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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">03401</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260069i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Image</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Beyond the Appendage: Left Atrial Wall Thrombosis in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2792-7076</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Resende</surname>
						<given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8250-5878</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carlos</surname>
						<given-names>Tomás</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4998-2247</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Teixeira</surname>
						<given-names>Rogério</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9255-3064</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gonçalves</surname>
						<given-names>Lino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Coimbra – Portugal</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra – Portugal</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra – Portugal</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Bernardo Resende</bold> • Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra. Praceta Professor Mota Pinto Coimbra. Postal code: <postal-code>3004-561</postal-code>. Coimbra – Portugal E-mail: <email>bernardoresende028@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>04</day>
				<month>08</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260069</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="4"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>A 61-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic valvular heart disease and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF), chronically anticoagulated with rivaroxaban, presented with acute ischemic stroke and bilateral upper-limb ischemia. Neuroimaging revealed an acute infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory and a subacute infarction in the left posterior cerebral artery territory (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Doppler ultrasound confirmed arterial occlusion in both upper limbs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
		<fig id="f1">
			<label>Figure 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Multimodality imaging findings; A) Brain computed tomography performed three days after admission showing an evolved cortico-subcortical ischemic lesion in the right temporoparietal region; B) Upper-limb arterial Doppler ultrasound of the right subclavian artery demonstrating arterial occlusion; C) Transesophageal echocardiography showing the LA appendage with marked spontaneous echocardiographic contrast and no organized thrombus; D) Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of the mitral valve demonstrating features of rheumatic mitral stenosis, with spectral Doppler findings consistent with significant valvular obstruction; E) Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic image demonstrating a large mural thrombus adherent to the lateral and posterior walls of the left atrium, measuring up to 37 mm in its longest axis; F) Live three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic imaging of the LA mural thrombus</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260069-gf01.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<p>Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated marked left atrial (LA) enlargement, dense spontaneous echocardiographic contrast within the left atrial appendage (LAA), and reduced appendage flow velocities, without evidence of an organized thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>). The mitral valve exhibited features consistent with chronic rheumatic disease, with an estimated valve area of 1.0 cm² (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>). Notably, two- and three-dimensional imaging identified a large mural thrombus adherent to the LA wall, extending along the lateral and posterior walls and measuring approximately 4 × 0.8 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1E-F</xref>; Supplementary Videos 1-3).</p>
		<p>Three months after hospital discharge, the patient remains enrolled in a rehabilitation program, with persistent severe motor and cognitive deficits.</p>
		<p>LA mural thrombus is an uncommon finding, reported in approximately 2.7% of anticoagulated patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although oral anticoagulation reduces thromboembolic risk, the INVICTUS trial demonstrated superior outcomes with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) compared with rivaroxaban in patients with rheumatic heart disease–associated AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
		<p>This case highlights a rare but clinically significant presentation of LA mural thrombus and reinforces current recommendations favoring VKA therapy in rheumatic AF. Importantly, it underscores that cardioembolic sources may extend beyond the LAA.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260069</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Imagem</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Além do Apêndice: Trombose da Parede Atrial Esquerda na Estenose Mitral Reumática</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2792-7076</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Resende</surname>
						<given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8250-5878</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carlos</surname>
						<given-names>Tomás</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4998-2247</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Teixeira</surname>
						<given-names>Rogério</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9255-3064</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gonçalves</surname>
						<given-names>Lino</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Coimbra – Portugal</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra – Portugal</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="PT">Portugal</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra – Portugal</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Bernardo Resende</bold> • Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra. Praceta Professor Mota Pinto Coimbra. CEP: <postal-code>3004-561</postal-code>. Coimbra – Portugal E-mail: <email>bernardoresende028@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Estenose da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Fibrilação Atrial</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Uma mulher de 61 anos, com histórico de doença valvar reumática e fibrilação atrial (FA) permanente, em anticoagulação crônica com rivaroxabana, apresentou-se com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico agudo e isquemia bilateral de membros superiores. A neuroimagem revelou um infarto agudo no território da artéria cerebral média direita e um infarto subagudo no território da artéria cerebral posterior esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>). O Doppler ultrassonográfico confirmou oclusão arterial em ambos os membros superiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Achados de imagem em multimodalidade; A) Tomografia computadorizada de crânio realizada três dias após a admissão, mostrando lesão isquêmica córtico-subcortical evoluída na região temporoparietal direita; B) Ultrassom Doppler arterial de membro superior, evidenciando oclusão da artéria subclávia direita; C) Ecocardiografia transesofágica mostrando o AAE com contraste espontâneo marcado e ausência de trombo organizado; D) Avaliação transesofágica da valva mitral demonstrando características de estenose mitral reumática, com achados no Doppler espectral compatíveis com obstrução valvar significativa; E) Imagem bidimensional transesofágica demonstrando grande trombo mural aderido às paredes lateral e posterior do AE, medindo até 37 mm em seu maior eixo; F) Imagem tridimensional em tempo real da ecocardiografia transesofágica mostrando o trombo mural no AE</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260069-gf01-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>A ecocardiografia transesofágica demonstrou acentuado aumento do átrio esquerdo (AE), contraste espontâneo denso no apêndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) e redução das velocidades de esvaziamento do apêndice, sem evidência de trombo organizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>). A valva mitral apresentava características compatíveis com doença reumática crônica, com área valvar estimada em 1,0 cm² (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>). Vale destacar que as imagens bidimensionais e tridimensionais identificaram um grande trombo mural aderido à parede do AE, estendendo-se pelas paredes lateral e posterior e medindo aproximadamente 4 × 0,8 cm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1E–F</xref>; Vídeos Suplementares 1–3).</p>
			<p>Três meses após a alta hospitalar, a paciente permanece em um programa de reabilitação, com déficits motores e cognitivos graves persistentes.</p>
			<p>A trombose mural do AE é um achado incomum, relatado em aproximadamente 2,7% dos pacientes com FA em uso de anticoagulação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora a anticoagulação oral reduza o risco tromboembólico, o estudo INVICTUS demonstrou desfechos superiores com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) em comparação com rivaroxabana em pacientes com FA associada à doença cardíaca reumática.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Este caso destaca uma apresentação rara, porém clinicamente relevante, de trombo mural no AE e reforça as recomendações atuais que favorecem o uso de AVK na FA reumática. De forma importante, evidencia que as fontes cardioembólicas podem se estender além do AAE.</p>
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