No ECG a inversão das ondas T era bem evidente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1C</xref>), com variações de suas profundidades em relação ao ECG realizado há cinco anos. Foi encaminhada para nova avaliação no EE físico em bicicleta supina (ciclomaca) que iniciou com a FC de 62 bpm, perfazendo 75 watts no esforço e alcançando FC de 115 bpm. O exame foi interrompido por exaustão física, sem manifestar arritmia ou sinais de isquemia miocárdica, apresentando as ondas T do ECG progressivamente positivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Variáveis ecocardiográficas medidas em condição basal antes do ecocardiograma sob esforço.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Fração de ejeção do VE, método de Simpson (%)</td>
									<td align="center">65</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Strain global longitudinal do VE (%)</td>
									<td align="center">−18,7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Volume indexado do átrio esquerdo (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">31</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Strain de reservatório do átrio esquerdo (%)</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Onda E do Doppler mitral (cm/s)</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Relação E/A mitral</td>
									<td align="center">1,21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Relação E/E′ mitral</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>VE: ventrículo esquerdo</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>As maiores velocidades de fluxo foram obtidas com o maior alinhamento possível com o cursor do Doppler. Em condição basal a VFD mediu 56 cm/s na CDA e 140 cm/s na microfístula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figuras 2C e 2D</xref>). O exuberante fluxo diastólico da microfístula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2E</xref>) foi totalmente suprimido quando a FC alcançou 108 bpm, enquanto o fluxo na CDA permaneceu bem visualizado na região apical do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2F</xref> e <xref ref-type="other" rid="f05002">Vídeo 2</xref>).</p>
				<media id="f05002" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260090-m02-pt.mp4">
					<label>Vídeo 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Durante o esforço físico os fluxos das microfístulas são totalmente suprimidos e o da CDA é preservado. link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/2026-0090_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A microfístula constitui um labirinto vascular, representando a persistência de sinusoides embrionários que geralmente são obliterados no desenvolvimento normal. Na CMH apical com microfístulas ocorre uma comunicação plexiforme entre a artéria coronária e a cavidade do VE, constituindo uma associação rara, na qual a possibilidade de isquemia miocárdica costuma ser evocada. Sintomas sugestivos de angina e o registro de sopro podem ser verificados ou não.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Dividindo a VFD medida no estresse pela registrada em repouso, obtém-se a reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano, a qual foi baixa (&lt; 2) na CDA, o que tanto poderia ter decorrido do comprometimento das coronárias epicárdicas como da microcirculação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em nosso relato de caso, apesar do EE com dobutamina em FC máxima ter sido negativo para isquemia, houve a hipótese de um resultado falso negativo.</p>
				<p>Em virtude da possibilidade de isquemia miocárdica na presença de pseudonormalização das ondas T do ECG, a indicação de coronariografia foi plausível; contudo, evidenciou coronárias epicárdicas calibrosas e normais.</p>
				<p>É controverso o valor da modificação da polaridade das ondas T como indicativo de isquemia miocárdica durante estresse. Todavia, mesmo em repouso, condições que possam determinar alguma forma de memória isquêmica não estão presentes em nosso caso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Deve ser evitado o diagnóstico falso positivo de isquemia em pacientes com CMH apical com microfístulas, baseado na exuberante anormalidade do ECG. É interessante ressaltar que a profundidade dessas ondas T negativas pode variar no decorrer do tempo durante o acompanhamento de rotina de um mesmo paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esse fato também ocorreu no nosso caso, mas não há uma explicação específica para essas mudanças.</p>
				<p>Durante o EE com dobutamina o fluxo das microfístulas pareceu ficar suprimido, mas não foi dada a devida atenção naquela ocasião. O EE sob esforço foi realizado em bicicleta supina (ciclomaca), o que permitiu um acompanhamento ecocardiográfico em tempo real. Verificou-se que a partir da FC de 108 bpm o fluxo da microfístula foi totalmente suprimido, ao mesmo tempo em que houve a positivação das ondas T do ECG, sugerindo uma correlação entre os eventos. Por outro lado, o fluxo na CDA permaneceu bem evidente.</p>
				<p>Mesmo na presença de disfunção diastólica grau II, o efeito inotrópico positivo no VE durante o EE com exercício não determinou supressão do fluxo diastólico da coronária epicárdica. Contudo, o decorrente aumento na pressão intracavitária e o encurtamento da diástole devem ter contribuído para a supressão total do fluxo nas microfístulas. Esse fluxo das microfístulas tem sido considerado um roubo de fluxo porque não há comunicação com a rede coronariana, sendo lançado diretamente na cavidade do VE sem nutrir os miócitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em nosso relato de caso foi interessante verificar pela primeira vez que o denominado roubo de fluxo deixou de ocorrer após um moderado aumento no desempenho contrátil do VE, o que poderia contribuir para a magnitude das manifestações clínicas e o prognóstico. Contudo, não podemos inferir que a supressão do roubo de fluxo é o único determinante de normalização da polaridade da onda T do ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Nesse caso de CMH apical com microfístulas, a modificação da polaridade da onda T do ECG não foi compatível com pseudonormalização ou isquemia miocárdica, visto que, apesar do adicional inotropismo positivo, ocorreu na presença de coronárias epicárdicas normais e concomitantemente à supressão do roubo de fluxo pelas microfístulas.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual do Ceará sob o número de protocolo 6.312.526 (aprovado em 20/09/2023). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>