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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00604</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260079i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Left Atrial Strain Assessment in Hereditary Amyloidosis: A Systematic Review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5629-9726</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Laura de Abreu Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2871-1105</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Raniere Oliveira da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5313-1565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hatem</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Amelia Bulhões</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aras</surname>
						<given-names>Roque</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Policlínica Regional</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Simões Filho</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Policlínica Regional, Simões Filho, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Laura de Abreu Alves Cardoso</bold> • Universidade Federal da Bahia - R. Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. Postal Code: <postal-code>40110-060</postal-code>, Canela, Salvador, BA – Brazil E-mail: <email>lauradeabreualves@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260079</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is a genetic disorder caused by extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from plasma transthyretin in tissues following loss of its tetrameric structure, affecting the heart and nervous system.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p>This study aimed to assess left atrial function in ATTRv and to discuss its relevance as a tool for early detection of cardiac involvement, as well as its prognostic value.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>This systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42051116316). The following databases were searched: Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS, including studies published between January 2010 and August 2025. MeSH terms used included &quot;cardiac amyloidosis,&quot; &quot;transthyretin amyloidosis,&quot; &quot;ATTR,&quot; &quot;echocardiography,&quot; &quot;strain,&quot; and &quot;left atrium.&quot;</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>Nine studies were included, comprising a total of 1,290 patients with amyloidosis. Assessment of left atrial function demonstrated a progressive reduction in left atrial strain, particularly reservoir strain, measured by peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS), across the clinical spectrum of ATTRv, as follows: unaffected carriers (PALS 23%–30%), neuropathic phenotype (PALS 20%–25%), and amyloid cardiomyopathy (PALS 8%–15%).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>This systematic review demonstrates that left atrial strain dysfunction is a consistent finding in patients with ATTRv, including carriers and individuals with isolated polyneuropathy. Reduced PALS and increased atrial stiffness emerge as promising parameters for early detection of cardiac involvement, with potential prognostic value. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the observational design of the included studies. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Left Atrial Function</kwd>
				<kwd>Familial Amyloid Neuropathies</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Amyloidosis is a disease characterized by abnormal deposition of amyloid fibrils, mainly affecting the heart and nervous system. It may result from immunoglobulin light chains, variant transthyretin, or wild-type transthyretin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv), the mutant transthyretin protein, which has a tetrameric structure, loses its stability and misfolds, forming fibrillar aggregates that deposit in several organs, particularly in the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems (polyneuropathy phenotype), cardiac chambers (cardiomyopathy phenotype), or presenting a mixed phenotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The diagnosis and treatment of this potentially severe and underdiagnosed disease have significantly advanced in recent years, highlighting the need for early identification of cardiac involvement in individuals carrying pathogenic variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Speckle-tracking echocardiography has demonstrated an important role in the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis through the assessment of myocardial deformation (strain), particularly by identifying the apical sparing pattern, characterized by preserved contractility of the apical segment and greater impairment of basal segments of the left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The assessment of atrial function using speckle-tracking has emerged as an early diagnostic tool in hereditary amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The left atrium performs three fundamental functions: it acts as a reservoir, serves as a conduit, and has a contractile (pump) role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Bandera et al. defined reservoir strain, or peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS), as the ability of the atrium to expand during ventricular systole, with its peak value occurring at the beginning of left ventricular filling. Contraction strain (pump function) represents atrial shortening, with peak value at the onset of atrial contraction (in individuals in sinus rhythm), whereas conduit strain reflects early diastolic emptying and is calculated as the difference between reservoir and contraction strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Left atrial stiffness is calculated as the ratio between E/e′ and reservoir strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> According to Pathan et al. (2016), normal reference values for reservoir, conduit, and contraction strain are 39.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.0%–40.8%), 23.0% (95% CI: 20.7%–25.2%), and 17.4% (95% CI: 16.0%–19.0%), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Normal atrial stiffness values have a mean of 0.21 ± 0.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This review aimed to identify alterations in left atrial strain assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with ATTRv and to discuss its relevance for early detection of cardiac involvement and prognostic value (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f4">
				<caption>
					<title>Progressive reduction in left atrial strain (PALS) and increase in atrial stiffness across the clinical spectrum of hereditary ATTR. Conceptual illustration based on findings from the systematic review. ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; PALS: peak atrial longitudinal strain; RAI: atrial stiffness index (E/e’ divided by PALS).</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf04.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>A systematic review was conducted according to a prespecified protocol registered in PROSPERO and reported in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Systematic literature review flowchart.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec>
				<title>Selection criteria</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Inclusion criteria</title>
					<p>We included original observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort) evaluating left atrial function in individuals with ATTRv. The search was restricted to studies published in Portuguese and English.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Exclusion criteria</title>
					<p>We excluded duplicate studies, case reports, and case series with fewer than 10 patients. Additionally, studies published in other languages, those focusing on immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis, and those evaluating left atrial strain in cardiopathies unrelated to ATTRv were excluded.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Search strategy</title>
				<p>A comprehensive and systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS, covering the period from January 2010 to August 2025. The search strategies (i.e., specific keywords and MeSH terms used) are detailed in the <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Material</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study analysis</title>
				<p>Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts of articles and selected the studies compatible with the inclusion criteria. Afterwards, final eligibility was determined through full-text review. Any disagreement was resolved by consulting a third author.</p>
				<p>Data from the included articles were extracted using a data collection form, including study design, year of publication, methodology, demographic characteristics, sample size, and clinical outcomes. In studies with heterogeneous populations, only data related to patients with ATTRv were extracted. PALS, also referred to as reservoir strain, was analyzed in all studies. Conduit strain, contraction strain, and left atrial stiffness were also assessed when available.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Assessment of risk of bias and statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Newcastle– Ottawa Scale (NOS), adapted for application to observational studies with different designs, including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. Although widely used, it is recognized that the NOS has limitations when evaluating studies without a control group.</p>
				<p>The scale is structured into three main domains: selection of participants, comparability of groups, and assessment of outcomes. A total score was calculated for each study, allowing classification of methodological quality (risk of bias) as low, moderate, or high. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by consensus.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>The search strategy identified 309 potentially relevant studies. After removal of duplicates, 217 studies remained and were screened by title and abstract; subsequently, relevant articles were selected for full-text review. A total of 18 articles were assessed in full, of which 9 were excluded based on the predefined criteria. Consequently, 9 studies were included in the systematic review.</p>
			<p>A total of 1,290 individuals with amyloidosis were included in the analysis. The search was completed in August 2025. The included studies were conducted in Italy (n = 5), England (n = 1), Mexico (n = 1), the United States (n = 1), and Sweden (n = 1) and were published between 2016 and 2024. The analyzed studies included patients with hereditary amyloidosis categorized into three groups: unaffected carriers, patients with polyneuropathy, and patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Sample sizes ranged from 21 to 241 individuals with the genetic mutation.</p>
			<p>All studies used ultrasound equipment (GE; Esaote; Philips Medical) with dedicated software for left atrial assessment using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Most studies reported data collection for at least one of the three functional phases of the left atrium (PALS, conduit, and contraction), as well as atrial stiffness when available (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Summary of study design, results, and conclusions</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="20%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Method</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Outcome</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Results</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Conclusions</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Aceves Velazquez et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional within a cohort. Objective: Todetermine whether strain is a good predictor of cardiac involvement suggestiveof amyloid deposition in the heart. Population: 30 participants with ATTRv without known cardiac involvement.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS decreased from 34% to 30% (p = 0.03).</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Echocardiographic strain may detect early abnormalities in patients with cardiac involvement due to ATTRv, suggesting potential prognostic value.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Bandera et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional. Objective: To assess LA stiffness and mechanics using speckle-tracking echocardiographyand to analyze the association between atrial functional parameters and clinical outcomes. Population: Patients with ATTR-CA. N = 906participants (551 ATTRwt; 355ATTRv – 241 V122I; 93 T60Aand 21 others).</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, conduit strain, contraction strain, atrial stiffness</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS (%): T60A 11.4% (7.0%–15.7%); V122I 8.0%(5.3%–10.9%), p &lt; 0.05 (T60A vs. V122I).<break/>Conduit strain (%): T60A 7.0% (4.7%–10.0%); V122I6.1% (4.2%–8.2%), p = NS.<break/>Contraction strain (%): T60A 5.0% (2.8%–8.4%);V122I 3.1% (1.6%–5.0%), p&lt; 0.05.<break/>Atrial stiffness: T60A 1.67 (0.87–2.70); V122I 2.12(1.34–3.29), p &lt; 0.001.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Lower PALS in V122I compared to ATTRwt and T60A; higher LA stiffness in V122I; both associated with worse prognosis.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">de Gregorio et al., 2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional. Objective: To evaluate and compare distinctive characteristics of LA size and function in patients with ATTR-CA andHCM. Population: 32 patients (16 with ATTR-CA and 16 with HCM) and 15 healthy controls.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS and contraction strain</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS (%): 14.1 ± 4.7, p &lt;0.001 (comparison between ATTR-CA, HCM, andcontrols). Contraction strain (%): −0.92 ± 0.56, p &lt; 0.01.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS significantly impaired in ATTR-CA vs. HCM and controls; also lower in HCM vs. controls. PALS &lt; 19% in 94% of ATTR-CA vs. 31% of HCM and none of controls (p &lt; 0.001). ROC suggested cutoff PALS ≤ 19% and contraction ≤ −1.1%.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Di Bella et al., 2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Case-control study. Objective: To analyze atrial function in patients with and without atrial amyloid deposition. Population: Patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-related) without cardiac disease. 50 participants: 28 patients and 22 controls.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, conduit strain, contraction strain</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: LGE-atrial group (n = 14) 22.8% ± 13%, p = 0.002;non-LGE (n = 14) 59.6% ±33.1%, p = 0.001; controls47.4% ± 16.4%. Conduitstrain: LGE 10.2% ± 6.2%,p = 0.01; non-LGE 30.2% ±22.4%, p &lt; 0.0001; controls26.3% ± 11.9%. Contractionstrain: LGE 12.6% ± 7.8%, p= 0.001; non-LGE 26.2% ±15%, p = 0.01.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cutoff PALS ≤ 40.9%: sensitivity 100%, specificity 71.6% (AUC 0.91). LAremodeling and dysfunction present; useful for clinical and prognostic stratification.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Di Lisi et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional. Objective: To analyze echocardiographic and speckle-tracking differences among carriers, neuropathic patients, and CA patients. Population: 31 patients with TTR mutation.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS and atrial stiffness</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: group A 9.8% ± 3;group B 23.63% ± 11.2 (p= 0.005); group C 23.64% ±10.06. Atrial stiffness: group A 1.6 ± 0.30; group B 0.58 ±0.2; group C 0.29 ± 0.21.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Monitoring PALS and stiffness may help identify disease progression.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Di Lisi et al., 2024<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Non-randomized experimental study. Objective: To evaluate patisiran effects on cardiac function using speckle-tracking. Population: ATTRv patients (group A n = 7; group B n = 14).</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS and atrial stiffness</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: group A 12% ± 6%;group B 24.65% ± 11.35%. Stiffness: group A 2 ± 1;group B 0.45 ± 0.43.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Speckle-tracking useful for early diagnosis and monitoring; larger studies needed.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Henein et al., 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional. Objective: Evaluate LA function in ATTRv and compare with HCM and controls.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Reservoir, conduit, contraction strain</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: 24 ± 7 vs. 29 ±10 (controls), p = 0.015. Conduit: −1.0 ± 0.6 vs. −1.4± 0.6, p = 0.005. Contraction:−1.4 ± 0.5 vs. −1.7 ± 0.6, p= 0.025.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">LA function reduced regardless of left ventricular thickness; useful for early screening and arrhythmic risk prediction.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Nochioka et al., 2017<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional. Objective: Characterize LA function in CA and determine mechanisms.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, conduit, contraction strain</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS 20.1 ± 13.9; multiple strain parameters impaired; no significant p differences.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduced LA function associated with worse survival; ATTRwt worst prognosis.</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Trimarchi et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Cross-sectional. Objective: Compare ATTRwt-CA vs.ATTRv-CA.</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, conduit, contraction strain</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: 9.7 ± 3.7 vs. 17.6 ±7.5 (p = 0.004). Conduit: −7.6± 2.3 vs. −8 ± 3.5 (p = 0.8). Contraction: −2.5 ± 3.1 vs.−10 ± 4.7 (p &lt; 0.0001).</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Advanced echocardiography differentiates atrial and ventricular involvement between subtypes.</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>ATTR-CA: transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis; ATTRv: hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTRwt: wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis; AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LA: left atrial; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; NS: not significant; PALS: peak atrial longitudinal strain; ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve; TTR: transthyretin.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>Outcomes were reported as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for strain parameters (PALS, conduit, contraction, atrial stiffness), rather than as proportions of individuals classified as having abnormal values based on validated cutoff points.</p>
			<p>Across all included studies, a reduction in left atrial strain was observed, with varying magnitudes according to clinical phenotype (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). This alteration was present not only in patients with cardiac amyloidosis but also in carriers and in patients with polyneuropathy without overt cardiac involvement. Although the high frequency of this finding suggests that atrial dysfunction is common in ATTRv, it was not possible to estimate its prevalence, as the included studies primarily reported mean values or between-group differences rather than proportions of affected individuals.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Progression of atrial dysfunction in ATTRv. AF: atrial fibrillation; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; PALS: peak atrial longitudinal strain.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec>
				<title>Unaffected carriers</title>
				<p>The results showed that unaffected carriers had mildly reduced PALS values,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> consistent with the findings of Aceves Velazquez et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> who studied 30 individuals (PALS 30%, p = 0.03). In 2023, Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> published a study to identify early signs of cardiac involvement across different groups of hereditary amyloidosis. In group C of Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (carriers), PALS values were reduced in 11 individuals (23.64% ± 10.06%), while mean atrial stiffness was above the normal range (0.29 ± 0.21).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Patients with isolated polyneuropathy</title>
				<p>In patients with polyneuropathy, the results showed a significant reduction in left atrial function even in the absence of overt cardiac involvement. Group B of Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (only polyneuropathy) demonstrated reduced PALS values (23.63% ± 11.2%, p = 0.005; group A vs. group B) and increased atrial stiffness (0.58 ± 0.2). In 2024, Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> published a study evaluating the effects of patisiran on cardiac function. At baseline (T0), the neuropathy group (n = 14) showed reduced PALS (24.65% ± 11.35%) and elevated atrial stiffness (0.45 ± 0.43).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In the study by Di Bella et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> 28 patients were evaluated using both echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on MRI was used to assess atrial amyloid deposition, while echocardiographic strain was used to quantify left atrial deformation. PALS values were significantly lower in the group with atrial LGE (n = 14) compared with the group without LGE (n = 14) (22.8% ± 13% vs. 59.6% ± 33.1%; p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively).</p>
				<p>The other phases of atrial function were also more impaired in the LGE group than in the non-LGE group. Conduit strain was significantly lower in the LGE group compared with the non-LGE group (10.2% ± 6.2% vs. 30.2% ± 22.4%; p = 0.01 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively). Similarly, contraction strain (global pre-A strain) was reduced in the LGE group compared with the non-LGE group (12.6% ± 7.8% vs. 26.2% ± 15%; p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). Overall, left atrial function was significantly lower in patients with atrial LGE than in those without LGE.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cardiac amyloidosis</title>
				<p>Patients with overt cardiac amyloidosis exhibited the most pronounced reductions in PALS. In the study by Bandera et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> individuals with the V122I mutation had lower PALS values (8.0% [5.3%–10.9%]) compared with those carrying the T60A mutation (11.4% [7.0%–15.7%]; p &lt; 0.05). Other parameters of atrial function were also consistently reduced. Conduit strain was 7.0% (4.7%–10.0%) in T60A and 6.1% (4.2%–8.2%) in V122I (p = NS), while contraction strain was 5.0% (2.8%–8.4%) in T60A and 3.1% (1.6%–5.0%) in V122I (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, atrial stiffness was significantly higher (2.12 vs. 1.67; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
				<p>Similarly, group A (cardiac involvement) in Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> showed reduced PALS (9.8% ± 3%) and increased atrial stiffness (1.6 ± 0.30) in 7 individuals. Comparable findings were reported in the cardiac amyloidosis group at baseline (T0, n = 7) in Di Lisi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> with PALS of 12% ± 6% and atrial stiffness of 2 ± 1.</p>
				<p>Henein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> evaluated 46 patients with ATTRv confirmed by abdominal biopsy and genetic testing (predominantly V30M). Among them, 32 had left ventricular wall thickness &gt; 12 mm (classified as &quot;amyloid hypertrophy&quot;) and 14 had wall thickness ≤ 12 mm. The mean PALS value was 24% ± 7% (p = 0.015). Additionally, parameters derived from conduit and contraction strain were also reduced compared with healthy controls. Conduit strain (LASRe) was −1.0 ± 0.6 in the ATTR group versus −1.4 ± 0.6 in controls (p = 0.005), and contraction strain (LASRa) was −1.4 ± 0.5 versus −1.7 ± 0.6 (p = 0.025), respectively.</p>
				<p>Nochioka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> demonstrated that all parameters derived from speckle-tracking assessment of left atrial function were markedly impaired in 29 patients with cardiac amyloidosis. PALS was 20.1% ± 13.9% (p = 0.47), peak longitudinal strain rate (LSR) was 0.88 ± 0.54 (p = 0.12), and total emptying fraction was 45.7% ± 16.8% (p = 0.73). Conduit function parameters included early LSR of −0.81 ± 0.53 (p = 0.13) and passive emptying fraction of 23.6% ± 11.3% (p = 0.16). Contraction function parameters included late LSR of −0.95 ± 0.91 (p = 0.28) and active emptying fraction of 31.8% ± 16.9% (p = 0.16).</p>
				<p>Trimarchi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> reported reductions across all three phases of atrial function in 20 patients with cardiac amyloidosis: PALS 17.6% ± 7.5% (p = 0.004), conduit strain −8 ± 3.5 (p = 0.8), and contraction strain −10 ± 4.7 (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
				<p>In the study by de Gregorio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> which evaluated left atrial size and function in 16 patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis, 16 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and 15 controls, mean PALS was significantly reduced in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (14.1% ± 4.7%) compared with HCM (19%–20%) and controls (39%–40%) (p &lt; 0.001), demonstrating good diagnostic performance for differentiating these conditions (cutoff PALS ≤ 19%). Similarly, contraction strain was also reduced (−0.92 ± 0.56; p &lt; 0.01).</p>
				<p>Atrial stiffness emerged as an important prognostic marker. Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> identified it as an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 1.23; 95% CI 1.03–1.49; p = 0.029). Other studies confirmed its association with the degree of atrial involvement and with impairment of reservoir, conduit, and contractile functions.</p>
				<p>Lower PALS values and higher atrial stiffness were consistently associated with worse survival, greater atrial dilation, and increased risk of atrial arrhythmias. Furthermore, longitudinal data suggest that these alterations may precede clinical manifestations of heart failure, supporting their role as early screening tools.</p>
				<p>Although multiple studies evaluating atrial strain in ATTRv were identified, a formal meta-analysis was not performed due to substantial clinical (different phenotypes), methodological (different software and acquisition protocols), and statistical heterogeneity (I² &gt; 90% in exploratory analyses). In addition, variability in data reporting (mean ± standard deviation vs. median and interquartile range or proportions based on cutoffs) limited direct comparability. Therefore, a narrative and tabular synthesis was performed, highlighting consistent trends, particularly the progressive reduction in PALS and increase in atrial stiffness across the disease spectrum.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk of bias analysis</title>
				<p>According to the methodology described, the risk of bias was assessed using the NOS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Only two of the nine included studies were classified as having high methodological quality, characterized by larger sample sizes and robust multivariate analysis (Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and Nochioka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>), while the remaining studies were classified as having moderate quality.</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), considering the domains of selection, comparability, and outcome. Most studies demonstrated moderate methodological quality, with two studies classified as high quality.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>The main limitations were related to small sample sizes (Trimarchi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Henein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> de Gregorio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Di Lisi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and Di Bella et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>), lack of adjustment for potential confounding factors (Henein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Di Bella et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and Trimarchi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>), and methodological heterogeneity.</p>
				<p>These findings highlight the need for prospective studies with greater methodological rigor to consolidate the prognostic role of atrial strain in ATTRv. A detailed description of the methodological quality assessment of the included studies, including individual NOS domain scores, is provided in the <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Material</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In this systematic review, left atrial dysfunction was consistently observed across different stages of ATTRv, including asymptomatic carriers, patients with isolated polyneuropathy, and those with overt cardiomyopathy. In all analyzed studies, PALS was reduced compared with reference values described in healthy individuals, and this alteration was associated with worse prognosis, increased atrial stiffness, and progressive left atrial dilation.</p>
			<p>Amyloid fibril deposition in the atria and ventricles has been increasingly studied, and it is believed that deterioration of atrial function may occur early due to impairment of atrial mechanics secondary to fibril deposition, rather than solely as a consequence of ventricular dysfunction and diastolic impairment.</p>
			<p>Cardiac amyloidosis is histologically characterized by extensive amyloid infiltration of the atria, leading to loss of normal architecture, vascular remodeling, and increased subendocardial collagen deposition, which translates into a significant increase in atrial stiffness. This abnormal stiffness is associated with reduced reservoir and contractile functions. Approximately one third of patients may present with absence of atrial contraction despite sinus rhythm on electrocardiography, a phenomenon known as atrial electromechanical dissociation. This finding, described by Bandera et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> is associated with a thromboembolic risk similar to that observed in patients with atrial fibrillation, suggesting that atrial strain assessment may play a key role in cardioembolic risk stratification and may even support the indication for anticoagulation in patients without sustained atrial fibrillation.</p>
			<p>Another important finding of this review is the prognostic role of atrial strain. Akintoye et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> demonstrated that progressive reductions in PALS and atrial contraction function are associated with a higher risk of mortality and heart failure hospitalization. Consistently, Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> identified atrial stiffness as an independent predictor of mortality, even after adjustment for biomarkers and clinical variables, reinforcing the role of atrial strain as a robust prognostic tool.</p>
			<p>The complexity of cardiac amyloidosis remains a challenge in cardiology. It is a genetic condition that leads to restrictive cardiomyopathy, involving mutations in the transthyretin gene located on chromosome 18q12.1, with multiple variants, different degrees of penetrance, variable expressivity, and environmental factors that interact in disease expression. Some mutations are predominantly associated with polyneuropathy, such as V30M, whereas others, such as V122I, are more frequently associated with cardiomyopathy or mixed phenotypes.</p>
			<p>With the increasing availability of genetic testing, the natural history of asymptomatic TTR mutation carriers has changed, with greater emphasis on detecting subclinical cardiac involvement using imaging modalities such as cardiac MRI, bone scintigraphy with pyrophosphate, and speckle-tracking echocardiography. The study by Aceves Velázquez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrated that even asymptomatic carriers may show reduced PALS and progressive increases in atrial stiffness over time, even in the absence of ventricular dysfunction, supporting the role of atrial strain as an early marker of amyloid infiltration.</p>
			<p>De Gregorio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> reported reduced PALS and contraction strain in patients with cardiac amyloidosis compared with controls and individuals with HCM, independent of left atrial volume and ventricular ejection fraction. These findings are consistent with those of Nochioka et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> who demonstrated impairment of conduit and contraction components across different etiologies of cardiac amyloidosis. Thus, atrial dysfunction in ATTRv reflects not only increased filling pressures and restrictive ventricular physiology but also intrinsic atrial failure related to amyloid infiltration.</p>
			<p>In the study by Di Lisi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> a progressive worsening of atrial dysfunction (PALS and stiffness) was observed from asymptomatic carriers to patients with polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy, reinforcing the importance of early assessment in these groups. The authors suggest that carriers should be monitored by echocardiography up to 10 years before the expected age of clinical manifestation in order to detect early changes. Notably, Di Bella et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> proposed a PALS cutoff ≤ 40.9% for the diagnosis of atrial amyloidosis, with 100% sensitivity and 71.6% specificity (AUC 0.91), suggesting additional diagnostic value for this parameter.</p>
			<p>More recently, beyond its diagnostic role, atrial strain has also been investigated as a parameter for therapeutic monitoring. Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> reported significant improvement in atrial deformation parameters in patients treated with patisiran, supporting its role in assessing response to disease-modifying therapies.</p>
			<p>Finally, the study by Henein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> showed that patients with ATTRv, increased septal thickness, and fragmented fibrils have a higher risk of arrhythmias, suggesting that atrial function assessment may contribute not only to early detection and prognosis but also to arrhythmic risk stratification and to defining the optimal timing for initiation of antiarrhythmic therapy.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p>Some limitations inherent to this systematic review should be considered. First, the predominance of observational studies, often single-center and with small sample sizes, limits the generalizability of the findings.</p>
				<p>Second, significant methodological heterogeneity was identified among the included studies, including differences in echocardiographic acquisition protocols, frame rates, speckle-tracking software, and definitions of atrial strain parameters.</p>
				<p>Additionally, the inclusion of populations across different stages of the disease spectrum - from asymptomatic carriers and predominantly neuropathic phenotypes to patients with established cardiac amyloidosis - provided a comprehensive overview but precluded the performance of a formal quantitative meta-analysis.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This systematic review demonstrates that left atrial dysfunction, as assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography, is a consistent finding in patients with ATTRv. The available evidence suggests that left atrial strain is useful not only in patients with established cardiac amyloidosis but also in carriers and individuals with isolated amyloid polyneuropathy, enabling early detection of subclinical cardiac involvement.</p>
			<p>Atrial stiffness, associated with impairment of reservoir, conduit, and contractile functions, emerges as an independent prognostic marker in this population. Therefore, the integration of left atrial strain into routine clinical follow-up may facilitate timely diagnosis of cardiac involvement and allow earlier implementation of therapeutic strategies that have significantly improved clinical outcomes and prognosis in hereditary amyloidosis.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Laura de Abreu Alves Cardoso, from the Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to assist with translation, figure creation, and grammar correction. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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		<sec id="sec1" sec-type="supplementary-material">
			<title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
			<supplementary-material id="suppl1">
				<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-Supp01.pdf"/>
				<p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0079_AO_Supplementary_Material_SBC.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
			</supplementary-material>
		</sec>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260079</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Avaliação do Strain do Átrio Esquerdo na Amiloidose Hereditária: Uma Revisão Sistemática</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5629-9726</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Laura de Abreu Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2871-1105</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Raniere Oliveira da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-5313-1565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cardoso</surname>
						<given-names>Rafael de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hatem</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Amelia Bulhões</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aras</surname>
						<given-names>Roque</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Simões Filho</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Policlínica Regional, Simões Filho, BA – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Laura de Abreu Alves Cardoso</bold> • Universidade Federal da Bahia – R. Dr. Augusto Viana, s/n. CEP: <postal-code>40110-060</postal-code>, Canela, Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: <email>lauradeabreualves@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>A amiloidose hereditária por transtirretina (ATTRv) é uma doença genética causada pela deposição extracelular de fibrilas amiloides derivadas da transtirretina plasmática nos tecidos, após a perda de sua estrutura tetramérica, afetando o coração e o sistema nervoso.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p>O presente estudo visou avaliar a função do átrio esquerdo na ATTRv e discutir sua relevância como ferramenta para a detecção precoce do acometimento cardíaco, bem como seu valor prognóstico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura realizada de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) e registrada no PROSPERO (CRD42051116316). As seguintes bases de dados foram pesquisadas: Embase, PubMed, Scopus e LILACS, incluindo estudos publicados entre janeiro de 2010 e agosto de 2025. Os termos MeSH utilizados incluíram &quot;cardiac amyloidosis&quot; (amiloidose cardíaca), &quot;transthyretin amyloidosis&quot; (amiloidose por transtirretina), &quot;ATTR,&quot; &quot;echocardiography&quot; (ecocardiografia), &quot;strain&quot; e &quot;left atrium&quot; (átrio esquerdo).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>Foram incluídos 9 estudos, totalizando 1.290 pacientes com amiloidose. A avaliação da função do átrio esquerdo demonstrou uma redução progressiva no strain do átrio esquerdo, particularmente no strain de reservatório, medido pelo strain longitudinal atrial de pico (PALS), ao longo do espectro clínico da ATTRv, da seguinte forma: portadores assintomáticos (PALS 23%–30%), fenótipo neuropático (PALS 20%–25%) e cardiomiopatia amiloide (PALS 8%–15%).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>A presente revisão sistemática demonstra que a disfunção do strain do átrio esquerdo é um achado consistente em pacientes com ATTRv, incluindo portadores e indivíduos com polineuropatia isolada. A redução do PALS e o aumento da rigidez atrial surgem como parâmetros promissores para a detecção precoce do acometimento cardíaco, com potencial valor prognóstico. Esses achados devem ser interpretados com cautela devido ao desenho observacional dos estudos incluídos. São necessários estudos adicionais com amostras maiores.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
				<kwd>Função do Átrio Esquerdo</kwd>
				<kwd>Neuropatias Amiloides Familiares</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A amiloidose é uma doença caracterizada pela deposição anormal de fibrilas amiloides, que afeta principalmente o coração e o sistema nervoso. Pode decorrer de cadeias leves de imunoglobulina, transtirretina variante ou transtirretina do tipo selvagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Na amiloidose hereditária por transtirretina (ATTRv), a proteína transtirretina mutante, que possui estrutura tetramérica, perde sua estabilidade e dobra incorretamente, formando agregados fibrilares que se depositam em vários órgãos, particularmente nos sistemas nervosos periférico e autonômico (fenótipo de polineuropatia) e nas câmaras cardíacas (fenótipo de cardiomiopatia) ou em ambos (fenótipo misto).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O diagnóstico e o tratamento dessa doença potencialmente grave e subdiagnosticada avançaram significativamente nos últimos anos, destacando a necessidade de identificação precoce do acometimento cardíaco em indivíduos portadores de variantes patogênicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia com speckle-tracking tem demonstrado um papel importante no diagnóstico da amiloidose cardíaca por meio da avaliação do strain, particularmente ao identificar o padrão de preservação apical (<italic>apical sparing</italic>), caracterizado pela contratilidade preservada do segmento apical e maior comprometimento dos segmentos basais do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A avaliação da função atrial por speckle-tracking surgiu como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico precoce na amiloidose hereditária.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O átrio esquerdo desempenha três funções fundamentais: atua como reservatório, serve como conduto e exerce um papel contrátil (bomba).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Bandera et al. definiram o strain de reservatório, ou strain longitudinal atrial de pico (PALS, do inglês <italic>peak atrial longitudinal strain</italic>), como a capacidade do átrio de se expandir durante a sístole ventricular, cujo valor máximo ocorre no início do enchimento ventricular esquerdo. O strain de contração (função de bomba) representa o encurtamento atrial, com valor máximo no início da contração atrial (em indivíduos em ritmo sinusal), enquanto o strain de conduto reflete o esvaziamento diastólico precoce e é calculado como a diferença entre o strain de reservatório e o de contração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A rigidez do átrio esquerdo é calculada como a razão entre E/e′ e o strain de reservatório.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Segundo Pathan et al., os valores de referência normais para o strain de reservatório, de conduto e de contração são 39,4% (intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%: 38,0%–40,8%), 23,0% (IC 95%: 20,7%–25,2%) e 17,4% (IC 95%: 16,0%–19,0%), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os valores normais de rigidez atrial apresentam média de 0,21 ± 0,1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A presente revisão visou identificar alterações no strain do átrio esquerdo avaliado por ecocardiografia com speckle-tracking em pacientes com ATTRv e discutir sua relevância para a detecção precoce do acometimento cardíaco, bem como seu valor prognóstico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f8">
					<caption>
						<title>Redução progressiva do strain do átrio esquerdo (PALS) e aumento da rigidez atrial ao longo do espectro clínico da ATTR hereditária. Ilustração conceitual baseada em achados da revisão sistemática. ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina; PALS: strain longitudinal atrial de pico; RAI: índice de rigidez atrial (E/e’ dividido por PALS).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf04-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada de acordo com um protocolo pré-especificado registrado no PROSPERO e relatada em conformidade com as diretrizes PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fluxograma da revisão sistemática da literatura</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de seleção</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Critérios de inclusão</title>
						<p>Foram incluídos estudos observacionais originais (transversais, caso-controle e de coorte) que avaliaram a função do átrio esquerdo em indivíduos com ATTRv. A busca restringiu-se a estudos publicados em português e inglês.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Critérios de exclusão</title>
						<p>Foram excluídos estudos duplicados, relatos de caso e séries de casos com menos de 10 pacientes. Adicionalmente, foram excluídos estudos publicados em outros idiomas, aqueles focados em amiloidose de cadeia leve de imunoglobulina e aqueles que avaliaram o strain do átrio esquerdo em cardiopatias não relacionadas à ATTRv.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Estratégia de busca</title>
					<p>Foi realizada uma busca abrangente e sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas Embase, PubMed, Scopus e LILACS, abrangendo o período de janeiro de 2010 a agosto de 2025. As estratégias de busca (ou seja, palavras-chave específicas e termos MeSH utilizados) estão detalhadas no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2">Material Suplementar</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise dos estudos</title>
					<p>Dois autores revisaram, de forma independente, os títulos e resumos dos artigos e selecionaram os estudos compatíveis com os critérios de inclusão. Posteriormente, a elegibilidade final foi determinada por meio da revisão do texto completo. Qualquer divergência foi resolvida mediante consulta a um terceiro autor.</p>
					<p>Os dados dos artigos incluídos foram extraídos utilizando um formulário de coleta de dados, abrangendo desenho do estudo, ano de publicação, metodologia, características demográficas, tamanho da amostra e desfechos clínicos. Em estudos com populações heterogêneas, foram extraídos apenas os dados referentes a pacientes com ATTRv. O PALS, também denominado strain de reservatório, foi analisado em todos os estudos. Também foram avaliados o strain de conduto, o strain de contração e a rigidez atrial esquerda, quando disponíveis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação do risco de viés e análise estatística</title>
					<p>A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada independentemente por dois revisores utilizando a Escala de Newcastle–Ottawa (NOS), adaptada para aplicação em estudos observacionais com diferentes desenhos, incluindo estudos de coorte, caso-controle e transversais. Embora amplamente utilizada, reconhece-se que a NOS apresenta limitações ao avaliar estudos sem grupo controle.</p>
					<p>A escala está estruturada em três domínios principais: seleção dos participantes, comparabilidade dos grupos e avaliação dos desfechos. Uma pontuação total foi calculada para cada estudo, permitindo classificar a qualidade metodológica (risco de viés) como baixa, moderada ou alta. Divergências entre os revisores foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>A estratégia de busca identificou 309 estudos potencialmente relevantes. Após a remoção de duplicatas, restaram 217 estudos, que foram triados com base no título e no resumo; posteriormente, artigos relevantes foram selecionados para análise do texto completo. Foram avaliados 18 artigos em texto completo, dos quais 9 foram excluídos com base nos critérios predefinidos. Consequentemente, 9 estudos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática.</p>
				<p>Um total de 1.290 indivíduos com amiloidose foi incluído na análise. A busca foi concluída em agosto de 2025. Os estudos incluídos foram realizados na Itália (n = 5), Inglaterra (n = 1), México (n = 1), Estados Unidos (n = 1) e Suécia (n = 1) e publicados entre 2016 e 2024. Os estudos analisados incluíram pacientes com amiloidose hereditária categorizados em três grupos: portadores assintomáticos, pacientes com polineuropatia e pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca. O tamanho das amostras variou de 21 a 241 indivíduos com a variante genética.</p>
				<p>Todos os estudos utilizaram equipamentos de ultrassonografia (GE; Esaote; Philips Medical) com software dedicado para a avaliação do átrio esquerdo por meio de ecocardiografia com speckle-tracking. A maioria dos estudos relatou a coleta de dados referentes a pelo menos uma das três fases funcionais do átrio esquerdo (PALS, conduto e contração), bem como à rigidez atrial, quando disponível (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Resumo do desenho dos estudos, resultados e conclusões</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Método</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Desfecho</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Resultados</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Conclusões</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Velazquez et al., 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo transversal em uma coorte. Objetivo: Determinar se o strain é um bom preditor de acometimento cardíaco sugestivo de deposição de amiloide no coração. População: 30 participantes com ATTRv sem acometimento cardíaco conhecido.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS diminuiu de 34% para 30% (p = 0,03).</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">O strain ecocardiográfico pode detectar anormalidades precoces em pacientes com acometimento cardíaco por ATTRv, sugerindo potencial valor prognóstico.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Bandera et al., 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal. Objetivo: Avaliar a rigidez e a mecânica do AE utilizando ecocardiografia com speckle-tracking e analisar a associação entre parâmetros funcionais atriais e desfechos clínicos. População: Pacientes com AC-ATTR. N = 906 participantes (551 ATTRwt; 355 ATTRv – 241 V122I; 93 T60A e 21 outros).</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, strain de conduto, strain de contração, rigidez atrial</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS (%): T60A 11,4% (7,0%–15,7%); V122I 8,0% (5,3%–10,9%), p &lt; 0,05 (T60A vs. V122I).<break/> Strain de conduto (%): T60A 7,0% (4,7%–10,0%); V122I 6,1% (4,2%–8,2%), p = NS.<break/> Strain de contração (%): T60A 5,0% (2,8%–8,4%); V122I 3,1% (1,6%–5,0%), p &lt; 0,05. <break/> Rigidez atrial: T60A 1,67 (0,87–2,70); V122I 2,12 (1,34–3,29), p &lt; 0,001.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS mais baixo no grupo V122I em comparação com ATTRwt e T60A; maior rigidez do AE no grupo V122I; ambos associados a pior prognóstico.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">de Gregorio et al., 2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar características distintas do tamanho e da função do AE em pacientes com AC-ATTR e CMH. População: 32 pacientes (16 com AC-ATTR e 16 com CMH) e 15 controles saudáveis.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS e strain de contração</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS (%): 14,1 ± 4,7, p &lt; 0,001 (comparação entre AC-ATTR, CMH e controles). Strain de contração (%): −0,92 ± 0,56, p &lt; 0,01.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS significativamente reduzido em AC-ATTR vs. CMH e controles; também reduzido em CMH vs. controles. PALS &lt; 19% em 94% dos casos de ATTR-CA vs. 31% de CMH e nenhum dos controles (p &lt; 0,001). A curva ROC sugeriu pontos de corte de PALS ≤ 19% e contração ≤ −1,1%.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Di Bella et al., 2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo caso-controle. Objetivo: Analisar a função atrial em pacientes com e sem deposição de amiloide atrial. População: Pacientes com polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar (relacionada à TTR) sem doença cardíaca. 50 participantes: 28 pacientes e 22 controles.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, strain de conduto, strain de contração</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: Grupo com RTG atrial (n = 14) 22,8% ± 13%, p = 0,002; sem RTG atrial (n = 14) 59,6% ± 33,1%, p = 0,001; controles 47,4% ± 16,4%. Strain de conduto: RTG 10,2% ± 6,2%, p = 0,01; sem RTG 30,2% ± 22,4%, p &lt; 0,0001; controles 26,3% ± 11,9%. Strain de contração: RTG 12,6% ± 7,8%, p = 0,001; sem RTG 26,2% ± 15%, p = 0,01.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Ponto de corte PALS ≤ 40,9%: sensibilidade 100%, especificidade 71,6% (AUC 0,91). Presença de remodelamento e disfunção do AE; útil para estratificação clínica e prognóstica.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Di Lisi et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal. Objetivo: Analisar diferenças ecocardiográficas e de speckle-tracking entre portadores, pacientes com neuropatia e pacientes com AC. População: 31 pacientes com variante da TTR.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS e rigidez atrial</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: grupo A 9,8% ± 3; grupo B 23,63% ± 11,2 (p = 0,005); grupo C 23,64% ± 10,06. Rigidez atrial: grupo A 1,6 ± 0,30; grupo B 0,58 ± 0,2; grupo C 0,29 ± 0,21.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">O monitoramento do PALS e da rigidez pode ajudar a identificar a progressão da doença.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Di Lisi et al., 2024<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo experimental não randomizado. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do patisiran na função cardíaca utilizando speckle-tracking. População: Pacientes com ATTRv (grupo A n = 7; grupo B n = 14).</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS e rigidez atrial</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: grupo A 12% ± 6%; grupo B 24,65% ± 11,35%. Rigidez atrial: grupo A 2 ± 1; grupo B 0,45 ± 0,43.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Speckle-tracking útil para diagnóstico precoce e monitoramento; são necessários estudos maiores.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Henein et al., 2018<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal. Objetivo: Avaliar a função do AE na ATTRv e comparar com CMH e controles.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Strain de reservatório, conduto e contração</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: 24 ± 7 vs. 29 ± 10 (controles), p = 0,015. Conduto: −1,0 ± 0,6 vs. −1,4 ± 0,6, p = 0,005. Contração: −1,4 ± 0,5 vs. −1,7 ± 0,6, p = 0,025.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Função do AE reduzida independentemente da espessura do ventrículo esquerdo; útil para triagem precoce e predição de risco arrítmico.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Nochioka et al., 2017<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal. Objetivo: Caracterizar a função do AE na AC e determinar os mecanismos.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, strain de conduto, strain de contração</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS 20,1 ± 13,9; múltiplos parâmetros de strain comprometidos; sem diferenças significativas nos valores de p.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Função do AE reduzida associada a pior sobrevida; ATTRwt com pior prognóstico.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Trimarchi et al., 2023<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Transversal. Objetivo: Comparar AC-ATTRwt vs. AC-ATTRv.</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS, strain de conduto, strain de contração</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">PALS: 9,7 ± 3,7 vs. 17,6 ± 7,5 (p = 0,004). Conduto: −7,6 ± 2,3 vs. −8 ± 3,5 (p = 0,8). Contração: −2,5 ± 3,1 vs. −10 ± 4,7 (p &lt; 0,0001).</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Ecocardiografia avançada diferencia o acometimento atrial e ventricular entre os subtipos.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>AC: amiloidose cardíaca; AC-ATTR: amiloidose cardíaca por transtirretina; AE: átrio esquerdo; ATTRv: amiloidose hereditária por transtirretina; ATTRwt: amiloidose por transtirretina do tipo selvagem; AUC: área sob a curva característica de operação do receptor; CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertrófica; NS: não significativo; PALS: strain longitudinal atrial de pico; ROC: curva característica de operação do receptor; RTG: realce tardio pelo gadolínio; TTR: transtirretina.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Os desfechos foram relatados como média e desvio-padrão ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para os parâmetros de strain (PALS, conduto, contração, rigidez atrial), em vez de proporções de indivíduos classificados com valores anormais com base em pontos de corte validados.</p>
				<p>Em todos os estudos incluídos, observou-se uma redução no strain do átrio esquerdo, com magnitudes diversas de acordo com o fenótipo clínico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Essa alteração estava presente não apenas em pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca, mas também em portadores e em pacientes com polineuropatia sem comprometimento cardíaco manifesto. Embora a alta frequência desse achado sugira que a disfunção atrial seja comum na ATTRv, não foi possível estimar sua prevalência, uma vez que os estudos incluídos relataram principalmente valores médios ou diferenças entre grupos, em vez de proporções de indivíduos afetados.</p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Progressão da disfunção atrial na ATTRv. ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina; FA: fibrilação atrial; PALS: strain longitudinal atrial de pico.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<sec>
					<title>Portadores assintomáticos</title>
					<p>Os resultados mostraram que portadores assintomáticos apresentavam valores de PALS discretamente reduzidos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> em consonância com os achados de Velazquez et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que estudaram 30 indivíduos (PALS 30%; p = 0,03). Em 2023, Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> publicaram um estudo para identificar sinais precoces de acometimento cardíaco em diferentes grupos de amiloidose hereditária. No grupo C de Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (portadores), os valores de PALS estavam reduzidos em 11 indivíduos (23,64% ± 10,06%), enquanto a rigidez atrial média estava acima da faixa de normalidade (0,29 ± 0,21).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Pacientes com polineuropatia isolada</title>
					<p>Em pacientes com polineuropatia, os resultados mostraram uma redução significativa da função do átrio esquerdo, mesmo na ausência de comprometimento cardíaco manifesto. O grupo B do estudo de Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> (apenas polineuropatia) apresentou valores reduzidos de PALS (23,63% ± 11,2%; p = 0,005; grupo A vs. grupo B) e rigidez atrial aumentada (0,58 ± 0,2). Em 2024, Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> publicaram um estudo avaliando os efeitos do patisiran na função cardíaca. Na avaliação basal (T0), o grupo com neuropatia (n = 14) apresentou PALS reduzido (24,65% ± 11,35%) e rigidez atrial elevada (0,45 ± 0,43).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No estudo de Di Bella et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> 28 pacientes foram avaliados utilizando tanto ecocardiografia quanto ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). O realce tardio pelo gadolínio (RTG) na RMC foi utilizado para avaliar a deposição de amiloide atrial, enquanto o strain por ecocardiografia foi empregado para quantificar a deformação do átrio esquerdo. Os valores de PALS foram significativamente menores no grupo com RTG atrial (n = 14) em comparação com o grupo sem RTG (n = 14) (22,8% ± 13% vs. 59,6% ± 33,1%; p = 0,002 e p = 0,001, respectivamente).</p>
					<p>As outras fases da função atrial também estavam mais comprometidas no grupo com RTG do que no grupo sem RTG. O strain de conduto foi significativamente menor no grupo com RTG em comparação com o grupo sem RTG (10,2% ± 6,2% vs. 30,2% ± 22,4%; p = 0,01 e p &lt; 0,0001, respectivamente). De modo semelhante, o strain de contração (strain global pré-onda A) foi reduzido no grupo com RTG em comparação com o grupo sem RTG (12,6% ± 7,8% vs. 26,2% ± 15%; p = 0,001 e p = 0,01, respectivamente). De modo geral, a função do átrio esquerdo foi significativamente reduzida nos pacientes com RTG atrial em comparação àqueles sem RTG.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Amiloidose cardíaca</title>
					<p>Pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca manifesta apresentaram as reduções mais acentuadas no PALS. No estudo de Bandera et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> indivíduos com a mutação V122I apresentaram valores de PALS mais baixos (8,0% [5,3%–10,9%]) em comparação com aqueles portadores da mutação T60A (11,4% [7,0%–15,7%]; p &lt; 0,05). Outros parâmetros da função atrial também estavam consistentemente reduzidos. O strain de conduto foi de 7,0% (4,7%–10,0%) no grupo T60A e 6,1% (4,2%–8,2%) no grupo V122I (p = NS), enquanto o strain de contração foi de 5,0% (2,8%–8,4%) no grupo T60A e 3,1% (1,6%–5,0%) no grupo V122I (p &lt; 0,05). Adicionalmente, a rigidez atrial foi significativamente maior (2,12 vs. 1,67; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
					<p>De forma semelhante, o grupo A (comprometimento cardíaco) no estudo de Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> apresentou PALS reduzido (9,8% ± 3%) e rigidez atrial aumentada (1,6 ± 0,30) em 7 indivíduos. Achados comparáveis foram relatados no grupo com amiloidose cardíaca na avaliação basal (T0, n = 7) por Di Lisi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> com PALS de 12% ± 6% e rigidez atrial de 2 ± 1.</p>
					<p>Henein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> avaliaram 46 pacientes com ATTRv confirmada por biópsia abdominal e teste genético (predominantemente V30M). Desses, 32 apresentavam espessura da parede do ventrículo esquerdo &gt; 12 mm (classificada como &quot;hipertrofia amiloide&quot;) e 14 apresentavam espessura de parede ≤ 12 mm. O valor médio de PALS foi de 24% ± 7% (p = 0,015). Adicionalmente, parâmetros derivados do strain de conduto e de contração também estavam reduzidos em comparação com controles saudáveis. O strain de conduto (LASRe) foi de −1,0 ± 0,6 no grupo ATTR versus −1,4 ± 0,6 nos controles (p = 0,005), e o strain de contração (LASRa) foi de −1,4 ± 0,5 versus −1,7 ± 0,6 (p = 0,025), respectivamente.</p>
					<p>Nochioka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> demonstraram que todos os parâmetros derivados da avaliação da função do átrio esquerdo por speckle-tracking estavam acentuadamente comprometidos em 29 pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca. O PALS foi de 20,1% ± 13,9% (p = 0,47). A taxa de strain longitudinal de pico (LSR) foi de 0,88 ± 0,54 (p = 0,12) e a fração de esvaziamento total foi de 45,7% ± 16,8 % (p = 0,73). Os parâmetros da função de conduto incluíram a taxa de strain longitudinal (LSR) inicial de −0,81 ± 0,53 (p = 0,13) e a fração de esvaziamento passivo de 23,6% ± 11,3 (p = 0,16). Os parâmetros da função contrátil incluíram a LSR tardia de −0,95 ± 0,91 (p = 0,28) e a fração de esvaziamento ativo de 31,8% ± 16,9% (p = 0,16).</p>
					<p>Trimarchi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> relataram reduções nas três fases da função atrial em 20 pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca: PALS de 17,6% ± 7,5% (p = 0,004), strain de conduto de −8 ± 3,5 (p = 0,8) e strain de contração de −10 ± 4,7 (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
					<p>De Gregorio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> avaliaram o tamanho e a função do átrio esquerdo em 16 pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca por transtirretina, 16 com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) e 15 controles. O PALS médio estava significativamente reduzido nos pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca por transtirretina (14,1% ± 4,7%) em comparação com os grupos CMH (19%–20%) e controle (39%–40%) (p &lt; 0,001), demonstrando bom desempenho diagnóstico para diferenciar essas condições (ponto de corte para PALS ≤ 19%). De forma semelhante, o strain de contração também estava reduzido (−0,92 ± 0,56; p &lt; 0,01).</p>
					<p>A rigidez atrial surgiu como um importante marcador prognóstico. Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> identificaram a rigidez atrial como um preditor independente de mortalidade (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> 1,23; IC 95% 1,03–1,49; p = 0,029). Outros estudos confirmaram sua associação com o grau de comprometimento atrial e com a alteração das funções de reservatório, conduto e contração.</p>
					<p>Valores mais baixos de PALS e maior rigidez atrial foram consistentemente associados a menor sobrevida, maior dilatação atrial e maior risco de arritmias atriais. Além disso, dados longitudinais sugerem que essas alterações podem preceder as manifestações clínicas de insuficiência cardíaca, corroborando seu papel como ferramentas de triagem precoce.</p>
					<p>Embora tenham sido identificados múltiplos estudos que avaliaram o strain atrial na ATTRv, não foi realizada uma metanálise formal devido à heterogeneidade substancial nos aspectos clínicos (diferentes fenótipos), metodológicos (diferentes softwares e protocolos de aquisição) e estatísticos (I² &gt; 90% em análises exploratórias). Ademais, a variabilidade na apresentação dos dados (média ± desvio-padrão vs. mediana e intervalo interquartil ou proporções baseadas em pontos de corte) limitou a comparabilidade direta. Portanto, realizou-se uma síntese narrativa e tabular, destacando tendências consistentes, particularmente a redução progressiva do PALS e o aumento da rigidez atrial ao longo do espectro da doença.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise do risco de viés</title>
					<p>De acordo com a metodologia descrita, o risco de viés foi avaliado utilizando a escala NOS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Apenas dois dos nove estudos incluídos foram classificados como de alta qualidade metodológica, caracterizados por maiores tamanhos amostrais e análise multivariada robusta (Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e Nochioka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>), enquanto os demais estudos foram classificados como tendo qualidade moderada.</p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos pela NOS, considerando os domínios de seleção, comparabilidade e desfecho. A maioria dos estudos apresentou qualidade metodológica moderada, e dois estudos foram classificados como de alta qualidade.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>As principais limitações estiveram relacionadas a tamanhos de amostra pequenos (Trimarchi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Henein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> de Gregorio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e Di Bella et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>), falta de ajuste para potenciais fatores de confusão (Henein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Di Bella et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e Trimarchi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>) e heterogeneidade metodológica.</p>
					<p>Esses achados destacam a necessidade de estudos prospectivos com maior rigor metodológico para consolidar o papel prognóstico do strain atrial na ATTRv. Uma descrição detalhada da avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos, incluindo as pontuações individuais dos domínios da escala NOS, é fornecida no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2">Material Suplementar</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Na presente revisão sistemática, a disfunção do átrio esquerdo foi observada de forma consistente nos diferentes estágios da ATTRv, incluindo portadores assintomáticos, pacientes com polineuropatia isolada e aqueles com cardiomiopatia manifesta. Nos estudos analisados, o PALS apresentou redução em comparação com os valores de referência descritos em indivíduos saudáveis. Essa alteração associou-se a pior prognóstico, aumento da rigidez atrial e dilatação progressiva do átrio esquerdo.</p>
				<p>A deposição de fibrilas amiloides nos átrios e ventrículos tem sido objeto de estudos crescentes. Acredita-se que a deterioração da função atrial possa ocorrer precocemente devido ao comprometimento da mecânica atrial secundário à deposição de fibrilas, e não apenas como consequência da disfunção ventricular e do comprometimento diastólico.</p>
				<p>A amiloidose cardíaca caracteriza-se histologicamente por extensa infiltração amiloide nos átrios, levando à perda da arquitetura normal, remodelamento vascular e aumento da deposição de colágeno subendocárdico, o que se traduz em um aumento significativo da rigidez atrial. Essa rigidez anormal está associada à redução das funções de reservatório e contrátil. Aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes pode apresentar ausência de contração atrial, apesar da presença de ritmo sinusal no eletrocardiograma - um fenômeno conhecido como dissociação eletromecânica atrial. Esse achado, descrito por Bandera et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> associa-se a um risco tromboembólico comparável ao observado em pacientes com fibrilação atrial, sugerindo que a avaliação do strain atrial pode desempenhar um papel fundamental na estratificação de risco cardioembólico e até mesmo embasar a indicação de anticoagulação em pacientes sem fibrilação atrial sustentada.</p>
				<p>Outro achado importante da revisão foi o papel prognóstico do strain atrial. Akintoye et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> demonstraram que reduções progressivas no PALS e na função de contração atrial estão associadas a um maior risco de mortalidade e de hospitalização por insuficiência cardíaca. De forma consistente, Bandera et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> identificaram a rigidez atrial como um preditor independente de mortalidade, mesmo após ajuste para biomarcadores e variáveis clínicas, reforçando o papel do strain atrial como uma ferramenta prognóstica robusta.</p>
				<p>A complexidade da amiloidose cardíaca permanece um desafio na cardiologia. A ATTRv é uma condição genética que pode levar à cardiomiopatia restritiva, envolvendo mutações no gene da transtirretina localizado no cromossomo 18q12.1, com múltiplas variantes, diferentes graus de penetrância, expressividade variável e fatores ambientais que interagem na manifestação da doença. Algumas mutações estão predominantemente associadas à polineuropatia, como a V30M, enquanto outras, como a V122I, associam-se mais frequentemente à cardiomiopatia ou a fenótipos mistos.</p>
				<p>Com a crescente disponibilidade de testes genéticos, a história natural dos portadores assintomáticos de mutação no gene TTR mudou, havendo maior ênfase na detecção do acometimento cardíaco subclínico por meio de modalidades de imagem como RMC, cintilografia óssea com pirofosfato e ecocardiografia com speckle-tracking. O estudo de Aceves Velázquez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrou que mesmo portadores assintomáticos podem apresentar redução do PALS e aumento progressivo da rigidez atrial ao longo do tempo, mesmo na ausência de disfunção ventricular, corroborando o papel do strain atrial como marcador precoce de infiltração amiloide.</p>
				<p>De Gregorio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> relataram uma redução do PALS e do strain contrátil em pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca em comparação com controles e indivíduos com CMH, independentemente do volume do átrio esquerdo e da fração de ejeção ventricular. Esses achados são consistentes com os de Nochioka et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>, que demonstraram comprometimento dos componentes de conduto e de contração em diferentes etiologias de amiloidose cardíaca. Assim, a disfunção atrial na ATTRv reflete não apenas o aumento das pressões de enchimento e a fisiologia ventricular restritiva, mas também a falência atrial intrínseca relacionada à infiltração amiloide.</p>
				<p>No estudo de Di Lisi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> observou-se uma piora progressiva da disfunção atrial (PALS e rigidez) ao longo do espectro clínico, desde portadores assintomáticos até pacientes com polineuropatia e cardiomiopatia, reforçando a importância da avaliação precoce nesses grupos. Os autores sugerem que os portadores sejam monitorados por ecocardiografia até 10 anos antes da idade prevista para a manifestação clínica, com a finalidade de detectar alterações precoces. Vale ressaltar que Di Bella et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> propuseram um ponto de corte de PALS ≤ 40,9% para o diagnóstico de amiloidose atrial, com sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 71,6% (AUC 0,91), sugerindo um valor diagnóstico adicional para esse parâmetro.</p>
				<p>Mais recentemente, além de seu papel diagnóstico, o strain atrial também tem sido investigado como parâmetro para monitoramento terapêutico. Di Lisi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> relataram melhora significativa nos parâmetros de deformação atrial em pacientes tratados com patisiran, corroborando seu papel na avaliação da resposta a terapias modificadoras da doença.</p>
				<p>O estudo de Henein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstrou que pacientes com ATTRv, aumento da espessura septal e fibrilas fragmentadas apresentaram maior risco de arritmias, sugerindo que a avaliação da função atrial pode contribuir não apenas para a detecção precoce e o prognóstico, mas também para a estratificação do risco arrítmico e para a definição do momento ideal para o início da terapia antiarrítmica.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações</title>
					<p>Algumas limitações inerentes à presente revisão sistemática devem ser consideradas. Primeiramente, a predominância de estudos observacionais, frequentemente unicêntricos e com amostras pequenas, limita a generalização dos achados.</p>
					<p>Em segundo lugar, identificou-se heterogeneidade metodológica significativa entre os estudos incluídos, incluindo diferenças nos protocolos de aquisição ecocardiográfica, taxas de quadros por segundo, softwares de speckle-tracking e definições dos parâmetros de strain atrial.</p>
					<p>Ademais, a inclusão de populações em diferentes estágios do espectro da doença - desde portadores assintomáticos e fenótipos predominantemente neuropáticos até pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca estabelecida - proporcionou uma visão abrangente, porém não permitiu a realização de uma metanálise quantitativa formal.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A presente revisão sistemática demonstra que a disfunção do átrio esquerdo, avaliada por ecocardiografia com speckle-tracking, é um achado consistente em pacientes com ATTRv. As evidências disponíveis sugerem que o strain do átrio esquerdo é útil não apenas em pacientes com amiloidose cardíaca estabelecida, mas também em portadores assintomáticos e indivíduos com polineuropatia isolada, permitindo a detecção precoce do acometimento cardíaco subclínico.</p>
				<p>A rigidez atrial, associada ao comprometimento das funções de reservatório, conduto e contração, emerge como um marcador prognóstico independente nessa população. Portanto, a incorporação do strain do átrio esquerdo ao acompanhamento clínico de rotina pode facilitar o diagnóstico oportuno do acometimento cardíaco e permitir a implementação mais precoce de estratégias terapêuticas que têm melhorado significativamente os desfechos clínicos e o prognóstico na amiloidose hereditária.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Este artigo é parte de dissertação de Mestrado de Laura de Abreu Alves Cardoso, pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Durante a preparação deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para auxiliar na tradução, na criação de figuras e na correção gramatical. Após o uso desta ferramenta/serviço, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p>
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			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec id="sec2" sec-type="supplementary-material">
				<title>*Material suplementar</title>
				<supplementary-material id="suppl2">
					<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260079-Supp01-pt.pdf"/>
					<p>Para informação adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0079_AO_Supplementary_Material_SBC.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
				</supplementary-material>
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	</sub-article>
</article>