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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">01403</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260083i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Mitral Regurgitation with Multiple Jets: An Integrated and Hierarchical Approach</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-8927-2298</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Gracielly</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6047-3111</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Emerich</surname>
						<given-names>Tatiane Mascarenhas Santiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0477-480X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gripp</surname>
						<given-names>Eliza</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Vitória</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES – Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label>Gracielly Barros Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória. Rua Humberto Martins De Paula. Postal code: 29050-225. Vitória, ES – Brazil E-mail: <email>graciellybarros@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>19</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260083</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Mitral regurgitation (MR) with multiple jets is a highly complex diagnostic scenario, frequently encountered in Barlow disease and functional phenotypes associated with ventricular remodeling. Conventional two-dimensional methods (e.g., vena contracta width, color jet area, and hemispheric proximal isovelocity surface area) have important limitations in the presence of multiple regurgitant orifices, eccentric jets, the Coanda effect, overlap of flow convergence zones, or noncircular annular geometry, which may lead to underestimation of volume overload. Three-dimensional echocardiography overcomes part of these limitations by enabling en face characterization of the mitral valve, planimetric measurement of the vena contracta area using multiplanar reconstruction, and the application of volumetric methods based on directly measured anatomical areas. The three-dimensional continuity equation (3D-CE), particularly in mitral valve prolapse and Barlow disease, has demonstrated promising agreement with the regurgitant volume measured using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR); however, the available evidence should still be interpreted in the context of recent studies and patient populations. CMR remains the reference standard for volumetric assessment when echocardiographic findings discord with the clinical presentation, acoustic windows are suboptimal, or pre-interventional decision-making involves borderline parameters. This review proposes a hierarchical, multiparametric, and technically reproducible approach for assessing MR with multiple jets.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Three-Dimensional Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Multimodal Imaging</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> This study had no external funding sources.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Mitral regurgitation (MR) with multiple jets is one of the most challenging scenarios in valvular echocardiography. This condition is frequently observed in Barlow disease and in complex forms of functional MR, and its quantification challenges the fundamental assumptions underlying conventional two-dimensional methods, which were originally developed for single regurgitant orifices and simpler geometries, representing an important source of diagnostic error that may mask substantial volume overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the presence of multiple regurgitant orifices, eccentric jets, and noncircular mitral annuli, conventional parameters (e.g., vena contracta width and hemispheric proximal isovelocity surface area [PISA]) may substantially underestimate the severity of regurgitation and its volumetric consequences. In this context, three-dimensional echocardiography and advanced volumetric methods have emerged as tools capable of more directly assessing the true geometry of the regurgitant orifice and integrating complex anatomical phenotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This review discusses the physical and geometric principles underlying the limitations of two-dimensional methods and the role of three-dimensional techniques and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in a multiparametric approach. We also propose a practical, hierarchical strategy for systematically assessing MR with multiple jets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>). The main limitations of two-dimensional methods are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Central Illustration</label>
					<caption>
						<title>: Mitral Regurgitation with Multiple Jets: An Integrated and Hierarchical Approach</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Limitations of two-dimensional methods for assessing mitral regurgitation with multiple jets</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Method</th>
								<th>Primary limitation</th>
								<th>Clinical consequence</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Two-dimensional vena contracta width</td>
								<td align="center">The sum of linear widths does not correspond to the sum of effective areas (quadratic relationship: A = πr<sup>2</sup>).</td>
								<td align="center">Underestimation of global EROA; severe MR may be misclassified as moderate.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Two-dimensional hemispheric PISA</td>
								<td align="center">Assumes a single, central, hemispheric flow convergence zone; this assumption is frequently violated in the presence of multiple regurgitant orifices.</td>
								<td align="center">Reduced accuracy in multiple and eccentric jets; imprecise estimation of total EROA.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Color Doppler jet area</td>
								<td align="center">The Coanda effect artificially reduces the visible jet area.</td>
								<td align="center">Qualitative underestimation of severity; inadequate for quantitative assessment.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Volumetric method using two-dimensional measurements (ΔSV)</td>
								<td align="center">Propagation of geometric errors resulting from two-dimensional estimation of valvular areas and the left ventricular outflow tract.</td>
								<td align="center">Imprecise RV estimation using two-dimensional measurements; methods based on three-dimensional anatomical areas provide more reliable volumetric quantification.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>PISA: proximal isovelocity surface area; EROA: effective regurgitant orifice area; RV: regurgitant volume; ΔSV: difference between stroke volumes.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Fundamental Principles: Why Multiple Jets Compromise Quantification</title>
				<p>MR quantification is primarily based on estimating the effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) and regurgitant volume (RV). The vena contracta (i.e., region of highest flow acceleration and smallest cross-sectional flow area) represents the echocardiographic marker that most closely approximates the effective regurgitant orifice. However, in the presence of multiple regurgitant orifices, geometric assumptions underlying conventional two-dimensional methods frequently become invalid. These limitations arise primarily from three physical mechanisms:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>Quadratic relationship between diameter and area</bold>: as area increases with the square of the radius (A = πr<sup>2</sup>), the sum of the linear widths of multiple jets measured by two-dimensional Doppler does not correspond to the sum of their effective areas. Thus, two jets measuring 3 mm width correspond to a combined area of approximately 14 mm<sup>2</sup>, whereas a single 6-mm jet has an area of approximately 28 mm<sup>2</sup>. Consequently, simply summing linear measurements may substantially underestimate the global EROA and MR severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p><bold>Coanda effect:</bold> eccentric jets that adhere to the atrial wall dissipate kinetic energy along the adjacent surface; thereby, artificially reducing the apparent jet area on color Doppler imaging. This phenomenon leads to a systematic qualitative underestimation of regurgitation severity, particularly for posterior jets and those originating from the commissural regions. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref> illustrates distinct patterns of regurgitant jets on three-dimensional color Doppler imaging, including separate jets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical examples of two patterns of functional mitral regurgitation evaluated by three-dimensional transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography: continuous jet (A) and two separate jets (B).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Limitations of the geometric assumptions underlying two-dimensional PISA:</bold> the PISA method assumes a single, central, hemispheric flow convergence zone, which is frequently absent when multiple regurgitant orifices are present. Adjacent, asymmetric, or partially overlapping flow convergence zones impair the estimation of total regurgitant flow and reduce the accuracy of the method. In Barlow disease, the presence of a large, noncircular mitral annulus amplifies these geometric distortions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Three-dimensional Echocardiography: Tools and Role in the Multiparametric Approach</title>
				<p>Three-dimensional echocardiography primarily provides a more direct and anatomical assessment of regurgitant orifice geometry; thus, reducing dependence on geometric assumptions inherent to conventional two-dimensional techniques. Despite these advantages, the method has several limitations, including lower spatial and temporal resolution, difficulty in defining color Doppler boundaries, the influence of regurgitant orifice nonplanarity, and dependence on acoustic window quality. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref> demonstrates an example of a complex degenerative anatomy with a P2 flail leaflet evaluated using two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical example of degenerative mitral regurgitation with complex anatomy. A — Parasternal long-axis view, showing Barlow’s disease, with prolapse of both leaflets and mitral annular disjunction (arrow). B — Three-dimensional zoomed image of the mitral valve, viewed from the left atrium (LA), with prolapse of multiple segments, characterizing Barlow’s disease. C — Three-dimensional zoomed image with color Doppler. D — 110° cross-sectional view, showing jet eccentricity and hindering accurate measurement of PISA, EROA, and RVol, resulting in underestimation of MR severity. EROA of 0.49 cm2, yet with an RVol of 47 mL: discordant parameters.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the main three-dimensional tools currently available, their potential roles, and respective limitations in assessing MR with multiple jets. In this context, incorporating the true three-dimensional mitral annular area into the three-dimensional continuity equation deserves particular attention. By avoiding the geometric assumption of annular circularity, which is inappropriate in Barlow disease because the mitral annulus is frequently dilated and noncircular, this approach has demonstrated excellent agreement with CMR and outperformed conventional two-dimensional methods. The application of multiplanar reconstruction for individual area measurements is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Three-dimensional tools and their role in the assessment of mitral regurgitation with multiple jets</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">3D parameter</th>
									<th>Role and limitations in mitral regurgitation with multiple jets</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Three-dimensional VCA by multiplanar reconstruction (direct planimetry)</td>
									<td align="center">Enables more direct estimation of the area of each regurgitant orifice; the sum of individual VCAs provides an approximation of the global EROA. Demonstrates good correlation with CMR-derived RV. Limitations include temporal and spatial resolution, definition of color Doppler boundaries, and regurgitant orifice nonplanarity.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Three-dimensional PISA</td>
									<td align="center">Assesses the true flow-convergence surface, reducing the geometric assumptions of two-dimensional PISA. Limitations include reduced frame rate and overlap of flow convergence zones in adjacent jets. It has a complementary rather than primary role.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Three-dimensional volumetry: total LVSV – aortic SV (Simpson method)</td>
									<td align="center">RV is calculated as the difference between total LVSV, obtained by direct three-dimensional volumetry, and antegrade aortic SV. The method is less dependent on mitral annular geometry and largely independent of the number and eccentricity of regurgitant jets. The main limitation compared with CMR is the systematic underestimation of ventricular volumes.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Three-dimensional en face anatomy</td>
									<td align="center">Enables detailed anatomical assessment of the mitral valve apparatus, including the number and location of coaptation orifices, the extent of prolapse, flail, tethering, and annular dilatation. It is an indispensable tool for surgical and transcatheter procedural planning.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Three-dimensional continuity equation: annular area × velocity-time integral</td>
									<td align="center">RV is calculated using the true three-dimensional areas of the mitral annulus and the left ventricular outflow tract, reducing errors arising from the circularity assumption in the two-dimensional method. It is particularly useful in Barlow disease, in which the mitral annulus is frequently enlarged and noncircular, and largely independent of the number, eccentricity, and systolic duration of regurgitant jets. It has also demonstrated excellent agreement with CMR compared with conventional two-dimensional methods. The main limitation is the reduced applicability in the presence of other significant valvular heart diseases.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>MR: mitral regurgitation; EROA, effective regurgitant orifice area; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; MAD, mitral annular disjunction.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical example of vena contracta area measurement using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and multiplanar reconstruction. Following transcatheter mitral valve repair, residual regurgitant jets are measured individually, and their areas are summed. Temporary reference image to be replaced with an anonymized exam. Source: Dietl et al. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. 2018;16:1. CC BY 4.0 license.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>CMR and Integrated Severity Criteria</title>
				<p>CMR quantifies RV as the difference between total left ventricular stroke volume and antegrade aortic flow measured by phase-contrast imaging, an approach largely independent of the geometry or number of regurgitant jets. For this reason, CMR assumes a particularly important role in scenarios of greater anatomical complexity or when echocardiographic findings are discordant. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref> illustrates this volumetric strategy using 3D echocardiography, while <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 5</xref> presents the indirect volumetric method using CMR, currently considered the reference standard when there is discordance between echocardiographic methods.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Automated 3D color flow quantification using artificial intelligence to measure mitral regurgitant volume.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f06">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Clinical example of mitral regurgitation assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance using the indirect method. The phase-contrast imaging plane is positioned above the aortic valve, and mitral regurgitant volume (MRvol) is calculated as the difference between left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) and the antegrade aortic flow. LVSV: left ventricular stroke volume; MRvol: mitral regurgitant volume; RF: regurgitant fraction.F: Source: Vermes et al.13</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf06.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>New 3D echocardiography software enables automated acquisition of ventricular volumes and left ventricular stroke volume, allowing regurgitant volume to be calculated as the difference between the ventricular stroke volume and the effective systolic volume ejected into the aorta. As with CMR, this is a volumetric method based on the principle of mass conservation, making it less influenced by the geometry of the regurgitant orifice, the presence of multiple jets, or the Coanda effect. Although it still depends on the quality of the three-dimensional acquisition and requires further clinical validation, this technology represents an important advance in the integrated assessment of complex MR.</p>
				<p>CMR remains the reference volumetric method for quantifying MR. RVol is calculated as the difference between the left ventricular stroke volume obtained by cine-MRI and the antegrade aortic flow measured by phase-contrast imaging. Because it is practically independent of the number, direction, and geometry of the regurgitant jets, this approach maintains high accuracy in complex anatomies, making it an important complementary method when there is discordance between echocardiographic findings and the clinical context, or when therapeutic decision-making depends on more precise quantification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In patients with bileaflet mitral valve prolapse and bulky leaflets, the volume of prolapsed tissue must be incorporated into the RVol calculation to avoid underestimating the regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> 4D Flow CMR further expands this capability by enabling three-dimensional assessment of regurgitant flow patterns. However, despite promising results, its routine clinical application remains limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No single parameter, including the summed three-dimensional vena contracta area, should be used as the sole determinant of MR severity. Contemporary guidelines consistently recommend a multiparametric approach integrating anatomical, quantitative, and hemodynamic data. In this context, the threshold values presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> should be interpreted according to the underlying etiology, technical quality of the examination, and clinical context, particularly in complex phenotypes of MR with multiple jets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Quantitative severity criteria and supportive parameters for primary mitral regurgitation</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Parameter</th>
									<th>Moderate MR</th>
									<th>Severe MR</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>EROA (ΣVCA 3D)</td>
									<td align="center">0.20 – 0.39 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">≥ 0.40 cm<sup>2</sup>*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Regurgitant volume</td>
									<td align="center">30 – 59 mL</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 60 mL</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Regurgitant fraction</td>
									<td align="center">30 – 49%</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 50%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pulmonary vein systolic flow reversal</td>
									<td align="center">Absent or blunted</td>
									<td align="center">Present (supportive finding)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Left atrial / left ventricular dilatation</td>
									<td align="center">Mild to moderate</td>
									<td align="center">Significant dilatation; possible subclinical ventricular consequences</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>EROA: effective regurgitant orifice area; MR: mitral regurgitation. *Threshold values are derived from literature predominantly on primary MR, but have not been specifically validated for all phenotypes of MR with multiple jets. These parameters should be interpreted within a multiparametric framework, considering the underlying etiology, technical quality of the examination, and clinical context. In secondary MR, the severity threshold for EROA is generally lower (≥ 0.20 cm<sup>2</sup>). Source: Zoghbi WA et al.; Vahanian A et al.<sup>1,2,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
								</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic Assessment: A Stepwise Approach</title>
				<p>The assessment of MR with multiple jets should follow a systematic, reproducible, and mechanism-oriented sequence. The primary objective is to define the anatomy and pathophysiology of regurgitation before selecting the quantitative method most appropriate for the specific valvular phenotype. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,</sup></p>
				<p>The algorithm is summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 1 — Identify the Mechanism Before Quantification</title>
					<p>The first step is to define the mechanism of MR according to the Carpentier classification. In phenotypes with multiple jets, the most common findings are Type II, resulting from prolapse or flail in Barlow disease or multisegment fibroelastic degeneration, and Type IIIb, resulting from systolic leaflet restriction secondary to subvalvular tethering in ischemic or dilated functional MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The analysis should begin with the parasternal long-axis view, including frame-by-frame assessment of the A1-A2-A3 and P1-P2-P3 scallops, identification of prolapse, flail, systolic restriction, apical displacement of the papillary muscles, mitral annular dilatation and morphology, and presence of mitral annular disjunction. In the apical views, color Doppler imaging enables mapping of the number, direction, eccentricity, and systolic variation of regurgitant jets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The three-dimensional en face view, obtained by transesophageal echocardiography or transthoracic echocardiography using a matrix-array transducer, complements the assessment by demonstrating the number and location of coaptation orifices, the extent of the involved scallops, and the presence of commissural jets, which are frequently difficult to characterize using two-dimensional imaging alone. This step establishes the hierarchy of the subsequent quantitative methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 2 — Optimize Color Doppler Settings for Three-Dimensional Acquisition</title>
					<p>Three-dimensional planimetry of the vena contracta area requires a carefully optimized color Doppler acquisition. Nyquist velocity should generally be maintained between 50 and 70 cm/s. Excessively low settings promote blooming artifacts and overestimate the color jet area, whereas excessively high settings reduce color Doppler sensitivity and may underestimate the vena contracta area. .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Color gain should be progressively reduced until color pixels disappear from structures without flow while preserving the true regurgitant jet signal. Excessive gain artificially enlarges jet boundaries and represents the most common technical error in clinical practice. The three-dimensional sector should be restricted to the minimum volume required to include all regurgitant jets; thus, increasing the volume rate. Ideally, a volume rate of at least 20 Hz should be achieved. In patients with stable sinus rhythm, multibeat acquisitions may improve spatial resolution, although they increase the risk of stitching artifacts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 3 — Planimetry of the Vena Contracta Area Using Multiplanar Reconstruction: Technique and Practical Considerations</title>
					<p>Following acquisition of the three-dimensional color Doppler, the dataset should be analyzed using multiplanar reconstruction. The measurement plane should be positioned at the smallest cross-sectional area of the jet, immediately distal to the regurgitant orifice and before flow expansion into the left atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The most common technical error is measuring the area distally within the expanding jet, which results in overestimation of the vena contracta area. Each regurgitant orifice should be planimetered individually. In adjacent jets, true regurgitant orifices should be distinguished from zones of jet confluence within the left atrium. The sum of individual vena contracta areas provides a functional estimate of the global EROA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Measuring at least three cardiac cycles and using the mean value for analysis is recommended. A high variability suggests technical instability, low volume rate, arrhythmia, or significant respiratory variation. In Barlow disease, the vena contracta area should preferably be assessed using three-dimensional volumetric methods because of the complex and noncircular geometry of the mitral annulus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 4 — Volumetric Methods: Quantification Independent of Jet Geometry</title>
					<p>Volumetric methods are useful when planimetry of the vena contracta area is not feasible, when multiple eccentric jets are present, or when qualitative parameters are discordant with the degree of cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Three-dimensional volumetry based on the conservation of mass calculates RV as the difference between total left ventricular stroke volume (obtained by direct three-dimensional volumetry) and the antegrade aortic stroke volume. This approach is largely independent of the number, direction, or geometry of regurgitant jets, although it is subject to systematic underestimation of ventricular volumes compared with CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The three-dimensional continuity equation calculates RV as the difference between mitral and aortic stroke volumes using true three-dimensional anatomical areas. It is particularly useful in phenotypes, such as Barlow disease, in which the mitral annulus is enlarged, noncircular, and inadequately represented by two-dimensional linear measurements. In both methods, measurements should be obtained over multiple cardiac cycles, with particular attention to the correct positioning of pulsed-wave Doppler at the mitral annular plane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 5 — Integrate Supportive Parameters</title>
					<p>Quantitative measurements should be interpreted together with markers of hemodynamic consequences and cardiac remodeling. Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary veins is a strong supportive finding for severe MR, although its absence does not exclude severe regurgitation in the presence of eccentric jets or the Coanda effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Continuous-wave Doppler of the MR jet provides additional qualitative information about the density and morphology of the spectral envelope. A dense and triangular envelope with early systolic peak suggests a hemodynamically relevant regurgitation. Progressive left atrial and left ventricular dilatation, elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure, and a left ventricular ejection fraction below 60% further support significant hemodynamic consequences. In Barlow disease, a global longitudinal strain may help identify subclinical left ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 6 — Determine When Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Should Be Performed</title>
					<p>CMR should be considered when echocardiographic estimates of MR severity are discordant with clinical symptoms or cardiac remodeling, when acoustic windows are limited, or when echocardiographic parameters are borderline in the context of pre-interventional decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>In Barlow disease, CMR provides additional value by quantifying RV in a manner that is less dependent on regurgitant jet geometry and by enabling tissue characterization with late gadolinium enhancement, T1 mapping, and extracellular volume fraction, all of which are relevant for detecting myocardial fibrosis and stratifying arrhythmic risk. In prolapse with redundant leaflets, the volume of the prolapsed tissue should be incorporated into RV calculation to avoid underestimating the regurgitation severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Differential Diagnosis: Primary versus Secondary MR</title>
			<p>The etiology of MR (i.e., primary [degenerative] or secondary [functional]) directly influences the interpretation of quantitative parameters, severity thresholds, and therapeutic strategy. In secondary MR, the EROA threshold associated with severe regurgitation is lower because of the reduced functional reserve of the remodeled left ventricle. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> summarizes the main differences between these phenotypes relevant to multimodal imaging assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Differences between primary and secondary mitral regurgitation relevant to imaging assessment</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Characteristics</th>
								<th>Primary MR (degenerative)</th>
								<th>Secondary MR (functional)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Mechanism</td>
								<td align="center">Structural disease of the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, or mitral annulus (prolapse, flail, Barlow disease, or fibroelastic degeneration).</td>
								<td align="center">Left ventricular remodeling with tethering of the subvalvular apparatus</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Jet pattern</td>
								<td align="center">Frequently eccentric; multiple jets are common in Barlow disease because of multisegment prolapse.</td>
								<td align="center">Central or biatrial; multiple jets may occur in asymmetric tethering.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>EROA severity threshold</td>
								<td align="center">≥ 0.40 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</td>
								<td align="center">≥ 0.20 cm<sup>2</sup> (reduced myocardial reserve of the remodeled left ventricle).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Role of CMR</td>
								<td align="center">Reference standard in cases of borderline parameters or echocardiographic-clinical discordance; useful in Barlow disease/MAD (regurgitant volume by volumetric balance).</td>
								<td align="center">Particularly useful when left ventricular ejection fraction is borderline or concomitant coronary revascularization is being considered.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Interventional strategy</td>
								<td align="center">Mitral valve repair or replacement; timing based on symptoms, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular dimensions or volumes.</td>
								<td align="center">Prioritary clinical optimization; surgery is reserved for patients with high regurgitant volume and favorable repair anatomy.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>MR: mitral regurgitation; EROA, effective regurgitant orifice area; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; MAD, mitral annular disjunction.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Technical Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them</title>
			<p>Technical expertise in three-dimensional image acquisition and analysis is fundamental to ensure an accurate quantification of MR with multiple jets. The most common sources of error include the following:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Summing two-dimensional widths instead of areas</bold>: the sum of linear diameters does not correspond to the sum of the effective areas of multiple regurgitant orifices. Areas (cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), rather than widths (mm), should always be summed. This error results in underestimation of the global EROA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Planimetry outside the true vena contracta</bold>: measurements should be obtained at the smallest cross-sectional area of the jet, immediately distal to the regurgitant orifice. More distal measurements within the expanding jet in the left atrium overestimate the vena contracta area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Inappropriate Nyquist velocity:</bold> excessively high Nyquist settings artificially reduce the color jet area, whereas excessively low settings promote blooming artifacts and artificial expansion of jet boundaries. For three-dimensional planimetry of the vena contracta area, a Nyquist velocity of 50 to 70 cm/s is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Insufficient frame rate:</bold> a low volume rate may capture the vena contracta outside peak systole, reducing reproducibility of the measurement. A volume rate of at least 20 to 25 Hz should be prioritized with reduction of the acquisition sector and use of valvular zoom whenever possible.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Single-beat analysis</bold>: planimetry should be performed over multiple cardiac cycles, and the mean value should be used for analysis. Beat-to-beat variability exceeding 20% suggests technical instability, arrhythmia, or inadequate image acquisition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Underrecognition of commissural jets</bold>: commissural jets are particularly common in Barlow disease and may be numerous, small, and easily overlooked by two-dimensional imaging. Summing the individual areas of the vena contracta is important in these cases, in which the total EROA may be substantially greater than initially apparent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Failure to document hemodynamic conditions</bold>: blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac rhythm should be recorded during the exam. Acute changes in afterload may substantially alter the EROA and RV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Incorrect positioning of pulsed-wave Doppler at the mitral valve</bold>: in volumetric methods, the mitral velocity-time integral should be measured at the level of the mitral annulus. Supravalvular sampling introduces systematic error into the calculation of mitral stroke volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Assuming mitral annular circularity in Barlow disease</bold>: the mitral annulus frequently exhibits a large, dynamic, and noncircular geometry. Estimating the annular area from a single diameter underestimates the true annular area and may overestimate the calculated RV. In these cases, direct measurement of the three-dimensional mitral annular area should be preferred.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Quantifying MR with multiple jets requires methods that accurately represent the true geometry of the regurgitant orifices and their hemodynamic consequences. In this context, three-dimensional vena contracta planimetry using multiplanar reconstruction is a central tool when technically feasible and should always be interpreted in conjunction with valvular anatomy, cardiac remodeling, and supporting parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In Barlow disease, the large, dynamic, and noncircular geometry of the mitral annulus substantially limits the accuracy of conventional two-dimensional methods. Incorporating true three-dimensional anatomical areas into the continuity equation is also an important advance for this complex anatomical phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<p>CMR should be considered the complementary reference method in cases of discordant findings, borderline parameters, or diagnostic uncertainty, particularly in more complex phenotypes with multiple jets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Rather than seeking a single “ideal” parameter, assessing MR with multiple jets requires a rational hierarchy of methods selected based on the valvular mechanism, regurgitant orifice geometry, hemodynamic conditions, and technical quality of image acquisition. Ultimately, understanding the physical and geometric limitations of each method is as important as mastering its technical execution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Figliozzi</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Di Maio</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Georgiopoulos</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vandenberk</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chiribiri</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Francone</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse</article-title>
					<source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
					<year>2025</year>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<size units="pages">101137</size>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jocmr.2024.101137</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
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			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any postgraduate program.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Claude AI for spelling and bibliographic reference review. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Data Availability:</label>
				<p> The underlying content of the research text is contained in the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> This study had no external funding sources.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260083</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Insuficiência Mitral com Múltiplos Jatos: Uma Abordagem Integrada e Hierarquizada</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-8927-2298</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barros</surname>
						<given-names>Gracielly</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6047-3111</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Emerich</surname>
						<given-names>Tatiane Mascarenhas Santiago</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0477-480X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gripp</surname>
						<given-names>Eliza</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4002"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES – Brasil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4002">
				<label>4</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Gracielly Barros</bold> Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória. Rua Humberto Martins De Paula. CEP: 29050-225. Vitória, ES – Brasil E-mail: graciellybarros@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p> Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A insuficiência mitral (IM) com múltiplos jatos representa um cenário de alta complexidade diagnóstica, frequente na doença de Barlow e em fenótipos funcionais por remodelamento ventricular. Os métodos bidimensionais convencionais, incluindo largura da vena contracta (VCW), área do jato colorido e PISA hemisférico, apresentam limitações relevantes quando há orifícios múltiplos, jatos excêntricos, efeito Coanda, zonas de convergência sobrepostas ou geometria anular não circular, com possível subestimação da sobrecarga volumétrica. A ecocardiografia tridimensional (eco 3D) reduz parte dessas limitações ao permitir caracterização en face da valva, planimetria da área da vena contracta (VCA) por reconstrução multiplanar (MPR) e aplicação de métodos volumétricos com áreas anatômicas diretamente medidas. A equação de continuidade 3D (3D-CE), especialmente em prolapso mitral/Barlow, mostrou concordância promissora com o volume regurgitante (VR) por ressonância magnética cardíaca (CMR), embora sua evidência ainda deva ser interpretada no contexto de estudos recentes e amostras selecionadas. A CMR permanece referência volumétrica quando há discordância eco-clínica, janela acústica limitada ou decisão pré-intervenção com parâmetros limítrofes. Esta revisão propõe uma abordagem hierarquizada, multiparamétrica e tecnicamente reprodutível para avaliação da IM com múltiplos jatos.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
				<kwd>Imageamento Multimodal</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência mitral (IM) com múltiplos jatos representa um dos cenários mais desafiadores da ecocardiografia valvar. Frequentemente observada na doença de Barlow e em formas complexas de IM funcional, sua quantificação desafia pressupostos fundamentais dos métodos bidimensionais convencionais, originalmente desenvolvidos para orifícios regurgitantes únicos e geometrias mais simplificadas, o que representa uma fonte relevante de erro diagnóstico com potencial para mascarar sobrecarga volumétrica significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na presença de múltiplos orifícios, jatos excêntricos e anéis mitrais não circulares, parâmetros clássicos como a largura da vena contracta (VCW) e o PISA hemisférico podem subestimar significativamente a gravidade da regurgitação e sua repercussão volumétrica. Nesse contexto, a ecocardiografia tridimensional (eco 3D) e os métodos volumétricos avançados emergem como ferramentas capazes de avaliar de forma mais direta a geometria real do orifício regurgitante e integrar fenótipos anatômicos complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Esta revisão discute os fundamentos físicos e geométricos das limitações dos métodos bidimensionais, o papel das ferramentas tridimensionais e da ressonância magnética cardíaca (CMR) em uma abordagem multiparamétrica, além de propor uma estratégia prática e hierarquizada para avaliação sistemática da IM com múltiplos jatos. A abordagem proposta está resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref> e as principais limitações dos métodos bidimensionais estão resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Insuficiência Mitral com Múltiplos Jatos: Uma Abordagem Integrada e Hierarquizada</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Limitações dos métodos bidimensionais na avaliação da IM com múltiplos jatos</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Método</th>
									<th>Limitação Principal</th>
									<th>Consequência Clínica</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>VCW 2D</td>
									<td align="center">Soma de larguras lineares não corresponde à soma das áreas efetivas (relação quadrática: A = πr<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">Subestimação do EROA global; IM importante pode ser classificada como moderada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PISA 2D hemisférico</td>
									<td align="center">Pressupõe zona de convergência única, central e hemisférica; premissa frequentemente ausente em múltiplos orifícios regurgitantes</td>
									<td align="center">Redução da acurácia em jatos múltiplos e excêntricos; EROA total impreciso</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Área do jato ao Doppler colorido</td>
									<td align="center">Efeito Coanda reduz artificialmente a área visível do jato</td>
									<td align="center">Subestimação qualitativa da gravidade; método inadequado para quantificação</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Método volumétrico com medidas 2D (ΔVS)</td>
									<td align="center">Propagação de erros geométricos pela estimativa bidimensional das áreas valvares e do TSVE</td>
									<td align="center">VR impreciso com medidas 2D; métodos com áreas 3D tornam-se mais confiáveis para quantificação volumétrica</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>VCW: vena contracta width; PISA: proximal isovelocity surface area; EROA: área efetiva do orifício regurgitante; TSVE: trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; VR: volume regurgitante; FED: degeneração fibroelástica; ΔVS: diferença entre volumes sistólicos.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamentos: Por que Jatos Múltiplos Comprometem a Quantificação</title>
					<p>A quantificação da IM baseia-se principalmente na estimativa da área efetiva do orifício regurgitante (EROA) e do volume regurgitante (VR). A vena contracta — região de maior aceleração e menor secção transversal do fluxo — representa o marcador ecocardiográfico mais próximo do orifício regurgitante efetivo. Entretanto, na presença de múltiplos orifícios regurgitantes, os pressupostos geométricos que sustentam os métodos bidimensionais convencionais frequentemente deixam de ser válidos. Essas limitações decorrem principalmente de três mecanismos físicos:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
					<p><bold>Relação quadrática entre diâmetro e área:</bold> como a área cresce com o quadrado do raio (A = πr<sup>2</sup>), a soma das larguras lineares de múltiplos jatos ao Doppler bidimensional não corresponde à soma de suas áreas efetivas. Assim, dois jatos com 3 mm de largura correspondem a uma área total aproximada de 14 mm<sup>2</sup>, enquanto um único jato de 6 mm apresenta área de cerca de 28 mm<sup>2</sup>. Como consequência, a simples soma de medidas lineares pode levar à subestimação substancial do EROA global e, consequentemente, da gravidade da IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p><bold>Efeito Coanda:</bold> jatos excêntricos que aderem à parede atrial sofrem dissipação de energia cinética ao longo da superfície, reduzindo artificialmente a área aparente do jato ao Doppler colorido. Esse fenômeno favorece subestimação qualitativa sistemática da gravidade, particularmente em jatos posteriores e naqueles de origem comissural. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref> exemplifica padrões distintos de jatos regurgitantes ao Doppler colorido tridimensional, incluindo a presença de jatos separados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Exemplos clínicos de dois padrões de IM funcional avaliados por Doppler colorido tridimensional transesofágico: jato contínuo (A) e dois jatos separados (B).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Limitações do pressuposto geométrico do PISA bidimensional:</bold> o método PISA assume uma zona de convergência única, central e hemisférica, condição frequentemente ausente na presença de múltiplos orifícios regurgitantes. Zonas de convergência adjacentes, assimétricas ou parcialmente sobrepostas comprometem a estimativa do fluxo total e reduzem a acurácia do método. Na doença de Barlow, a presença de anel mitral grande e não circular amplifica ainda mais essas distorções geométricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Eco 3D: Ferramentas e Papel na Abordagem Multiparamétrica</title>
					<p>A principal contribuição da eco 3D é possibilitar uma avaliação mais direta e anatômica da geometria do orifício regurgitante, reduzindo a dependência dos pressupostos geométricos inerentes às técnicas bidimensionais convencionais. Apesar dessas vantagens, o método permanece sujeito a limitações, como menor resolução espacial e temporal, dificuldade na delimitação das bordas ao Doppler colorido, influência da não planaridade do orifício regurgitante e dependência da qualidade da janela acústica. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref> apresenta, como exemplo, uma anatomia degenerativa complexa avaliada por imagens bidimensionais e tridimensionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Exemplo clínico de IM degenerativa com anatomia complexa. A — Plano paraesternal longitudinal, evidenciando doença de Barlow, com prolapso de ambos os folhetos e disjunção do anel mitral (seta). B — Imagem tridimensional com zoom 3D da valva mitral, vista a partir do átrio esquerdo (AE), com prolapso de múltiplos segmentos, configurando doença de Barlow. C — Imagem tridimensional com zoom 3D e Doppler colorido. D — Corte a 110°, evidenciando a excentricidade do jato e dificultando a correta mensuração do PISA, da EROA e do VR, com subestimação da gravidade da IM. EROA de 0,49 cm2, entretanto com VR de 47 mL: parâmetros discordantes.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> resume as principais ferramentas tridimensionais atualmente disponíveis, seus potenciais papéis e respectivas limitações na avaliação da IM com múltiplos jatos. Nesse contexto, merece destaque a incorporação da área tridimensional real do anel mitral à equação de continuidade (3D-CE). Ao evitar o pressuposto geométrico de circularidade do anel, especialmente inadequado na doença de Barlow, caracterizada por anéis mitrais frequentemente dilatados e não circulares, essa estratégia apresentou excelente concordância com a CMR, superando o desempenho dos métodos bidimensionais convencionais. A aplicação da reconstrução multiplanar (MPR) para mensuração individual das áreas é exemplificada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Ferramentas tridimensionais e seu papel na avaliação da IM com múltiplos jatos</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Parâmetro 3D</th>
										<th align="left">Papel e Limitações na IM com Múltiplos Jatos</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>VCA 3D por MPR (planimetria direta)</td>
										<td>Permite estimativa mais direta da área de cada orifício regurgitante; a soma das VCAs fornece aproximação do EROA global. Apresenta boa correlação com VR por CMR. Limitações: resolução temporal e espacial, definição das bordas ao Doppler colorido e não planaridade do orifício.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PISA 3D</td>
										<td>Avalia a superfície real de convergência do fluxo, reduzindo os pressupostos geométricos do PISA bidimensional. Limitações: frame rate reduzido e sobreposição de zonas de convergência em jatos adjacentes. Papel complementar, não primário.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volumetria 3D — Simpson (VS total VE − VS aórtico)</td>
										<td>O VR é calculado pela diferença entre o VS total do VE obtido por volumetria 3D direta e o VS aórtico anterógrado. Método menos dependente da geometria do anel mitral e, em grande parte, independente do número e da excentricidade dos jatos. Limitação principal: subestimação sistemática dos volumes ventriculares em relação à CMR.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Anatomia 3D en face</td>
										<td>Permite avaliação anatômica detalhada do aparato mitral, incluindo número e localização dos orifícios de coaptação, extensão do prolapso, flail, tethering e dilatação anular. Ferramenta essencial para planejamento cirúrgico e intervencionista.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>3D-CE — Área do anel × IVT</td>
										<td>O VR é calculado utilizando áreas tridimensionais reais do anel mitral e do TSVE, reduzindo os erros decorrentes do pressuposto de circularidade do método bidimensional. Particularmente útil na doença de Barlow, em que o anel mitral é frequentemente grande e não circular. Em grande parte independente do número, excentricidade e duração sistólica dos jatos. Demonstrou excelente concordância com a CMR em comparação com os métodos bidimensionais convencionais. Limitação principal: aplicabilidade reduzida na presença de outras valvopatias significativas.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>VCA: vena contracta area; MPR: reconstrução multiplanar; EROA: área efetiva do orifício regurgitante; VS: volume sistólico; CMR: ressonância magnética cardíaca; IVT: integral velocidade-tempo; MAD: disjunção do anel mitral; 3D-CE: equação de continuidade com área 3D.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Exemplo clínico de determinação da área da vena contracta (VCA) por ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional e MPR. Após o reparo percutâneo, os jatos residuais são mensurados separadamente e suas áreas são somadas. Fonte: Dietl et al.8</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios Integrados de Gravidade</title>
					<p>Além da planimetria da vena contracta e da equação de continuidade tridimensional, avanços recentes em softwares dedicados de eco 3D permitem a quantificação volumétrica da IM por conservação de massa, utilizando a volumetria automática do ventrículo esquerdo combinada à mensuração do volume sistólico aórtico. Essa abordagem reduz a dependência da geometria do orifício regurgitante, do número de jatos e de sua excentricidade, aproximando-se conceitualmente da metodologia empregada pela CMR. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref> ilustra essa estratégia volumétrica por eco 3D, enquanto a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 5</xref> apresenta o método volumétrico indireto pela CMR, atualmente considerado referência quando há discordância entre os métodos ecocardiográficos.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Quantificação automática do fluxo colorido 3D utilizando inteligência artificial para medir o VR mitral.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06002">
							<label>Figura 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Exemplo clínico de avaliação da IM por CMR utilizando método indireto. O plano para phase-contrast é posicionado acima da valva aórtica e o VR mitral é calculado pela diferença entre o volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo e o fluxo aórtico anterógrado. LVSV: volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo; MRvol: volume regurgitante mitral; RF: fração regurgitante. Fonte: Vermes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>
								</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260083-gf06-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Os novos softwares de eco 3D possibilitam a obtenção automatizada dos volumes ventriculares e do volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, permitindo calcular o VR pela diferença entre o volume sistólico ventricular e o volume sistólico efetivo ejetado para a aorta. Assim como na CMR, trata-se de um método volumétrico baseado no princípio da conservação de massa, menos influenciado pela geometria do orifício regurgitante, pela presença de múltiplos jatos ou pelo efeito Coanda. Embora ainda dependa da qualidade da aquisição tridimensional e necessite de maior validação clínica, essa tecnologia representa um avanço importante na avaliação integrada da IM complexa.</p>
					<p>A CMR permanece o método volumétrico de referência para quantificação da IM. O VR é calculado pela diferença entre o volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo obtido por cine-RM e o fluxo aórtico anterógrado mensurado por phase-contrast. Por ser praticamente independente do número, direção e geometria dos jatos regurgitantes, essa abordagem mantém elevada acurácia em anatomias complexas, constituindo importante método complementar quando existe discordância entre os achados ecocardiográficos e o contexto clínico ou quando a decisão terapêutica depende de quantificação mais precisa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em pacientes com prolapso mitral bivalvar e folhetos volumosos, o volume do tecido prolapsado deve ser incorporado ao cálculo do VR para evitar subestimação da regurgitação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O 4D Flow CMR amplia ainda mais essa capacidade ao permitir avaliação tridimensional dos padrões de fluxo regurgitante. Entretanto, apesar de resultados promissores, sua aplicação clínica rotineira ainda permanece limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Nenhum parâmetro isolado, incluindo a ΣVCA 3D, deve ser utilizado como árbitro único da gravidade da IM. As diretrizes contemporâneas convergem para abordagem multiparamétrica, integrando dados anatômicos, quantitativos e de repercussão hemodinâmica. Nesse contexto, os valores de corte apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref> devem ser interpretados conforme etiologia, qualidade técnica do exame e contexto clínico, particularmente nos fenótipos complexos de IM multijato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Critérios quantitativos de gravidade e parâmetros de suporte na IM primária</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Parâmetro</th>
										<th>IM Moderada</th>
										<th>IM Importante</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>EROA (ΣVCA 3D)</td>
										<td align="center">0,20 – 0,39 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">≥ 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup>*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>VR</td>
										<td align="center">30 – 59 mL</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 60 mL</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FR</td>
										<td align="center">30 – 49%</td>
										<td align="center">≥ 50%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Fluxo sistólico reverso em VP</td>
										<td align="center">Ausente ou embotado</td>
										<td align="center">Presente (sinal de suporte)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Dilatação de AE / VE</td>
										<td align="center">Leve a moderada</td>
										<td align="center">Dilatação significativa; possível repercussão ventricular subclínica</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>EROA: área efetiva do orifício regurgitante; VCA: vena contracta area; VR: volume regurgitante; FR: fração regurgitante; VP: veia pulmonar; AE: átrio esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo. * Valores derivados de literatura predominantemente baseada em IM primária e não especificamente validados para todos os fenótipos de IM multijato. Os parâmetros devem ser interpretados de forma multiparamétrica, considerando etiologia, qualidade técnica e contexto clínico. Na IM secundária, o limiar de gravidade para EROA é geralmente menor (≥ 0,20 cm<sup>2</sup>). Fonte: Zoghbi WA et al.; Vahanian A et al.<sup>1,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
									</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação Ecocardiográfica: Passo a Passo</title>
					<p>A avaliação da IM com múltiplos jatos deve seguir uma sequência sistemática, reprodutível e orientada pelo mecanismo. O objetivo é definir primeiro a anatomia e a fisiopatologia da regurgitação, para então selecionar o método quantitativo mais adequado ao fenótipo valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O algoritmo está resumido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 1 — Identificar o Mecanismo Antes de Quantificar</title>
						<p>A primeira etapa é definir o mecanismo da IM pela classificação de Carpentier. Nos fenótipos multijato, os achados mais frequentes são Tipo II, por prolapso ou flail em doença de Barlow ou degeneração fibroelástica multissegmentar, e Tipo IIIb, por restrição sistólica secundária ao tethering do aparato subvalvar na IM funcional isquêmica ou dilatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
						<p>A análise deve iniciar pela janela paraesternal em eixo longo, com avaliação quadro a quadro dos segmentos A1–A2–A3 e P1–P2–P3, presença de prolapso, flail, restrição sistólica, deslocamento apical dos músculos papilares, dilatação e morfologia do anel mitral, além de eventual disjunção do anel mitral. Nas janelas apicais, o Doppler colorido permite mapear número, direção, excentricidade e variação sistólica dos jatos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						<p>A visão 3D en face, por ETE ou ETT com transdutor matricial, complementa a avaliação ao demonstrar número e localização dos orifícios de coaptação, a extensão dos segmentos envolvidos e a presença de jatos comissurais, frequentemente difíceis de caracterizar apenas pelo 2D. Essa etapa define a hierarquia dos métodos quantitativos subsequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 2 — Configurar o Doppler Colorido para a Aquisição 3D</title>
						<p>A planimetria da VCA 3D exige aquisição colorida cuidadosamente ajustada. A velocidade de Nyquist deve ser mantida, em geral, entre 50 e 70 cm/s. Valores muito baixos favorecem blooming e superestimam a área colorida; valores muito altos reduzem a sensibilidade do Doppler colorido e podem subestimar a VCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O ganho de cor deve ser reduzido progressivamente até desaparecerem pixels coloridos em estruturas sem fluxo, preservando o sinal verdadeiro do jato. Ganho excessivo expande as bordas por artefato e é o erro mais comum na prática. O setor 3D deve ser restrito ao mínimo necessário para incluir todos os jatos, aumentando o volume rate. Idealmente, deve-se buscar volume rate ≥ 20 Hz. Em ritmo sinusal estável, aquisições multibeat podem melhorar a resolução espacial, embora aumentem o risco de artefatos de stitching.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 3 — Planimetria da VCA por MPR: Técnica e Cuidados</title>
						<p>Após a aquisição do volume 3D colorido, o conjunto de dados deve ser analisado em MPR. O plano de medida deve ser posicionado na menor secção transversal do jato, imediatamente distal ao orifício regurgitante, antes da expansão do fluxo no átrio esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O erro técnico mais comum é medir a área distalmente, já na zona de expansão do jato, superestimando a VCA. Cada orifício deve ser planimetrado separadamente. Em jatos adjacentes, deve-se distinguir orifícios verdadeiros de áreas de confluência no átrio esquerdo. A soma das VCAs fornece uma estimativa funcional do EROA global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Recomenda-se medir pelo menos três batimentos e utilizar a média. Variabilidade elevada sugere instabilidade técnica, baixo volume rate, arritmia ou variação respiratória significativa. Na doença de Barlow, a VCA deve ser integrada preferencialmente a métodos volumétricos 3D, devido à geometria complexa e não circular do anel mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 4 — Métodos Volumétricos: Quantificação Independente da Geometria dos Jatos</title>
						<p>Os métodos volumétricos são particularmente úteis quando a planimetria da VCA não é viável, quando há múltiplos jatos excêntricos ou quando existe discordância entre parâmetros qualitativos e remodelamento cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
						<p>A volumetria 3D por conservação de massa calcula o VR pela diferença entre o volume sistólico total do VE, obtido por volumetria 3D direta, e o volume sistólico aórtico anterógrado. Essa abordagem é pouco dependente do número, direção ou geometria dos jatos, embora mantenha a limitação de subestimar volumes ventriculares em relação à CMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
						<p>A equação de continuidade 3D (3D-CE) calcula o VR pela diferença entre o volume sistólico mitral e o volume sistólico aórtico, utilizando áreas tridimensionais reais. É especialmente útil em fenótipos como a doença de Barlow, nos quais o anel mitral é grande, não circular e mal representado por medidas lineares bidimensionais. Em ambos os métodos, as medidas devem ser obtidas em múltiplos ciclos, com especial atenção ao posicionamento correto do Doppler pulsado no plano do anel mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 5 — Integrar os Parâmetros de Suporte</title>
						<p>A quantificação deve ser interpretada em conjunto com marcadores de repercussão hemodinâmica e remodelamento cardíaco. A reversão sistólica do fluxo em veias pulmonares é um forte sinal de suporte para IM importante, embora sua ausência não exclua gravidade em jatos excêntricos ou com efeito Coanda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
						<p>O Doppler contínuo da IM acrescenta informação qualitativa pela densidade e morfologia do envelope. Espectro denso, triangular e com pico precoce sugere regurgitação hemodinamicamente relevante. A dilatação progressiva do átrio esquerdo e do ventrículo esquerdo, a elevação da pressão sistólica pulmonar e a queda da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) abaixo de 60% reforçam repercussão significativa. Na doença de Barlow, o strain longitudinal global pode auxiliar na identificação de disfunção ventricular subclínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Passo 6 — Decidir Quando Indicar a CMR</title>
						<p>A CMR deve ser considerada quando houver discordância entre a gravidade estimada ao ecocardiograma e os sintomas ou o remodelamento cardíaco, janela acústica limitada ou parâmetros limítrofes para uma decisão pré-intervenção.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Na doença de Barlow, a CMR acrescenta valor por quantificar o VR de forma menos dependente da geometria dos jatos e por permitir avaliação tecidual com LGE, mapeamento T1 e ECV, relevantes para a detecção de fibrose miocárdica e estratificação de risco arrítmico. Em prolapsos com folhetos volumosos, o volume do tecido prolapsado deve ser incorporado ao cálculo para evitar subestimação do VR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnóstico Diferencial: IM Primária versus Secundária</title>
				<p>A etiologia da IM — primária (degenerativa) ou secundária (funcional) — influencia diretamente a interpretação dos parâmetros quantitativos, os limiares de gravidade e a estratégia terapêutica. Na IM secundária, o limiar de EROA associado à gravidade é menor em razão da reduzida reserva funcional do ventrículo esquerdo remodelado. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref> resume as principais diferenças entre esses fenótipos relevantes para a avaliação por imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4002">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Diferenças entre IM primária e secundária relevantes para a avaliação por imagem</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Característica</th>
									<th>IM Primária (Degenerativa)</th>
									<th>IM Secundária (Funcional)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Mecanismo</td>
									<td align="center">Doença estrutural do folheto, cordoalhas ou anel mitral (prolapso, flail, doença de Barlow, FED)</td>
									<td align="center">Remodelamento do VE com tethering do aparato subvalvar</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Padrão dos jatos</td>
									<td align="center">Frequentemente excêntricos; múltiplos na doença de Barlow por prolapso multissegmentar</td>
									<td align="center">Geralmente central; múltiplos em casos de tethering assimétrico</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Limiar de EROA para gravidade</td>
									<td align="center">≥ 0,40 cm<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">≥ 0,20 cm<sup>2</sup> (menor reserva miocárdica do VE remodelado)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Papel da CMR</td>
									<td align="center">Árbitro em parâmetros limítrofes ou discordância eco-clínica; útil em Barlow/MAD (VR por balanço volumétrico)</td>
									<td align="center">Especialmente útil quando FEVE limítrofe ou decisão de revascularização concomitante</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Estratégia de intervenção</td>
									<td align="center">Reparo/substituição; momento da intervenção baseado em sintomas, FEVE e diâmetro/volume do VE</td>
									<td align="center">Otimização clínica prioritária; cirurgia selecionada quando VR alto e boa candidatura a reparo</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4002">
								<p>VCA: vena contracta area; EROA: área efetiva do orifício regurgitante; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; CMR: ressonância magnética cardíaca; MAD: disjunção do anel mitral; FED: degeneração fibroelástica; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Armadilhas Técnicas e Como Evitá-las</title>
				<p>O domínio técnico da aquisição e análise tridimensional é fundamental para garantir acurácia na quantificação da IM com múltiplos jatos. Os erros mais frequentes incluem:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Somar larguras bidimensionais em vez de áreas:</bold> a soma de diâmetros lineares não corresponde à soma das áreas efetivas dos orifícios regurgitantes. Sempre somar áreas (cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>), nunca larguras (mm). O erro ocorre invariavelmente na direção da subestimação do EROA global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Planimetria fora da verdadeira vena contracta:</bold> a medida deve ser realizada na menor secção transversal do jato, imediatamente distal ao orifício regurgitante. Medidas mais distais, já na expansão do fluxo no átrio esquerdo, superestimam a VCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Nyquist inadequado:</bold> velocidades muito elevadas reduzem artificialmente a área colorida; valores muito baixos favorecem blooming e expansão artefatual das bordas do jato. Para planimetria da VCA 3D, recomenda-se Nyquist entre 50 e 70 cm/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Frame rate insuficiente:</bold> volume rate baixo pode capturar a vena contracta fora do pico sistólico e reduzir a reprodutibilidade da medida. Deve-se priorizar volume rate ≥ 20–25 Hz, utilizando redução do setor e zoom valvar sempre que possível.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Análise baseada em batimento único:</bold> a planimetria deve ser realizada em múltiplos ciclos com utilização da média. Variabilidade superior a 20% entre batimentos sugere instabilidade técnica, arritmia ou aquisição inadequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Subvalorização dos jatos comissurais:</bold> particularmente frequentes na doença de Barlow, podem ser numerosos, pequenos e facilmente negligenciados ao 2D. A soma das VCAs é especialmente importante nesses casos, nos quais o EROA total pode ser significativamente maior do que o aparente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Ausência de documentação hemodinâmica:</bold> pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca e ritmo cardíaco devem ser registrados durante o exame. Alterações agudas de pós-carga podem modificar substancialmente o EROA e o VR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Posicionamento inadequado do Doppler pulsado mitral:</bold> nos métodos volumétricos, o IVT mitral deve ser obtido ao nível do anel mitral. Amostragens supravalvares introduzem erro sistemático no cálculo do volume sistólico mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Assumir circularidade do anel mitral na doença de Barlow:</bold> o anel mitral frequentemente apresenta geometria ampla, dinâmica e não circular. A estimativa da área por diâmetro único subestima a área real do anel e pode superestimar o VR calculado. Nesses casos, deve-se preferir a mensuração direta da área tridimensional do anel mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A quantificação da IM com múltiplos jatos exige métodos capazes de representar a geometria real dos orifícios regurgitantes e suas repercussões hemodinâmicas. Nesse contexto, a planimetria tridimensional da vena contracta por MPR representa ferramenta central quando tecnicamente viável, devendo sempre ser integrada à anatomia valvar, ao remodelamento cardíaco e aos parâmetros de suporte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na doença de Barlow, a geometria ampla, dinâmica e não circular do anel mitral limita substancialmente a acurácia dos métodos bidimensionais convencionais. A incorporação de áreas tridimensionais reais na equação de continuidade representa avanço importante nesse fenótipo anatômico complexo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A CMR deve ser considerada método complementar de referência em cenários de discordância, parâmetros limítrofes ou incerteza diagnóstica, particularmente nos fenótipos multijato mais complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Mais do que buscar um único parâmetro “ideal”, a avaliação da IM multijato requer uma hierarquia racional de métodos, selecionados conforme mecanismo valvar, geometria do orifício regurgitante, condições hemodinâmicas e qualidade técnica da aquisição. Em última análise, compreender as limitações físicas e geométricas de cada método é tão importante quanto dominar sua execução.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p> Durante a preparação deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram Claude IA para revisão ortográfica e de referências bibliográficas. Após o uso desta ferramenta/serviço, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p>
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					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p> Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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