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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">01401</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260075i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach To: Bow Hunter's Syndrome</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Visconti</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Bahiense</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>obtaining financing</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Rede D’Or</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Rede D’Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Clínica Fonte Imagem</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Clínica Fonte Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Rodrigo Bahiense Visconti</bold> • Rede D’Or. Rua João Borges, 204. CEP: <postal-code>20941-150</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil E-mail: <email>Rodrigobvisconti@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>03</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260075</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Bow hunter's syndrome (BHS) is a rare and underdiagnosed condition characterized by mechanical compression or temporary occlusion of the vertebral artery due to lateral rotation or hyperextension of the neck. This mechanical stress occurs predominantly in the V3 segment (C1–C2 level) because of its high degree of mobility.</p>
				<p>The pathophysiology involves two main mechanisms – hemodynamic, in which extreme rotation immediately reduces local blood flow and causes paroxysmal symptoms (the triad of vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance) that resolve once the head returns to the neutral position; and thromboembolic, triggered by repeated microtrauma and chronic endothelial injury, which may lead to thrombus formation or dissections and result in cerebellar or brainstem infarctions.</p>
				<p>Definitive diagnosis is based on dynamic digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and computed tomography angiography (CTA). However, dynamic vascular Doppler serves as an excellent non-invasive screening method, capable of recording critical real-time hemodynamic changes through positional maneuvers, such as a greater than 50% drop in peak systolic velocity (PSV) or disappearance of diastolic flow.</p>
				<p>Therapeutic management varies according to severity. Mild cases are treated conservatively with a cervical collar, behavioral modifications, and antiplatelet therapy. Surgical interventions – such as decompression via osteophytectomy or cervical arthrodesis – and specific endovascular treatments are strictly reserved for patients with refractory symptoms or high risk of stroke.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Vertebral Artery</kwd>
				<kwd>Rare Diseases</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<fig id="f3">
			<caption>
				<title>Top left: CT angiography of the vertebral artery at rest demonstrating normal opacification. Bottom left: Vertebral Doppler ultrasound at rest showing normal blood flow. Top right: CT angiography with contralateral neck rotation demonstrating arterial compression between C1 and C2. Bottom right: Doppler ultrasound with contralateral neck rotation demonstrating a staccato flow pattern.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-gf03.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Bow hunter's syndrome (BHS), also known as rotational vertebral artery syndrome or rotational occlusion of the vertebral artery, is a rare and underdiagnosed condition in clinical practice, classified among the compressive syndromes of the vertebrobasilar system. It is characterized by compression or occlusion of the vertebral artery during lateral head rotation, resulting in transient or permanent neurological deficits.</p>
			<p>The name derives from the posture adopted by archers when shooting arrows, during which they perform a vigorous rotation of the neck. An important variant of BHS occurs due to hyperextension of the head, known as the beauty parlor stroke syndrome, described in relation to the position assumed during hair washing in salon sinks.<sup>12</sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Incidence</title>
				<p>The exact incidence of BHS remains unknown in the general population due to its dynamic nature and the high rate of underdiagnosis. It is more frequent among individuals aged 50 to 79 years, with a male predominance of approximately 2:1. However, it may occur at any age, including in children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pathophysiology</title>
				<p>To understand the pathophysiology of BHS, it is necessary to correlate the anatomical course of the vertebral artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) – traditionally divided into four segments – with its specific mechanical vulnerabilities during cervical kinematics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Segments of the vertebral artery; bottom left: V1 segment; bottom right: V2 segment; top left: V3 segment (the most frequent site); top right: V4 segment.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<table-wrap id="t1" position="float">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Flow patterns observed on vascular Doppler in BHS. PSV: Peak Systolic Velocity; EDV: End-Diastolic Velocity; RI: Resistive Index; AT: Acceleration Time; BHS: Bow Hunter's syndrome.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="void" rules="none">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-t01.tif"/>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>The V3 segment, due to its anatomical particularities, is the most frequently affected site. This occurs because the hypermobility of the atlantoaxial joint (C1–C2) accounts for approximately 50% of total cervical rotation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> making this region particularly susceptible to dynamic compression of the vertebral artery.</p>
				<p>Arterial dominance is another critical factor: compression of a dominant vertebral artery carries a greater potential for hemodynamic repercussions, especially when associated with hypoplasia of the contralateral vessel.</p>
				<p>Two pathophysiological mechanisms may occur either independently or simultaneously. The hemodynamic mechanism manifests when extreme cervical rotation (generally greater than 60°) causes mechanical compression and an immediate reduction in blood flow. This drop in perfusion compromises the most vulnerable regions of the posterior circulation, resulting in transient neurological symptoms, which resolve as soon as the head returns to the neutral position and the vessel regains its patency. The severity of symptoms is directly related to the degree of dynamic stenosis, the presence of contralateral hypoplasia, and the efficiency of the circle of Willis in compensating for the deficit through the posterior communicating arteries.</p>
				<p>The thromboembolic mechanism, in turn, is associated with chronic structural damage to the arterial endothelium. Mechanical stress and repeated compression of the vertebral artery produce endothelial microtrauma, culminating in subintimal dissections or mural thrombi. These may give rise to distal embolization, causing cerebellar or brainstem infarctions, even without sustained cervical rotation. This phenomenon is particularly observed in the pediatric population, in which cervical hypermobility predisposes to arterial dissections after minimal trauma or abrupt rotational movements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The clinical presentation of BHS is typically paroxysmal and strictly related to head position. The classic symptomatology consists of a triad of vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance triggered by lateral rotation of the neck, and may also include syncope, diplopia, auditory disturbances, or infarcts within the posterior circulation.</p>
				<p>The differential diagnoses include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Ménière's disease, and vestibular migraine, which makes it imperative to investigate transient symptoms triggered exclusively by cervical rotation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnosis</title>
				<p>The gold standard for diagnosis is dynamic digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Dynamic computed tomography angiography (CTA) also plays an important role, as it allows three-dimensional reconstruction, assessment of the stenotic segment, and identification of the anatomical structure responsible for the compression.</p>
				<p>Dynamic vascular Doppler emerges, in this context, as a highly effective screening tool, as it is an accessible, low-cost, radiation-free method that does not require contrast administration. The dynamic nature of the examination allows real-time assessment of the vessel's hemodynamic behavior.</p>
				<p>The examination should be performed with the patient in a neutral position and in maximum contralateral rotation, evaluating both vertebral arteries, preferably in the V1 and V2 segments and, when accessible, V3. Neck flexion and extension may be combined with rotation to enhance the maneuver.</p>
				<p>It is essential to maintain the position for 30 to 60 seconds to increase the sensitivity of the test, since flow alterations may exhibit a latency period. Whenever possible, the patient should be asked to adopt the exact position that typically triggers the symptoms.</p>
				<p>Although the greatest point of arterial stretching occurs at the C1–C2 level during contralateral rotation combined with extension, some authors suggest measuring flow in up to nine different positions, combining neutral position, flexion, extension, and ipsilateral and contralateral rotations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>During the procedure, velocities and flow patterns are recorded in the neutral position for later comparison during the maneuvers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Flow variations with a reduction greater than 50% in peak systolic velocity (PSV) are indicative of significant compression. End-diastolic velocity (EDV) often shows a marked reduction; however, the most robust criterion is the complete disappearance of diastolic flow during rotation, which reflects increased downstream vascular resistance due to distal vessel occlusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Vascular Doppler of the V2 segment performed in the neutral position (left), demonstrating normal flow; on the right, the same patient shows staccato-pattern flow after contralateral rotation maneuver.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Vascular resistance rises considerably during distal compression maneuvers and decreases during proximal ones. In severe cases, complete absence of flow may be observed, consistent with total occlusion. Another detectable parameter is reactive hyperemia, characterized by an increase greater than 10% in flow velocities after returning to the neutral position. Contralateral evaluation is mandatory, given the risk of bilateral involvement.</p>
				<p>The flow pattern obtained provides information not only about the presence of compression but also about the segment involved. In proximal compressions, a dampened (<italic>tardus-parvus</italic>) pattern is observed, with increased acceleration time and reduced peak velocity. At the exact point of compression, turbulence with elevated velocities may occur. In distal segments, there may be absence of flow, reduced systolic and diastolic velocities with increased resistance index (RI), or a staccato-type pattern (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2" position="float">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>natomical segments of the vertebral artery and main causes of obstruction in BHS.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="void" rules="none">
						<colgroup width="100%">
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">
									<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-t02.tif"/>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>The reproduction of neurological symptoms during the maneuvers, with immediate reversal upon returning to the neutral position, supports the positivity of the test.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Treatment</title>
				<p>The therapeutic management of BHS must be individualized based on the severity of symptoms, the risk of stroke, and the presence of cervical instability.</p>
				<p>In patients with mild, infrequent symptoms and no structural neurological lesions, conservative management is the first-line approach. This strategy is based on behavioral modifications (avoiding the triggering position) or the use of a cervical collar. Antithrombotic therapy with antiplatelet agents (such as aspirin or clopidogrel) is indicated to prevent thromboembolic events resulting from endothelial injury. Although safe, conservative treatment shows effectiveness in controlling limiting symptoms or reducing stroke risk in only about 50% of cases.</p>
				<p>Endovascular treatment remains controversial, as BHS results from an extrinsic compressive force that may flatten or fracture the stent structure, especially when the V3 segment is involved. Therefore, this approach should be reserved for highly selected cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Surgical intervention is indicated for severe or refractory cases. It consists of decompression through osteophytectomy (removal of osteophytes), a procedure that generally preserves cervical range of motion, although it carries a risk of recurrence due to postoperative fibrosis.</p>
				<p>An alternative is cervical arthrodesis, which shows the highest success rate in preventing permanent neurological events; however, it imposes a definitive limitation on neck mobility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>BHS is a neglected and frequently underdiagnosed condition capable of causing severe limitations and permanent neurological sequelae, making early diagnosis crucial. Vascular Doppler, due to its wide availability and reproducibility, has become an indispensable tool for screening suspected patients, especially those with neurological symptoms closely related to changes in cervical position.</p>
			<p>Clinical suspicion in cases of syncope without an apparent cause is essential, and routine dynamic positional maneuvers should be incorporated into cervical vascular examination protocols. Although methods such as dynamic CTA and DSA remain crucial for anatomical mapping and final therapeutic planning, Doppler plays a decisive role in optimizing and guiding the indication for these invasive examinations.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yoshimoto</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ihara</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
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					<article-title>New Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Covert Bow Hunter's Syndrome</article-title>
					<source>Int J Med Sci</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
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					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7150/ijms.56442</pub-id>
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				<mixed-citation>5 Kimihira L, Yoshimoto T, Ihara M. New Diagnostic Algorithm for Detection of Covert Bow Hunter's Syndrome. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(10):2162-5. doi: 10.7150/ijms.56442.</mixed-citation>
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							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
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							<surname>Colasurdo</surname>
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							<surname>Costa</surname>
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						<name>
							<surname>Kan</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
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					<article-title>Endovascular Management of Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenosis</article-title>
					<source>J Neurointerv Surg</source>
					<year>2025</year>
					<volume>18</volume>
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					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jnis-2024-022618</pub-id>
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				<mixed-citation>6 Chen H, Colasurdo M, Costa ML, Kan P. Endovascular Management of Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenosis. J Neurointerv Surg. 2025;18(1):3-7. doi: 10.1136/jnis-2024-022618.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260075</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço: Síndrome de <italic>Bow Hunter</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Visconti</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Bahiense</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Rede D’Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Clínica Fonte Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Rodrigo Bahiense Visconti</bold> • Rede D’Or. Rua João Borges, 204. CEP: <postal-code>20941-150</postal-code>. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil E-mail: <email>Rodrigobvisconti@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A síndrome de <italic>bow hunter</italic> (SBH) é uma condição rara e subdiagnosticada, caracterizada pela compressão mecânica ou oclusão temporária da artéria vertebral devido à rotação lateral ou hiperextensão do pescoço. Esse estresse mecânico ocorre de forma predominante no segmento V3 (nível C1-C2) devido à grande mobilidade local.</p>
				<p>A fisiopatologia envolve dois mecanismos principais: o hemodinâmico, em que a rotação extrema reduz de imediato o fluxo sanguíneo local e causa sintomas paroxísticos (tríade de vertigem, tontura e desequilíbrio) que desaparecem com o retorno da cabeça à posição neutra; e o tromboembólico, desencadeado por microtraumas repetidos e lesões crônicas no endotélio vascular, o que pode originar trombos ou dissecções e culminar em infartos cerebelares ou no tronco encefálico.</p>
				<p>O diagnóstico definitivo baseia-se na angiografia por subtração digital (ASD) dinâmica e na angiotomografia computadorizada (AngioTC). Contudo, o Doppler vascular dinâmico atua como um excelente método não invasivo de triagem, capaz de registrar, em tempo real, variações hemodinâmicas críticas por meio de manobras posicionais, como a redução superior a 50% da velocidade de pico sistólico (VPS) ou o desaparecimento do fluxo diastólico.</p>
				<p>A abordagem terapêutica varia conforme a gravidade. Casos leves recebem tratamento conservador, com colar cervical, modificações comportamentais e antiagregantes plaquetários. Intervenções cirúrgicas – como a descompressão por osteofitectomia ou a artrodese cervical – e tratamentos endovasculares específicos são estritamente reservados a pacientes com sintomas refratários ou alto risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Artéria Vertebral</kwd>
				<kwd>Doenças Raras</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<fig id="f6">
				<caption>
					<title>À esquerda acima AngioTC da artéria vertebral em repouso com enchimento normal, esquerda abaixo fluxo vertebral em repouso normal, direita acima AngioTC com rotação contralateral do pescoço demonstrando compressão arterial entre C1 e C2, direita abaixo Doppler com rotação contralateral demonstrando fluxo com padrão Staccato.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-gf03-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A síndrome de <italic>bow hunter</italic> (SBH), também conhecida como síndrome da artéria vertebral rotacional ou oclusão rotacional da artéria vertebral, é uma condição rara e subdiagnosticada na prática clínica, classificada entre as síndromes compressivas do sistema vertebrobasilar. Caracteriza-se pela compressão ou oclusão da artéria vertebral durante a rotação lateral da cabeça, resultando em déficits neurológicos transitórios ou permanentes.</p>
				<p>O nome deriva da postura adotada por arqueiros ao dispararem flechas, momento em que realizam uma rotação vigorosa do pescoço. Uma variante importante da SBH ocorre por hiperextensão da cabeça, conhecida como síndrome do salão de beleza (<italic>beauty parlor stroke syndrome</italic>), descrita em razão da posição assumida durante a lavagem dos cabelos em lavatórios de salões.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Incidência</title>
					<p>A incidência exata da SBH permanece desconhecida na população geral devido à sua natureza dinâmica e ao elevado índice de subdiagnóstico. É mais frequente em indivíduos entre 50 e 79 anos de idade, com predomínio no sexo masculino na proporção de 2:1. No entanto, pode manifestar-se em qualquer faixa etária, inclusive em crianças.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fisiopatologia</title>
					<p>Para compreender a fisiopatologia da SBH, é necessário correlacionar o trajeto anatômico da artéria vertebral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>) – tradicionalmente dividido em quatro segmentos – com suas vulnerabilidades mecânicas específicas durante a cinemática cervical (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Segmentos da artéria vertebral; esquerda abaixo: segmento V1; direita abaixo: segmento V2; esquerda acima: segmento V3 (local mais frequente); e direita acima: segmento V4.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<table-wrap id="t3" position="float">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Padrões de fluxo encontrados ao Doppler vascular na SBH. VPS: Velocidade de Pico Sistólico; VDF: Velocidade Diastólica Final; MO: Morfologia da Onda; IR: Índice de Resistência; TA: Tempo de Aceleração; SBH: síndrome de bow hunter.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="void" rules="none">
							<colgroup width="100%">
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">
										<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-t01-pt.tif"/>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>O segmento V3, devido às suas particularidades anatômicas, é o ponto de acometimento mais frequente. Isso ocorre porque a hipermobilidade da articulação atlantoaxial (C1–C2) é responsável por aproximadamente 50% da rotação cervical total,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> tornando essa região especialmente suscetível à compressão dinâmica da artéria vertebral.</p>
					<p>A dominância arterial é outro fator crítico: a compressão de uma artéria vertebral dominante apresenta maior potencial de repercussão hemodinâmica, especialmente quando associada à hipoplasia do vaso contralateral.</p>
					<p>Dois mecanismos fisiopatológicos podem ocorrer de forma isolada ou concomitante. O mecanismo hemodinâmico manifesta-se quando a rotação cervical extrema (geralmente superior a 60°) provoca compressão mecânica e redução imediata do fluxo sanguíneo. Essa queda de perfusão compromete as regiões mais vulneráveis do território posterior, resultando em sintomas neurológicos transitórios, que cessam assim que a cabeça retorna à posição neutra e o vaso recupera sua patência. A gravidade dos sintomas está diretamente relacionada ao grau de estenose dinâmica, à presença de hipoplasia contralateral e à eficiência do polígono de Willis em compensar o déficit por meio das artérias comunicantes posteriores.</p>
					<p>O mecanismo tromboembólico, por sua vez, associa-se a danos estruturais crônicos do endotélio arterial. O estresse mecânico e a compressão repetida sobre a artéria vertebral geram microtraumas endoteliais, culminando em dissecções subíntimas ou trombos murais. Estes podem originar embolia distal, provocando infartos cerebelares ou do tronco encefálico, mesmo sem a manutenção da rotação cervical. Esse fenômeno é particularmente observado na população pediátrica, na qual a hipermobilidade cervical predispõe a dissecções arteriais após traumas mínimos ou movimentos rotacionais bruscos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O quadro clínico da SBH é tipicamente paroxístico e estritamente relacionado à posição da cabeça. A sintomatologia clássica constitui a tríade de vertigem, tontura e desequilíbrio iniciada pela rotação lateral do pescoço, podendo cursar também com síncope, diplopia, alterações auditivas ou infartos em território de circulação posterior.</p>
					<p>Os diagnósticos diferenciais incluem a vertigem posicional paroxística benign), a síndrome de Menière e a enxaqueca vestibular, o que torna imperativa a investigação de sintomas transitórios deflagrados exclusivamente pela rotação cervical.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Diagnóstico</title>
					<p>O padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico é a angiografia por subtração digital (ASD) dinâmica. A angiotomografia computadorizada (AngioTC) dinâmica também desempenha papel relevante, pois possibilita a reconstrução tridimensional, a avaliação do segmento estenosado e a identificação da estrutura anatômica responsável pela compressão.</p>
					<p>O Doppler vascular dinâmico surge, nesse contexto, como uma ferramenta de triagem altamente eficaz, por ser um método acessível, de baixo custo, livre de radiação ionizante e que dispensa o uso de meio de contraste. O caráter dinâmico do exame permite avaliar, em tempo real, o comportamento hemodinâmico do vaso.</p>
					<p>O exame deve ser realizado com o paciente em posição neutra e em rotação máxima contralateral, avaliando-se ambas as artérias vertebrais, preferencialmente nos segmentos V1, V2 e, quando acessível, V3. A flexão e a extensão do pescoço podem ser associadas à rotação para potencializar a manobra.</p>
					<p>É fundamental manter a posição por 30 a 60 segundos para aumentar a sensibilidade do teste, uma vez que as alterações de fluxo podem apresentar período de latência. Sempre que possível, deve-se solicitar ao paciente que adote a posição exata que costuma desencadear os sintomas.</p>
					<p>Embora o maior ponto de distensão da artéria ocorra ao nível de C1-C2 durante a rotação contralateral associada à extensão, alguns autores sugerem a aferição dos fluxos em até nove posições distintas, combinando posição neutra, flexão, extensão e rotações ipsilaterais e contralaterais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Durante o procedimento, registram-se as velocidades e o padrão de fluxo na posição neutra para posterior comparação durante as manobras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Variações de fluxo com redução superior a 50% na velocidade de pico sistólico (VPS) são indicativas de compressão significativa. A velocidade diastólica final (VDF) costuma apresentar redução importante; contudo, o critério mais robusto é o desaparecimento completo do fluxo diastólico durante a rotação, o que traduz o aumento da resistência vascular a jusante pela oclusão distal do vaso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura central</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Doppler vascular do segmento V2 realizado em posição neutra (à esquerda), demonstrando fluxo normal; à direita, observa-se no mesmo paciente fluxo com padrão Staccato após manobra de rotação contralateral.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>A resistência vascular eleva-se consideravelmente nas manobras de compressão distal e reduz-se nas proximais. Em casos graves, observa-se ausência completa de fluxo por oclusão total. Outro parâmetro detectável é a hiperemia reativa, caracterizada pelo incremento superior a 10% nas velocidades de fluxo após o retorno à posição neutra. A investigação contralateral é mandatória, dado o risco de acometimento bilateral.</p>
					<p>O padrão de fluxo obtido fornece subsídios não apenas sobre a presença da compressão, mas também sobre o segmento envolvido. Em compressões proximais, observa-se um padrão amortecido (<italic>tardus parvus</italic>), com aumento do tempo de aceleração e redução da velocidade de pico. No ponto exato da compressão, pode haver turbulência com elevação das velocidades. Nos segmentos distais, verifica-se ausência de fluxo, redução das velocidades de pico e diastólica com aumento do índice de resistência (IR), ou o padrão do tipo Staccato (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
					<table-wrap id="t4" position="float">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Segmentos anatômicos da artéria vertebral é principais causas de obstrução na SBH.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="void" rules="none">
							<colgroup width="100%">
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">
										<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260075-t02-pt.tif"/>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>A reprodução de sintomas neurológicos durante as manobras, com reversão imediata ao retornar à posição neutra, corrobora a positividade do teste.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Tratamento</title>
					<p>O manejo terapêutico da SBH deve ser individualizado com base na gravidade dos sintomas, no risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e na presença de instabilidade cervical.</p>
					<p>Em pacientes com sintomas leves, infrequentes e sem lesões neurológicas estruturais, a conduta conservadora é a primeira escolha. Essa baseia-se em modificações comportamentais (como evitar a posição desencadeante) ou no uso de colar cervical. A terapia antitrombótica com antiagregantes plaquetários (como aspirina ou clopidogrel) é indicada para prevenir eventos tromboembólicos decorrentes da lesão endotelial. Apesar de ser uma abordagem segura, o tratamento conservador demonstra eficácia no controle dos sintomas limitantes ou na redução do risco de AVC em apenas cerca de 50% dos casos.</p>
					<p>O tratamento endovascular permanece controverso, pois a SBH decorre de uma força compressiva extrínseca que pode achatar ou fraturar a estrutura do <italic>stent</italic>, especialmente quando há envolvimento do segmento V3. Portanto, essa abordagem deve ser reservada para casos altamente selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A intervenção cirúrgica é indicada para casos graves ou refratários. Consiste na descompressão por osteofitectomia (remoção de osteófitos), procedimento que geralmente preserva a amplitude do movimento cervical, embora apresente risco de recidiva devido à formação de fibroses pós-operatórias.</p>
					<p>Uma alternativa é a artrodese cervical, que apresenta a maior taxa de sucesso na prevenção de fenômenos neurológicos permanentes; contudo, impõe uma limitação definitiva da mobilidade do pescoço.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A SBH é uma doença negligenciada e frequentemente subdiagnosticada, capaz de impor limitações graves e sequelas neurológicas permanentes aos pacientes, o que torna o seu diagnóstico precoce crucial. O Doppler vascular, devido à sua ampla disponibilidade e reprodutibilidade, consolida-se como uma ferramenta indispensável na triagem de pacientes suspeitos, principalmente aqueles com sintomas neurológicos intimamente relacionados a mudanças na posição cervical.</p>
				<p>A suspeição clínica em quadros de síncope sem causa aparente é fundamental, devendo-se incorporar manobras posicionais dinâmicas de rotina aos protocolos de exames vasculares cervicais. Embora métodos como a AngioTC dinâmica e a ASD permaneçam cruciais para o mapeamento anatômico e planejamento terapêutico final, o Doppler desempenha papel decisivo ao otimizar e direcionar a indicação desses exames invasivos.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>