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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.2026007i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Multimodal Evaluation of Cardiac Myosin Inhibitor Response in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Using Echocardiography and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5918-3873</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>João Victor de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, and statistical analysis</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0619-4796</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>João Vitor Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4178-0651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Henrique Cartaxo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1092-4647</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Vera Louise Freire de Albuquerque</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6590-478X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Estrela</surname>
						<given-names>João Victor Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tavares</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>project administration and supervision</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>João Victor de Oliveira Ramos</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Cidade Universitária, n/a. Complexo Presidente Castelo Branco III. Postal code: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>ramosjoaovictor9713@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Maria Otto</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>03</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260077</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors (CMIs), including mavacamten and aficamten, represent a novel class of targeted therapies for obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (oHCM). Their effects on echocardiographic parameters and cardiopulmonary performance across Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) have not yet been systematically synthesized.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives:</title>
					<p>To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>Primary echocardiographic outcomes included Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF), Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI), Interventricular Septal Thickness (IVST), E/e' septal ratio, and resting, Valsalva, and post-exercise Left Ventricular Outflow Tract gradients (LVOT-G). Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) outcomes were also assessed. Data were pooled using random-effects models and reported as Mean Differences (MDs) or Standardized Mean Differences (SMDs), with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>Five RCTs comprising 767 participants were included. CMIs significantly reduced resting LVOT-G (MD: −37.59 mmHg), Valsalva gradients (MD: −46.45 mmHg), and post-exercise gradients (MD: −49.45 mmHg; all p &lt; 0.01). Reverse cardiac remodeling was reflected by reductions in LVMI (MD: −11.96 g/m²), IVST (SMD: −0.98), and E/e' septal ratio (MD: −3.53), along with an expected modest reduction in LVEF (MD: −4.33%). CPET outcomes also improved significantly, including ventilatory efficiency (MD: −2.25), peak metabolic equivalents (METs) (MD: +0.45), peak circulatory power (MD: +482.78 mL/kg/min × mmHg), and exercise duration (MD: +0.88 min; all p &lt; 0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between the agents.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>CMIs promote reverse cardiac remodeling, improve hemodynamics, and enhance exercise tolerance in patients with oHCM, supporting their role as disease-modifying targeted therapies.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="52"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (oHCM) is a prevalent form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This condition leads to symptoms such as exertional dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, and syncope, often resulting in reduced functional capacity and increased morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Traditional pharmacological therapies — including beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and disopyramide — aim to alleviate symptoms by reducing contractility and LVOTO. However, their effects on disease progression and structural remodeling remain limited. Recently, Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors (CMIs), including mavacamten and aficamten, have emerged as targeted therapies capable of directly modulating sarcomeric function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Early clinical trials suggest that these agents improve hemodynamic parameters, relieve LVOT obstruction, and favorably affect cardiac structure and exercise capacity.</p>
			<p>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plays a central role in assessing functional capacity in patients with oHCM by providing objective measures such as peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>peak) and ventilatory efficiency, both of which closely correlate with symptom burden and exercise tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Similarly, echocardiographic parameters — including septal thickness, left atrial volume, and LVEF — serve as key indicators of myocardial structure and function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although early studies suggest that CMIs improve these parameters, the magnitude and consistency of these effects across randomized clinical trials remain to be fully established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f6">
				<caption>
					<title>RCTs: Randomized Clinical Trials; CMIs: Cardiac Myosin Inhibitors; CPET: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing; oHCM: Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf06.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of CMIs on echocardiographic markers of left ventricular structure and function, as well as CPET outcomes, in patients with oHCM.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Protocol and Registration</title>
				<p>This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The study protocol was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD420251078060.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Eligibility Criteria</title>
				<p>We included RCTs and pre-specified or clearly identified post hoc analyses derived from RCTs that evaluated the effects of CMIs compared with placebo on CPET outcomes and left ventricular structure and function in patients with oHCM. No restrictions were applied regarding publication date, language, or geographic location. Studies were excluded if they contained incomplete or unavailable data, were conference abstracts, letters, expert opinions, case reports, review articles, duplicate publications, studies involving untreated patients, or animal studies.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Search Strategy and Study Selection</title>
				<p>A systematic literature search was conducted in May 2025 using Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed, and Embase. The search strategy included terms related to CMIs and oHCM (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">detailed in Supplementary Table 1</xref>). Study selection was performed in two stages using Rayyan. Titles and abstracts were screened first, followed by full-text assessment of potentially eligible studies. Both stages were conducted independently by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus or by consultation with a third reviewer.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Outcomes</title>
				<p>CPET outcomes included ventilatory efficiency (minute ventilation [VE]/carbon dioxide output [VCO<sub>2</sub>] slope during exercise), peak circulatory power (peak VO<sub>2</sub> × peak systolic blood pressure), peak metabolic equivalents (METs), and exercise duration. Left ventricular structure and function outcomes included changes from baseline in resting, Valsalva, and post-exercise left ventricular outflow tract gradients (LVOT-G), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), interventricular septal thickness (IVST), and E/e' septal ratio. Subgroup analyses stratified according to study drug (mavacamten or aficamten) were performed whenever feasible. Two investigators independently extracted the data into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, followed by cross-checking of the extracted information.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Quality and Risk of Bias Assessment</title>
				<p>The risk of bias of the included RCTs and eligible post hoc analyses derived from these trials was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2) tool for the specific outcomes of interest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> For post hoc analyses, particular attention was paid to the pre-specification of outcomes and the potential for selective outcome reporting. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved through discussion or, when necessary, by consultation with a third reviewer. Given the limited number of included studies, publication bias was not formally assessed.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical Analysis</title>
				<p>Continuous outcomes were analyzed using Mean Differences (MDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation and the I² statistic, with p &lt; 0.05 or I² &gt; 50% considered indicative of substantial heterogeneity. Pooled analyses were performed using both the inverse-variance common-effect model and the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model, with statistical significance defined as p &lt; 0.05. Forest plots were generated to illustrate individual study estimates and pooled effect sizes. Meta-analyses were performed using RStudio (version 2023.12.1+402) and the meta package for data synthesis and visualization.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Search Results</title>
				<p>A total of 1,448 records were identified through database searching. After screening and eligibility assessment, five RCTs met the inclusion criteria, and their post hoc analyses were incorporated into the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>PRISMA flow diagram of the systematic review and meta-analysis.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study and Participant Characteristics</title>
				<p>The included studies comprised a total of 767 participants, with 403 assigned to the CMI group and 364 to the placebo group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Central Illustration</xref>). All trials were published between 2020 and 2024, and their main characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características dos estudos incluídos e dados demográficos basais</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="7%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Study</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Number of Participants</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Males, %</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Age, years<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">†</xref>
								</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">NYHA functional class II vs III, %</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">LVEF, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">†</xref>
								</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"><italic>LVOT-G at rest</italic>, mm Hg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">†</xref>
								</th>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">CMI</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-HCM</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">123</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">128</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">72 vs 28</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">74 vs 26</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">51</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-CN</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">75.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">63.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">52.4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">51.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">82 vs 18</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">67 vs 33</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">77.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">77.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">–</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">–</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">VALOR-HCM</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">51.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">50.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">59.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">60.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">67.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">68.3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">51.2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">46.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">REDWOOD-HCM</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">46</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">59</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">61 vs 39</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">85 vs 15</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">††</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">††</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">††</xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">††</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">SEQUOIA-HCM</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">142</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">140</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">60.6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">57.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">59.2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">59.0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">74.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">74.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">54.8</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">55.3</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label>†</label>
							<p>Mean;</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<label>††</label>
							<p>Median; CMI: Cardiac myosin inhibitor; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVOT-G: left ventricular outflow tract gradient.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>LVEF</title>
				<p>LVEF was significantly reduced with CMIs (MD: −4.33%; 95% CI: −5.33 to −3.33; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 0%), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>. Aficamten was associated with a slightly greater reduction (-5.00; 95% CI: −6.50 to −3.50) than mavacamten (-3.80; 95% CI: −5.14 to −2.47), although the subgroup difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.24).</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Meta-Analysis of Left Ventricular Structural Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) LVEF and (B) LVMI, comparing CMIs (aficamten and mavacamten) with placebo. Boxes are proportional to the weight of each study, and horizontal lines represent the corresponding 95% CIs. Diamonds represent the pooled MDs for each subgroup and the overall analysis, with diamond width corresponding to the 95% CI. Values to the left of the vertical line of no effect indicate reductions in these parameters, favoring treatment with CMIs. SE: Standard Error; MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>LVMI</title>
				<p>A significant reduction in LVMI was observed in patients treated with CMIs compared with placebo (MD: −11.96 g/m²; 95% CI: −17.72 to −6.19; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 68.1%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). Subgroup analysis showed similar effects for aficamten (MD: −12.20; 95% CI: −17.95 to −6.45) and mavacamten (MD: −11.49; 95% CI: −21.56 to −1.42), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.90).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>IVST</title>
				<p>CMIs were associated with a moderate reduction in IVST (SMD: −0.98; 95% CI: −1.51 to −0.46; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 48.3%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). Aficamten (SMD: −1.00; 95% CI: −1.65 to −0.35) and mavacamten (SMD: −0.85; 95% CI: −1.91 to 0.22) showed no significant subgroup differences (p = 0.81).</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Meta-Analysis of Interventricular Septal Structural Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) IVST and (B) E/e' septal ratio, comparing CMIs (aficamten and mavacamten) with placebo. Values to the left of the vertical line of no effect indicate reductions in IVST and E/e' septal ratio, favoring treatment with CMIs. SMD: Standardized Mean Differences; MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals; HCM: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; SE: Standard Error.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>E/e' Septal Ratio</title>
				<p>A significant reduction in the E/e' septal ratio was observed (MD: −3.53; 95% CI: −4.35 to −2.71; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). Aficamten (-3.60; 95% CI: −4.75 to −2.45) and mavacamten (-3.45; 95% CI: −4.62 to −2.28) yielded comparable results (p = 0.86).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Resting LVOT-G</title>
				<p>CMIs significantly reduced resting LVOT-G (MD: −37.59 mm Hg; 95% CI: −47.35 to −27.83; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 62.9%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>). Sensitivity analysis (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 1</xref>) confirmed the robustness of this finding, with pooled MDs ranging from −35.10 to −39.83 mm Hg across all leave-one-out iterations. Heterogeneity varied from low to moderate (I² = 23.5% to 71.1%), indicating that no individual study disproportionately influenced the overall effect estimate.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Meta-Analysis of LVOT-G Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) resting LVOT-G, (B) Valsalva LVOT-G, and (C) post-exercise LVOT-G, comparing CMIs (aficamten and mavacamten) with placebo. Values to the left of the vertical line of no effect indicate lower LVOT-Gs, favoring treatment with CMIs. MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals; HCM: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; SE: Standard Error.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Valsalva LVOT-G</title>
				<p>CMIs were associated with a significant pooled reduction in Valsalva LVOT-G (MD: −46.45 mm Hg; 95% CI: −60.86 to −32.05; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 76.6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>). Aficamten reduced the gradient by −40.05 mm Hg (95% CI: −60.79 to −19.31), whereas mavacamten reduced it by −51.83 mm Hg (95% CI: −75.49 to −28.17), with no significant difference between subgroups (p = 0.46). Leave-one-out analysis confirmed the robustness of the findings (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 2</xref>), with pooled effect estimates ranging from −41.39 to −50.43 mm Hg. Heterogeneity remained moderate to high (I² = 50.3% to 83.4%) across all iterations.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Post-Exercise LVOT-G</title>
				<p>CMIs were associated with significantly lower post-exercise LVOT-G (MD: −49.45 mm Hg; 95% CI: −74.93 to −23.98; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 84.6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4C</xref>). Leave-one-out analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 3</xref>), with pooled effect estimates ranging from −56.99 to −37.10 mm Hg. Heterogeneity decreased substantially (I² = 0%) after exclusion of the EXPLORER-CN study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Ventilatory Efficiency</title>
				<p>CMIs significantly improved ventilatory efficiency compared with placebo (MD: −2.25; 95% CI: −2.87 to −1.63; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 0%), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5A</xref>.</p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Meta-Analysis of CPET Outcomes. Results of the meta-analysis for (A) ventilatory efficiency, (B) peak circulatory power, (C) peak METs, and (D) exercise duration, comparing CMIs with placebo. MD: Mean Differences; CI: confidence intervals; HCM: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; SE: Standard Error.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Peak Circulatory Power</title>
				<p>CMIs significantly increased peak circulatory power (MD: 482.78 mL/kg/min × mm Hg; 95% CI: 274.05 to 691.51; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 47.7%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5B</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Peak METs</title>
				<p>CMIs significantly increased peak METs (MD: 0.45 METs; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.60; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5C</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Exercise Duration</title>
				<p>Exercise duration was significantly longer in patients treated with CMIs (MD: 0.88 min; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.24; p &lt; 0.01; I² = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5D</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk of Bias Assessment</title>
				<p>All included studies were judged to be at low risk of bias across all five domains assessed. Accordingly, the overall risk of bias was considered low for all studies. A detailed visual summary of the risk-of-bias assessment is provided in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Figure 4</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This meta-analysis synthesizes high-quality evidence from RCTs demonstrating that CMIs — namely mavacamten and aficamten — significantly improve cardiopulmonary performance and cardiac structural parameters in patients with oHCM. These findings support the disease-modifying potential of CMIs by directly targeting sarcomeric hypercontractility, a central pathophysiological mechanism in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, rather than relying solely on negative chronotropic or vasodilatory effects.</p>
			<p>The molecular basis of oHCM is primarily driven by pathogenic sarcomeric variants — most commonly involving MYH7 and MYBPC3 — that increase the proportion of myosin heads in the Disordered Relaxed (DRX) state, leading to excessive actin–myosin cross-bridge cycling, increased myocardial ATPase activity, and augmented contractile force even at submaximal calcium concentrations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This hypercontractile phenotype contributes not only to resting and provoked LVOT-G but also to chronically increased wall stress, myocyte disarray, and maladaptive hypertrophic remodeling, particularly involving the basal interventricular septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
			<p>CMIs bind allosterically to the catalytic domain of β-cardiac myosin, reducing the availability of myosin heads in the DRX state while promoting the super-relaxed state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> This mechanism stabilizes sarcomeric energetics and directly attenuates contractile force without affecting calcium cycling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Unlike conventional therapies, such as β-blockers and disopyramide, which reduce contractility indirectly through adrenergic or ionotropic modulation and may compromise systemic hemodynamics, CMIs act directly on the underlying molecular mechanism of disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The marked reductions in LVOT-G observed at rest, during the Valsalva maneuver, and after exercise demonstrate effective attenuation of the dynamic obstruction responsible for the hemodynamic burden of oHCM. The magnitude of gradient reduction (e.g., −37.6 mm Hg at rest and −46.5 mm Hg during the Valsalva maneuver) is comparable to that reported following septal reduction therapy. Furthermore, the consistency of these effects across different physiological conditions suggests sufficient suppression of basal hypercontractility to mitigate both resting and provocable gradients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Importantly, this gradient reduction translates into enhanced exercise capacity. Peak METs, peak circulatory power, and exercise duration all improved significantly following CMI therapy, with minimal between-study heterogeneity. These CPET parameters reflect integrated cardiovascular performance, encompassing preload reserve, myocardial contractile reserve, chronotropic competence, and peripheral oxygen utilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Likewise, the improvement in ventilatory efficiency — a surrogate marker of pulmonary vascular coupling and left-sided filling pressures — suggests favorable effects on diastolic function and pulmonary vascular compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Beyond their hemodynamic effects, CMIs produced statistically and clinically significant reductions in IVST and LVMI, reinforcing their capacity to promote reverse cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> The reduction in septal thickness supports true structural regression rather than merely transient functional unloading. These structural changes were accompanied by improvements in diastolic function, as evidenced by lower E/e' septal ratios, an echocardiographic marker of reduced left ventricular filling pressures and improved ventricular compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Given the well-established association between elevated filling pressures and symptom burden in oHCM, these findings indicate that CMIs favorably affect both the mechanical and diastolic components of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The modest reduction in LVEF observed with CMI therapy should be interpreted within the appropriate clinical context. Patients with oHCM frequently exhibit supranormal ejection fractions (&gt; 70%), reflecting hypercontractile systolic mechanics rather than increased forward cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> CMIs normalize sarcomeric force generation, reducing LVEF toward the physiological range while preserving stroke volume. Importantly, none of the included studies reported reductions in LVEF below the pathological threshold (&lt; 50%), indicating that this decrease reflects the intended pharmacological effect rather than myocardial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Although aficamten was associated with a slightly greater reduction in LVEF than mavacamten, this difference may be explained by its faster onset of action, shorter half-life (approximately 3 vs. 7 days), and lower interindividual pharmacokinetic variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences between mavacamten and aficamten across structural and functional outcomes, suggesting a class effect attributable to their shared sarcomeric mechanism of action. Nevertheless, pharmacokinetic differences may influence clinical implementation, particularly with respect to dose titration, echocardiographic monitoring of LVEF, and potential drug–drug interactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Heterogeneity was low to moderate across most analyses. The greater variability observed for Valsalva and post-exercise LVOT-G likely reflects differences in provocation protocols and baseline gradient severity among the included studies. Leave-one-out analyses confirmed the robustness of the pooled estimates, further supporting the internal validity of the findings.</p>
			<p>Collectively, these findings reinforce the role of CMIs as upstream modulators of oHCM pathophysiology, offering a pharmacological alternative to septal reduction therapy for patients with persistent gradients and symptomatic limitation despite guideline-directed medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Given their favorable effects on cardiac structure, function, and symptoms, CMIs may also hold promise as preventive therapy in genotype-positive individuals at high risk or in patients with early phenotypic expression, although this hypothesis remains investigational.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> In addition, CMIs may represent an attractive therapeutic option for patients who are ineligible for or unwilling to undergo septal myectomy or alcohol septal ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Nevertheless, because of the potential for excessive LVEF reduction, careful echocardiographic monitoring remains essential during dose titration.</p>
			<p>Several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the number of included RCTs was relatively small, and follow-up periods were short, precluding conclusions regarding long-term outcomes such as heart failure progression, atrial fibrillation, or sudden cardiac death. Second, most studies excluded patients with advanced NYHA functional class, mid-ventricular obstruction, or apical variants, limiting the generalizability of these findings. Future studies should evaluate myocardial fibrosis and extracellular volume, incorporate genotype-stratified analyses, and investigate synergistic therapeutic strategies, including combinations of CMIs with RAAS inhibitors or antifibrotic agents. Finally, long-term registries will be essential to establish the long-term safety, cost-effectiveness, and durability of treatment response.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>CMIs significantly improve functional capacity and promote favorable cardiac remodeling in patients with oHCM by directly targeting sarcomeric hypercontractility, the central mechanism underlying LVOTO and myocardial hypertrophy. This meta-analysis demonstrates that mavacamten and aficamten reduce LVOT-G, improve diastolic function, and enhance exercise capacity, with consistent effects across both agents. These findings support the incorporation of CMIs as disease-modifying therapy for oHCM, although additional studies are warranted to establish their long-term clinical benefits and broader applicability.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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			<title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
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				<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-Supp01.pdf"/>
				<p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12307/2026-0077_appendix.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
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				<article-title>Avaliação Multimodal da Resposta aos Inibidores da Miosina Cardíaca na Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica Obstrutiva por Meio de Ecocardiografia e TECP: Uma Metanálise</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-5918-3873</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ramos</surname>
						<given-names>João Victor de Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa, obtenção de dados e análise estatística</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0619-4796</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>João Vitor Andrade</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4178-0651</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>Luiz Henrique Cartaxo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-1092-4647</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Vera Louise Freire de Albuquerque</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-6590-478X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Estrela</surname>
						<given-names>João Victor Oliveira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tavares</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>administração e supervisão do projeto</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>João Victor de Oliveira Ramos</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Cidade Universitária, n/a. Complexo Presidente Castelo Branco III. CEP: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brasil E-mail: <email>ramosjoaovictor9713@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Maria Otto</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento:</title>
					<p>Os inibidores da miosina cardíaca (IMCs), incluindo mavacamten e aficamten, representam uma nova classe de terapias-alvo para a Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica obstrutiva (CMH-o), cujos efeitos ecocardiográficos e cardiopulmonares em Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados (ECRs) ainda não foram sintetizados sistematicamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos:</title>
					<p>Realizar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise de ECRs seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Os desfechos incluíram Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (FEVE), Índice de Massa do Ventrículo Esquerdo (IMVE), Espessura do Septo Interventricular (ESIV), relação E/e' septal, gradientes do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (TSVE) e desfechos do Teste de Esforço Cardiopulmonar (TECP). Os dados foram agrupados por meio de modelos de efeitos aleatórios e expressos como Diferenças Médias (DM) ou Diferenças Médias Padronizadas (DMP), com intervalos de confiança de 95%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>Cinco ECRs, totalizando 767 participantes, foram incluídos. Os IMCs reduziram significativamente os gradientes do TSVE em repouso (DM: −37,59 mmHg), durante a manobra de Valsalva (DM: −46,45 mmHg) e após o exercício (DM: −49,45 mmHg; todos p &lt; 0,01). Observou-se remodelação estrutural, com reduções do IMVE (DM: −11,96 g/m²), da ESIV (DMP: −0,98) e da relação E/e' septal (DM: −3,53), além de redução da FEVE (DM: −4,33%). O TECP demonstrou melhora da eficiência ventilatória (DM: −2,25), do pico de equivalentes metabólicos (METs) (DM: +0,45), da potência circulatória (DM: +482,78 mL/kg/min × mmHg) e da duração do exercício (DM: +0,88 min; todos p &lt; 0,01). As análises de subgrupos não revelaram diferenças entre os agentes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>Os IMCs promovem remodelação cardíaca reversa, melhora hemodinâmica e aumento da tolerância ao exercício em pacientes com CMH-o, reforçando seu papel como terapia-alvo.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Metanálise</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<fig id="f12">
				<caption>
					<title>ECR: Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados; IMC: inibidores da miosina cardíaca; TECP: Teste de Esforço Cardiopulmonar; CMH-o: Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica obstrutiva.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf06-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica obstrutiva (CMH-o) é uma forma prevalente de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, caracterizada por hipertrofia septal assimétrica e obstrução dinâmica da Via de Saída do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VSVE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa condição leva a sintomas como dispneia aos esforços, dor torácica, fadiga e síncope, frequentemente resultando em redução da capacidade funcional e aumento da morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os tratamentos farmacológicos tradicionais como betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio e disopiramida visam reduzir os sintomas por meio da diminuição da contratilidade e da obstrução da VSVE. No entanto, seus efeitos sobre a progressão da doença e o remodelamento cardíaco permanecem limitados. Recentemente, os inibidores da miosina cardíaca (IMCs), incluindo mavacamten e aficamten, surgiram como terapias direcionadas capazes de modular diretamente a função sarcomérica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os primeiros ensaios sugerem que esses agentes podem melhorar os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, aliviar a obstrução e promover efeitos benéficos sobre a estrutura cardíaca e a capacidade funcional.</p>
				<p>O Teste de Esforço Cardiopulmonar (TECP) desempenha papel central na avaliação da capacidade funcional de pacientes com CMH-o, fornecendo medidas objetivas, como o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO<sub>2</sub>máx) e a eficiência ventilatória, intimamente correlacionadas com a carga sintomática e a tolerância ao exercício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Paralelamente, parâmetros ecocardiográficos — incluindo espessura do septo interventricular (ESIV), volume do átrio esquerdo e FEVE — constituem indicadores fundamentais da estrutura e da função miocárdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora estudos iniciais sugiram que os IMCs possam promover melhorias nessas medidas, a magnitude e a consistência desses efeitos em ensaios clínicos ainda precisam ser estabelecidas de forma mais robusta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Esta revisão sistemática e metanálise teve como objetivo sintetizar as evidências provenientes de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) sobre os efeitos dos IMCs nos marcadores ecocardiográficos da estrutura e da função ventricular esquerda, bem como nos desfechos do TECP em pacientes com CMH-o.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Protocolo e Registro</title>
					<p>Esta revisão sistemática e metanálise foi conduzida de acordo com as recomendações do Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions e seguiu as diretrizes PRISMA (<italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O protocolo foi registrado prospectivamente no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO), sob o número CRD420251078060.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de elegibilidade</title>
					<p>Foram incluídos ECRs e análises <italic>post hoc</italic> pré-especificadas ou claramente identificadas como derivadas desses ECRs que avaliaram os efeitos dos IMCs em comparação com placebo sobre desfechos relacionados ao TECP e à estrutura e função do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com CMH-o. Não foram aplicadas restrições quanto ao idioma, à data de publicação ou à origem geográfica dos estudos. Foram excluídos estudos com dados incompletos ou indisponíveis, resumos de congressos, cartas ao editor, opiniões de especialistas, relatos de caso, revisões, publicações duplicadas, estudos envolvendo pacientes não tratados e estudos experimentais em animais.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Estratégia de busca e seleção dos estudos</title>
					<p>A busca bibliográfica sistemática foi realizada em maio de 2025 nas bases de dados Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed e Embase. Os termos de busca contemplaram os inibidores da miosina cardíaca e a CMH-o (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">descritos na Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>). A seleção dos estudos foi realizada em duas etapas, utilizando o software Rayyan. Inicialmente, foi conduzida a triagem de títulos e resumos, seguida da avaliação dos textos completos dos estudos potencialmente elegíveis. As duas etapas foram realizadas de forma independente por dois revisores, sendo as divergências resolvidas por consenso ou por um terceiro revisor.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desfechos de interesse</title>
					<p>Os desfechos relacionados à estrutura e à função do ventrículo esquerdo incluíram alterações no gradiente da VSVE em repouso, durante a manobra de Valsalva e após o exercício, em relação à linha de base; alterações na Fração de Ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (FEVE) e no Índice de Massa do Ventrículo Esquerdo (IMVE); além de reduções da ESIV e da relação E/e' septal. Os desfechos do TECP compreenderam a eficiência ventilatória (redução da relação ventilação minuto [VE]/produção de dióxido de carbono [VCO<sub>2</sub>] durante o exercício), a potência circulatória de pico (pVO<sub>2</sub> × pressão arterial sistólica máxima), os equivalentes metabólicos de pico e o tempo de exercício. Sempre que possível, foram realizadas análises de subgrupos estratificadas de acordo com o medicamento utilizado (mavacamten ou aficamten). Dois autores realizaram, de forma independente, a extração dos dados em planilhas do Microsoft Excel, seguida da conferência cruzada dos resultados.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação da qualidade metodológica e do risco de viés</title>
					<p>O risco de viés dos ECRs e das análises post hoc elegíveis derivadas desses estudos foi avaliado por meio da ferramenta Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2), aplicada aos desfechos específicos de interesse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nas análises post hoc, foi dada especial atenção à pré-especificação dos desfechos e ao potencial risco de relato seletivo. As divergências entre os revisores foram resolvidas por consenso ou mediante consulta a um terceiro revisor. Em razão do número reduzido de estudos incluídos, o viés de publicação não foi avaliado formalmente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>Os desfechos contínuos foram analisados por meio de Diferenças Médias (DM), com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC de 95%). A heterogeneidade foi avaliada por meio da estimativa de máxima verossimilhança restrita (<italic>restricted maximum likelihood,</italic> ou <italic>REML</italic>) e da estatística I², sendo considerados indicativos de heterogeneidade substancial valores de I² &gt; 50% ou p &lt; 0,05. As análises combinadas foram realizadas utilizando os modelos de efeitos fixos por variância inversa e de efeitos aleatórios de DerSimonian-Laird, adotando-se nível de significância estatística de p &lt; 0,05. Os resultados foram apresentados por meio de <italic>forest plots</italic>, utilizados para ilustrar os tamanhos de efeito individuais e combinados. As metanálises foram conduzidas no software RStudio (versão 2023.12.1+402), utilizando o pacote meta para síntese e visualização dos dados.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados da pesquisa</title>
					<p>Um total de 1.448 registros foi identificado por meio da busca nas bases de dados. Após a triagem e a avaliação da elegibilidade, cinco ECRs atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, e suas análises post hoc foram incorporadas à metanálise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diagrama de fluxo PRISMA da revisão sistemática e metanálise</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Descrição dos estudos e participantes</title>
					<p>Os estudos incluídos compreenderam um total de 767 participantes, sendo 403 alocados para o grupo IMC e 364 para o grupo placebo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura Central</xref>). Todos os ensaios foram publicados entre 2020 e 2024, e suas principais características estão resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características dos estudos incluídos e dados demográficos basais</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="7%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Estudos</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Número de Participantes</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Homens, %</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Idade, em anos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">†</xref>
									</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Classe funcional NYHA II vs III, %</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">FEVE, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">†</xref>
									</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">VSVE-G em repouso, mm Hg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">†</xref>
									</th>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">IMC</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Placebo</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-HCM</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">123</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">128</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">58.5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">72 vs 28</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">74 vs 26</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">74</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">51</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">EXPLORER-CN</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">75,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">63,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">52,4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">51,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">82 vs 18</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">67 vs 33</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">77,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">77,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">VALOR-HCM</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">51,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">50,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">59,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">60,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">7 vs 93</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">67,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">68,3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">51,2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">46,3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">REDWOOD-HCM</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">13</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">46</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">59</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">61 vs 39</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">85 vs 15</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">††</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">††</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">††</xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">71<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">††</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">SEQUOIA-HCM</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">142</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">140</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">60,6</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">57,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">59,2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">59,0</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">76 vs 24</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">74,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">74,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">54,8</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">55,3</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<label>†</label>
								<p>Média;</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<label>††</label>
								<p>Mediana; IMC: Inibidores da miosina cardíaca; FEVE: Fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VSVE-G: gradiente da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>FEVE</title>
					<p>A FEVE apresentou redução significativa com o uso de IMCs (DM: −4,33%; IC de 95%: −5,33 a −3,33; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 0%), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2A</xref>. O aficamten promoveu redução ligeiramente maior (-5,00; IC de 95%: −6,50 a −3,50) do que o mavacamten (-3,80; IC de 95%: −5,14 a −2,47), sem diferença significativa entre os subgrupos (p = 0,24).</p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Metanálise dos desfechos estruturais do ventrículo esquerdo . Resultados da metanálise para (A) FEVE e (B) IMVE, comparando os inibidores da miosina cardíaca (aficamten e mavacamten) com placebo. As caixas são proporcionais ao peso de cada estudo na análise, e as linhas horizontais representam os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. Os losangos representam as DMs combinadas dos subgrupos e da população total, e sua largura corresponde ao IC de 95%. Valores à esquerda da linha vertical de efeito nulo indicam redução desses parâmetros, favorecendo o tratamento com inibidores da miosina cardíaca. MD: Diferenças médias; SE: Erro padrão; CI: Intervalo de confiança.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>IMVE</title>
					<p>Observou-se redução significativa do IMVE em pacientes tratados com IMCs em comparação com o placebo (DM: −11,96 g/m²; IC de 95%: −17,72 a −6,19; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 68,1%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2B</xref>). A análise de subgrupos mostrou efeitos semelhantes para o aficamten (DM: −12,20; IC de 95%: −12,20; IC de 95%: −17,95 a −6,45) e o mavacamten (DM: −11,49; IC de 95%: −11,49; IC de 95%: −21,56 a −1,42), sem diferença significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,90).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>ESIV</title>
					<p>Os IMCs promoveram redução moderada da ESIV (DMP: −0,98; IC de 95%: −1,51 a −0,46; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 48,3%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3A</xref>). O aficamten (DMP: −1,00; IC de 95%: −12,20; IC de 95%: −1,65 a −0,35) e o mavacamten (DMP: −0,85; IC de 95%: −1,91 a 0,22) não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os subgrupos (p = 0,81).</p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Metanálise dos desfechos estruturais do septo interventricular. Resultados da metanálise para (A) ESIV e (B) relação E/e' septal, comparando os inibidores da miosina cardíaca (aficamten e mavacamten) com placebo. Valores à esquerda da linha vertical de efeito nulo indicam redução da espessura septal e da relação E/e', favorecendo o tratamento com inibidores da miosina cardíaca. SMD: Diferenças médias padronizadas; SE: Erro padrão; CI: Intervalo de confiança.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Relação E/e' septal</title>
					<p>Observou-se redução significativa da relação E/e' septal (DM −3,53; IC de 95%: −4,35 a −2,71; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3B</xref>). O aficamten (-3,60; IC de 95%: −4,75 a −2,45) e o mavacamten (-3,45; IC de 95%: −4,62 a −2,28) produziram resultados comparáveis (p = 0,86).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>VSVE em repouso</title>
					<p>Houve forte evidência de que os IMCs reduziram os gradientes da VSVE em repouso (DM: −37,59 mmHg; IC de 95%: −47,35 a −27,83; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 62,9%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4A</xref>). A análise de sensibilidade (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 1</xref>) confirmou a consistência desse efeito, com DMs combinadas variando de −35,10 a −39,83 mmHg em todas as omissões. A heterogeneidade variou de moderada a substancial (I² = 23,5% a 71,1%), indicando que nenhum estudo exerceu influência desproporcional sobre o resultado global.</p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Metanálise dos desfechos relativos à função ventricular esquerda. Resultados da metanálise para (A) gradiente da VSVE em repouso, (B) gradiente da VSVE durante a manobra de Valsalva e (C) gradiente da VSVE após o exercício, comparando os inibidores da miosina cardíaca (aficamten e mavacamten) com placebo. Valores à esquerda da linha vertical de efeito nulo indicam redução dos gradientes da VSVE, favorecendo o tratamento com inibidores da miosina cardíaca. SD: Desvio padrão; SE: Erro padrão; CI: Intervalo de confiança.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>VSVE durante a manobra de Valsalva</title>
					<p>Observou-se redução combinada dos gradientes da VSVE durante a manobra de Valsalva com o uso de IMCs (DM: −46,45 mmHg; IC de 95%: −60,86 a −32,05; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 76,6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4B</xref>). O aficamten apresentou redução de −40,05 mmHg (IC de 95%: −60,79 a −19,31), enquanto o mavacamten apresentou redução de −51,83 mmHg (IC de 95%: −75,49 a −28,17), sem diferença significativa entre os subgrupos (p = 0,46). A análise <italic>leave-one-out</italic> confirmou a estabilidade dos resultados (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 2</xref>), com efeitos combinados variando de −41,39 a −50,43 mmHg. A heterogeneidade permaneceu de moderada a alta (I² = 50,3% a 83,4%) em todas as iterações.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>VSVE após o exercício</title>
					<p>Houve forte associação entre menores gradientes da VSVE após o exercício e o uso de IMCs (DM: −49,45 mmHg; IC 95%: −74,93 a −23,98; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 84,6%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4C</xref>). A análise <italic>leave-one-out</italic> confirmou a robustez dos resultados (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 3</xref>), com efeitos combinados variando de −56,99 a −37,10 mmHg. A heterogeneidade diminuiu substancialmente (I² = 0%) quando o estudo EXPLORER-CN foi excluído.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Eficiência ventilatória</title>
					<p>Os IMCs melhoraram significativamente a eficiência ventilatória em comparação com o placebo (DM: −2,25; IC de 95%: −2,87 a −1,63; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 0%), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5A</xref>.</p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Metanálise dos desfechos do TECP. Resultados da metanálise para (A) eficiência ventilatória, (B) potência circulatória de pico, (C) equivalentes metabólicos de pico e (D) tempo de exercício, comparando os inibidores da miosina cardíaca com placebo. MD: Diferenças médias; SE: Erro padrão; CI: Intervalo de confiança.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Potência circulatória de pico</title>
					<p>Observou-se aumento significativo da potência circulatória de pico com o uso de IMCs (DM: 482,78 mL/kg/min × mmHg; IC de 95%: 274,05 a 691,51; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 47,7%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5B</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Equivalentes metabólicos de pico</title>
					<p>Os IMCs aumentaram significativamente os equivalentes metabólicos de pico (DM: 0,45; IC de 95%: 0,30 a 0,60; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5C</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tempo de exercício</title>
					<p>A duração do exercício foi significativamente maior com o uso de IMCs (DM: 0,88 minuto; IC de 95%: 0,53 a 1,24; p &lt; 0,01; I² = 0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5D</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação do risco de viés</title>
					<p>Todos os estudos foram classificados como de baixo risco de viés em todos os cinco domínios avaliados. Consequentemente, o risco global de viés foi considerado baixo para todos os estudos. Uma representação visual detalhada da avaliação do risco de viés é apresentada na <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Figura Suplementar 4</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Esta metanálise reúne evidências de alto nível provenientes de ECRs e demonstra que os Inibidores da Miosina Cardíaca (IMCs), especificamente mavacamten e aficamten, promovem melhorias significativas no desempenho cardiopulmonar e nos parâmetros estruturais em pacientes com CMH-o. Esses achados reforçam o potencial dos IMCs como terapias modificadoras da doença, uma vez que atuam diretamente sobre a hipercontratilidade sarcomérica, mecanismo fisiopatológico central da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, diferentemente dos tratamentos convencionais, cujos efeitos decorrem predominantemente da redução da frequência cardíaca ou da contratilidade por mecanismos indiretos.</p>
				<p>A fisiopatologia da CMH-o está intimamente relacionada à presença de variantes patogênicas, principalmente nos genes MYH7 e MYBPC3, que alteram a dinâmica das cabeças de miosina e aumentam a proporção de moléculas no estado desordenado-relaxado (DRX). Como consequência, ocorre aumento da formação de pontes cruzadas actina-miosina, maior atividade ATPásica miocárdica e incremento da força contrátil mesmo em concentrações submáximas de cálcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Esse fenótipo hipercontrátil contribui não apenas para a obstrução dinâmica da VSVE, mas também para o aumento crônico do estresse parietal, desorganização dos miócitos e desenvolvimento de remodelamento hipertrófico maladaptativo, especialmente na região basal do septo interventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os IMCs atuam de forma alostérica sobre o domínio catalítico da cadeia pesada da β-miosina cardíaca, reduzindo o número de cabeças de miosina disponíveis para interação com a actina e favorecendo sua permanência no estado super-relaxado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Dessa forma, reduzem a geração de força de contração e o consumo energético do sarcômero sem interferir diretamente na homeostase do cálcio intracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Esse mecanismo difere substancialmente do observado com agentes convencionais, como betabloqueadores e disopiramida, que reduzem a contratilidade de maneira indireta por meio da modulação adrenérgica ou ionotrópica, frequentemente à custa de efeitos hemodinâmicos sistêmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As reduções expressivas dos gradientes da VSVE em repouso, durante a manobra de Valsalva e após o exercício demonstram atenuação direta da obstrução dinâmica responsável pela sobrecarga hemodinâmica característica da CMH-o. A magnitude dessa redução (-37,6 mmHg em repouso e −46,5 mmHg durante a manobra de Valsalva) é comparável à observada após terapias de redução septal, enquanto a consistência dos resultados nas diferentes condições de avaliação sugere efeito sustentado sobre os gradientes tanto basais quanto provocáveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
				<p>É importante ressaltar que essa redução do gradiente se traduz em um ganho significativo da capacidade funcional. Os IMCs promoveram aumento dos equivalentes metabólicos de pico, da potência circulatória e do tempo de exercício, com baixa heterogeneidade entre os estudos incluídos. Os resultados no TECP refletem de forma integrada a reserva cardíaca, a resposta cronotrópica, a reserva contrátil e a capacidade periférica de utilização de oxigênio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Além disso, observou-se melhora significativa da eficiência ventilatória, um marcador indireto da interação entre circulação pulmonar e função cardíaca esquerda, sugerindo redução das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo e melhora da complacência vascular pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Os IMCs também promoveram reduções estatisticamente e clinicamente significativas da ESIV e do IMVE, reforçando seu potencial de induzir remodelamento cardíaco reverso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> A redução da espessura septal sugere regressão estrutural verdadeira, e não apenas melhora funcional transitória. Esse remodelamento é complementado pela melhora funcional diastólica, evidenciada pela redução da relação E/e' septal, um indicador ecocardiográfico amplamente utilizado para estimar as pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo e avaliar a função diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Considerando a estreita relação entre aumento das pressões de enchimento e sintomas na CMH-o, esses resultados sugerem que os IMCs atuam simultaneamente sobre os componentes obstrutivos e diastólicos da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A discreta redução da FEVE observada com os IMCs deve ser interpretada à luz da fisiopatologia da doença. Pacientes com CMH-o frequentemente apresentam FEVE supranormal (&gt; 70%), reflexo da hipercontratilidade miocárdica e não necessariamente de maior débito cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup>Ao reduzirem a hiperatividade sarcomérica, os IMCs tendem a normalizar a FEVE, mantendo o volume sistólico preservado. É importante ressaltar que nenhum dos estudos incluídos relatou redução da FEVE para valores considerados patológicos (&lt; 50%), indicando que essa diminuição representa efeito farmacodinâmico esperado e não comprometimento da função sistólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> O aficamten demonstrou reduções ligeiramente maiores na FEVE em comparação com o mavacamten, o que pode refletir seu início mais rápido, meia-vida mais curta (~3 dias vs. ~7 dias) e variabilidade interindividual reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As análises de subgrupos não demonstraram diferenças significativas entre mavacamten e aficamten nos desfechos estruturais ou funcionais, reforçando a hipótese de efeito de classe decorrente do mecanismo de ação compartilhado. No entanto, diferenças farmacocinéticas entre os fármacos podem influenciar aspectos práticos do tratamento, especialmente quanto à titulação da dose, necessidade de monitorização ecocardiográfica da FEVE e potencial para interações medicamentosas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> A heterogeneidade foi baixa ou moderada na maior parte das análises. A maior variabilidade observada nos gradientes provocáveis da VSVE provavelmente decorre de diferenças entre os protocolos de provocação utilizados e das características clínicas das populações incluídas, particularmente em relação à magnitude dos gradientes basais. As análises <italic>leave-one-out</italic> confirmaram a robustez das estimativas combinadas e reforçaram a consistência dos resultados.</p>
				<p>Em conjunto, os achados desta metanálise fortalecem o papel dos IMCs como terapias capazes de atuar diretamente sobre a fisiopatologia da CMH-o, constituindo alternativa farmacológica promissora para pacientes com obstrução persistente e limitação sintomática apesar do tratamento clínico otimizado, podendo, em casos selecionados, reduzir a necessidade de terapias invasivas de redução septal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Considerando seus efeitos sobre remodelamento cardíaco, função ventricular e capacidade funcional, esses fármacos podem futuramente desempenhar papel na intervenção precoce de indivíduos portadores de variantes genéticas de alto risco ou com expressão fenotípica inicial da doença, hipótese que ainda depende de confirmação em estudos prospectivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Além disso, os IMCs podem ser particularmente úteis em pacientes inelegíveis ou que não desejam se submeter à ablação septal ou miotomia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Entretanto, em razão do potencial de redução excessiva da FEVE, permanece fundamental a monitorização ecocardiográfica seriada durante a titulação e o acompanhamento terapêutico.</p>
				<p>Algumas limitações devem ser consideradas. Em primeiro lugar, o número de ECRs incluídos ainda é reduzido, e o tempo de seguimento foi relativamente curto, impossibilitando conclusões sobre desfechos de longo prazo, como insuficiência cardíaca, fibrilação atrial e morte cardíaca súbita. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos excluiu pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada (classe funcional III ou IV da NYHA), obstrução mesoventricular ou variantes apicais da doença, limitando a extrapolação dos resultados para essas populações. Estudos futuros deverão avaliar marcadores de fibrose miocárdica e volume extracelular, incorporar análises estratificadas por genótipo e investigar estratégias terapêuticas combinadas, como a associação de IMCs a bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona ou agentes antifibróticos. Registros de longo prazo também serão fundamentais para definir a segurança, a durabilidade da resposta clínica e a relação custo-efetividade dessa estratégia terapêutica.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Os inibidores da miosina cardíaca promovem melhora significativa da capacidade funcional e induzem remodelamento cardíaco favorável em pacientes com CMH-o, ao atuarem diretamente sobre a hipercontratilidade sarcomérica, principal mecanismo fisiopatológico da doença. Esta metanálise demonstra que mavacamten e aficamten reduzem de forma consistente os gradientes da VSVE, melhoram parâmetros ecocardiográficos de estrutura e função, favorecem a função diastólica e aumentam o desempenho ao exercício, sem diferenças significativas entre os agentes avaliados. Em conjunto, esses achados reforçam o papel dos inibidores da miosina cardíaca como terapias modificadoras da doença na CMH-o. No entanto, estudos com acompanhamento em longo prazo e populações mais heterogêneas ainda são necessários para confirmar a durabilidade dos benefícios observados e definir seu impacto sobre desfechos clínicos de maior relevância.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec id="sec2" sec-type="supplementary-material">
				<title>*Material suplementar</title>
				<supplementary-material id="suppl2">
					<label>Material suplementar</label>
					<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260077-Supp01-pt.pdf"/>
					<p>Para informação adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12307/2026-0077_appendix.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
				</supplementary-material>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>