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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260059i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Correlating Invasive and Echocardiographic Hemodynamic Measures in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1568-5124</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbato</surname>
						<given-names>João Pedro da Rosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>obtaining financing</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scolari</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Machado</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7116-6193</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amon</surname>
						<given-names>André Barcellos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2402-2565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Crivelaro</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Castilhos de Freitas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8289-7357</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Menegazzo</surname>
						<given-names>Willian R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5671-1453</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Berger</surname>
						<given-names>Solano Vinicius</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1989-1670</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7102-6644</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valle</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe Homem</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7596-2827</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wainstein</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Vugman</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Unimed Grande Florianópolis</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital da Unimed Grande Florianópolis, Florianópolis, RS – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Maling Address:</label><bold>João Pedro da Rosa da Rosa Barbato</bold> • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal code: <postal-code>90410-000</postal-code>. Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil E-mail: <email>jpdarosa94@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>03</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260059</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background:</title>
					<p>The management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has advanced with the use of invasive hemodynamic markers such as cardiac power output (CPO) and pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPI). Simultaneously, interest has grown in noninvasive prognostic indicators, especially the left ventricular outflow tract velocity–time integral (LVOT-VTI).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p>This study aimed to assess the correlation between invasive and echocardiographic parameters, particularly CPO, PAPI, and LVOT-VTI, in patients with HFrEF.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods:</title>
					<p>This cross-sectional, single-center study included inpatients and outpatients with chronic stable or acutely decompensated HFrEF. Individuals with cardiogenic shock (CS) were excluded. Right heart catheterization (RHC) and echocardiography were performed on the same day. Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results:</title>
					<p>Significant correlations were observed between invasive and echocardiographic CPO (r = 0.737, p &lt; 0.001) and PAPI (r = 0.604, p &lt; 0.05). LVOT-VTI showed significant correlation with CPO measured via pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) (r = 0.469, p &lt; 0.01). Echocardiographic PAPI was measurable in only 16 patients. A sensitivity analysis of those receiving inotropes showed an even stronger correlation between invasive and echocardiographic CPO (r = 0.812, p = 0.005).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p>Echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic parameters showed significant correlations in HFrEF, particularly CPO, supporting echocardiography as a potential alternative for hemodynamic assessment. However, the low feasibility of noninvasive PAPI measurement highlights important limitations in this population.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Systolic Heart Failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Hemodynamic Monitoring</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> This study was funded by the Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (FIPE).</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Heart failure (HF) is a growing global health issue, affecting an estimated 60 million people worldwide. Advancements in cardiac care and improved patient survival have contributed to the rising prevalence of this syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The use of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) for hemodynamic assessment remains a cornerstone in HF management. These invasive measurements are essential for diagnosing and optimizing treatment strategies in both chronic and decompensated HF, providing insights into disease progression and therapeutic response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> PAC use has increased in recent years, guided by a systematic approach that prioritizes parameters with the greatest prognostic impact, such as cardiac power output (CPO) and pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPI). These hemodynamic parameters have become essential tools in determining the need for mechanical circulatory support in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although initially studied in CS, CPO and PAPI also have significant prognostic value in chronic and acutely decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Research on noninvasive measures with prognostic value in patients with heart disease has also expanded, aiming to shorten evaluation time and improve safety. Among echocardiographic parameters, the left ventricular outflow tract velocity–time integral (LVOT-VTI) has demonstrated good prognostic value in observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The LVOT-VTI is a Doppler-derived echocardiographic measurement that quantifies the distance blood travels through the LVOT during systole, serving as a key parameter in assessing stroke volume, cardiac output (CO) and overall hemodynamic status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<fig id="f4">
				<caption>
					<title>CPO: cardiac power output; e-PAPI: echocardiography-derived pulmonary artery pulsatility index; PAPI: pulmonary artery pulsatility index; LVOT-VTI: left ventricle outflow tract velocity time integral.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf04.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The correlation between invasive and noninvasive measurements in acute decompensated HF-related CS has been recently investigated, revealing associations between CPO and PAPI measured via PAC and echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Similarly, the relationship between PAC-derived and echocardiographic parameters has been explored in patients with chronic HF;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> however, these studies have not focused on parameters such as CPO, PAPI, and LVOT-VTI.</p>
			<p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between invasive and noninvasive measurements in inpatients and outpatients with chronic stable or decompensated HFrEF, with particular emphasis on CPO, PAPI, and LVOT-VTI. The main findings of this study are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This is a single-center cross-sectional study conducted at a university hospital in the South Region of Brazil. Participants indicated for routine evaluation by the HF team were recruited by actively searching outpatient and inpatient lists. Recruitment occurred between May 2023 and June 2024, using phone calls and direct contact with hospitalized patients. All patients were invited to undergo echocardiography before or after right heart catheterization (RHC). The research protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
			<p>The study included patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of HFrEF (left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 40%). Patients were excluded if there were technical difficulties in obtaining echocardiographic measurements or if RHC measurements could not be performed. Additionally, patients with CS, active infection, those on mechanical ventilation, or undergoing hemodialysis were excluded. Patients who received diuretics or vasodilators between the two evaluation methods were also excluded.</p>
			<p>The study protocol involved performing a comprehensive echocardiographic assessment by two experienced echocardiographers (SVB and WRM) within the shortest possible time before or after the invasive hemodynamic evaluation using a PAC. All evaluations occurred within a six-hour interval between the two examination methods.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>RHC</title>
				<p>The invasive hemodynamic evaluation was performed using RHC with PAC inserted via micropuncture technique of the right basilic vein or the right internal jugular vein. The zero-reference level was established at the mid-axillary line, and measurements were recorded at end-expiration. The operator performing RHC was blinded to the echocardiographic measurements.</p>
				<p>CO was assessed using the thermodilution technique. Central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary pressures, and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) were determined as the mean values over eight cardiac cycles. CPO was calculated using mean arterial pressure (MAP) according to the formula: CPO = CO × MAP / 451. The PAPI was calculated as: PAPI = PASP  PADP / CVP, where PASP and PADP indicate pulmonary artery systolic pressure and pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, respectively. The remaining derived hemodynamic parameters were calculated using the formulas described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>PAC-derived parameters</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Formula</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">CO × MAP / 451</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">(PASP − PADP) / CVP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TPG</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">MPAP − PAOP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PVR</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">TPG / CO</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>CO: cardiac output; CPO: cardiac power output; CVP: central venous pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PADP: pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAOP: pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; PAPI: pulmonary artery pulsatility index; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; TPG: transpulmonary gradient.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiography</title>
				<p>Transthoracic echocardiography was performed by two experienced examiners (Berger SV e Menegazzo WR), blinded to the results of the RHC measurements. All examinations were performed using the Philips Epiq CVx system. To assess interobserver variability, a preliminary study was conducted in a subset of 10 patients, who were not included in the 34 patients of the study sample. The evaluation was performed by the two echocardiographers. Echocardiography was performed on the same day of the RHC, with the shortest possible interval between the two tests, and patients were required to rest for at least 10 minutes before the exam. Measurements obtained via echocardiography followed the guidelines established by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>CO was calculated using the formula: CO = LVOT-VTI × LVOT area × heart rate. CPO was derived using the formula: CPO = CO × MAP / 451, and PAPI was calculated using the formula: PAPI = (PASP − PADP) / eRAP [estimated right atrial pressure], where eRAP indicates estimated right atrial pressure. CVP was estimated based on the maximum diameter of the inferior vena cava (greater or less than 2.1 cm) and its variability during inspiration (greater or less than 50%). Ejection fraction was assessed using Simpson's method. PASP, PADP, mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), and other derived formulas are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Formula</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CO</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">LVOT-VTI × LVOT area × heart rate</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">CO × MAP / 451</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">(PASP − PADP) / eRAP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PASP</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">TR peak gradient + CVP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PADP</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 × (end-diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity)² + CVP</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">MPAP</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4 × (protodiastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity)² + CVP</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>CO: cardiac output; CPO: cardiac power output; CVP: central venous pressure; eRAP: estimated right atrial pressure; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; LVOT-VTI: left ventricular outflow tract velocity–time integral; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PADP: pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAPI: pulmonary artery pulsatility index; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>The normality of continuous variables was assessed using histograms and the Shapiro–Wilk test. All continuous variables showed a normal distribution and were therefore expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies (n, %). Comparisons between groups were performed using the unpaired Student's t-test. For correlation analysis between invasive hemodynamic and echocardiographic measures, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used, as all continuous variables were normally distributed. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient analysis, based on a two-way random-effects model, assessing consistency and average measurements. A statistical significance level of 5% (p &lt; 0.05) was adopted. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States).</p>
				<p>A sample of 27 patients was required based on the correlation between LVOT-VTI and stroke volume measured by PAC of r = 0.52 (95%, p &lt; 0.01) in a prior study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> assuming an alpha value of 0.05 and a power of 80% to identify a similar correlation in our sample. The correlation between LVOT-VTI and CPO assessed via PAC was not utilized in the sample size calculation because such data were not available in the published literature at the time of the study design.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>Between May 2023 and June 2024, a total of 34 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 50.8 ± 6.2 years, 61.7% were male, and 82.4% of patients had nonischemic HF. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 21.1% ± 6.6%. The majority of the sample consisted of inpatients (67.4%), whereas 26.5% were receiving inotropic therapy at the time of the examinations. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> provides an overview of the patient baseline characteristics and ongoing therapies.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t3">
				<label>Table 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Baseline characteristics and ongoing therapies</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="33%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD) or Median (IQR)</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">50.8 ± 6.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Male sex (%)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">61.7</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Nonischemic HF etiology (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">28 (82.4)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">78.2 ± 15.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">101.6 ± 17.9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">66.2 ± 13.2</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">MAP (mmHg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">73.4 ± 11.0</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Weight (kg)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">77.0 ± 18.9</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Height (cm)</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">167.6 ± 10.6</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Use of CRT-D (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (8.8)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">ARNI (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (41.2)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">ACE inhibitors/ARBs (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (38.2)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (91.2)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Beta-blockers (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (91.2)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (64.7)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Digoxin (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (50.0)</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Hydralazine plus nitrates (%)</td>
							<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (17.6)</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN3">
						<p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator; HF: heart failure; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; MAP: mean arterial pressure.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>All patients receiving inotropic support were classified as having INTERMACS III HF, as their mean serum lactate was 1.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L, and none of them were receiving vasopressor support (clinical characteristics in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Table S1</xref>).</p>
			<p>Regarding clinical characteristics reviewed retrospectively in medical records, 24 of 34 patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and the mean peak oxygen consumption was 15.9 ± 5.3 mL/kg/min; 9 patients (26.4%) underwent orthotopic heart transplantation, and 5 (14%) died.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>PAC parameters</title>
				<p>PAC measurements demonstrated elevated pulmonary pressures and impaired left and right ventricular hemodynamic parameters. Detailed invasive hemodynamic measurements are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>PAC parameters</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Measure</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (± SD)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CO (L/min)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4.2 ± 1.2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CI (L/min/m²)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.2 ± 0.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PAOP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18.6 ± 6.2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO (W)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.7 ± 0.2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3.2 ± 1.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">RVSWI (mmHg·mL/m²)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.7 ± 2.9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CVP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.7 ± 4.1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PASP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">41.2 ± 10.3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">MPAP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27.8 ± 7.7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PADP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20.8 ± 6.2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PVR (Wood units)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">2.3 ± 1.5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Transpulmonary gradient (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9.3 ± 4.7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CVP over PAOP</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.42 ± 0.2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>I: cardiac index; CO: cardiac output; CPO: cardiac power output; CVP: central venous pressure; MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PADP: pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAOP: pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; PAPI: pulmonary artery pulsatility index; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RVSWI: right ventricular stroke work index; SD: standard deviation.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
				<p>Echocardiography demonstrated marked left ventricular dilation and mild right ventricular enlargement, accompanied by severe biventricular systolic dysfunction. Pulmonary artery pressures were elevated, consistent with the advanced HF profile of the study population. Detailed echocardiographic structural, functional, and hemodynamic parameters are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Echocardiographic measurements</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LA diameter (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">48 (± 10.7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LA reservoir strain</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">9.9 (± 7.2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94.1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LA conduit strain</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">−6.7 (± 4.6)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94.1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LA contractile strain</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">−3.3 (± 4.8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94.1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LV strain (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">−6.6 (± 3.2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVDD (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">71.8 (± 7.7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVSD (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">64.8 (± 8.5)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVDV (mL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">236.9 (± 69.7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVSV (mL)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">189.2 (± 62.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">21.1 (± 6.6)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CO (L/min)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3.6 (± 1.2)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO (W)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">0.61 (± 0.35)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LVOT-VTI (cm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">12.8 (± 4.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e′ ratio</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18.0 (± 7.8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94.1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">4.4 (± 3.7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (47)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">CVP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">7.29 (± 4.8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PASP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">44.1 (± 14.8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27 (79.4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">MPAP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">28.8 (± 9.8)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (52.9)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PADP (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">20.2 (± 7.7)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (47)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">16.1 (± 4.1)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">S′ wave velocity (cm/s)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">8.8 (± 2.1)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">RV free wall strain (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">−14.0 (± 7.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">33 (97)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">FAC (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">27.8 (± 9.3)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">33 (97)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">RV basal diameter (mm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">43.8 (± 8.4)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>CO: cardiac output; CPO: cardiac power output; CVP: central venous pressure; E/e′: ratio of early mitral inflow velocity (E) to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e′); FAC: fractional area change; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVDV: left ventricular diastolic volume; LVSV: left ventricular systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT-VTI: left ventricular outflow tract velocity–time integral; MPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PADP: pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PAPI: pulmonary artery pulsatility index; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV: right ventricle; S′: systolic velocity of the tricuspid annulus; SD: standard deviation; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Echocardiographic PAPI was successfully obtained in 16 of the 34 enrolled patients, whereas it was possible to estimate MPAP and PADP in 18 and 16 patients, respectively, owing to the absence of pulmonary regurgitation required for their calculation.</p>
				<p>Interobserver agreement was excellent for CPO, LVOT-VTI, left ventricular ejection fraction, and E/e' ratio, whereas PAPI and fractional area change showed poor agreement (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec1">Supplementary Table S2</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Correlation between invasive and noninvasive hemodynamic measures</title>
				<p>This study demonstrated a correlation between the invasive and echocardiographic assessments of CPO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The CPO measured via PAC showed a positive correlation with CO obtained by echocardiography (r = 0.616, p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, a positive correlation was observed between CPO measured via PAC and LVOT-VTI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). There was also a positive correlation between CPO assessed by PAC and left ventricular ejection fraction, with a correlation coefficient of 0.365 (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Correlation analysis for CPO assessed by PAC and echocardiography. r = 0.737 (p &lt; 0.001).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Correlation analysis for CPO and LVOT-VTI. r = 0.469 (p &lt; 0.01)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Regarding the assessment of right ventricular function, correlations were detected between PAPI assessed by PAC and by echocardiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Furthermore, PAPI measured via PAC correlated with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), with r = 0.553 (p &lt; 0.01), and right ventricular free wall strain, with a negative correlation coefficient of r = −0.344 (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between PAPI assessed by PAC and peak systolic velocity at the tricuspid annulus (S' wave), with a correlation coefficient of 0.356 (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Correlation analysis for PAPI assessed by PAC and echocardiography. r = 0.604 (p &lt; 0.05)</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>With respect to LVOT-VTI, in addition to the previously mentioned correlation with PAC-derived CPO, correlation was observed between LVOT-VTI and CO measured by PAC (r = 0.538, p &lt; 0.01), as well as cardiac index measured by PAC (r = 0.542, p &lt; 0.01).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
				<p>A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the population receiving inotropic support. The correlation between invasive and echocardiographic CPO was higher in this subgroup compared to the overall population: r = 0.812 (p = 0.008). Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was also conducted in patients with CPO &lt; 0.6 W. In this subset, the correlation between invasive and echocardiographic CPO was r = 0.704 (p = 0.005). In both groups, it was not possible to assess the correlation between invasive and echocardiographic PAPI because noninvasive PAPI measurement was feasible in only 3 of the 9 patients included in this subgroup.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The assessment of correlations between invasive and noninvasive hemodynamic measurements aims to identify echocardiographic parameters that reliably reflect prognostically significant hemodynamic variables, such as CPO and PAPI. This approach intends to provide a more practical and safer diagnostic strategy for patients with advanced HF by minimizing the evaluation time and risks associated with invasive procedures.</p>
			<p>As reported by Burstein et al., in a retrospective cohort study, noninvasive CPO demonstrated a prognostic role in patients admitted to cardiac intensive care units. The study analyzed nearly 5000 patients, with 50% presenting with decompensated HF. CPO below 0.89 ± 0.37 W was associated with greater hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Echocardiographic PAPI also demonstrated prognostic value, being associated with 60-day mortality in acute decompensated HF-related CS (hazard ratio 2.96, 95% confidence interval 1.23–7.17, p = 0.02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> LVOT-VTI, as demonstrated by Kentzer et al. and Machado et al., also demonstrated significant prognostic value among cardiology patients, including those with HF and acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In our study, regarding left ventricle function parameters, invasively measured CPO and CPO estimated by echocardiography showed the strongest correlation. This association was further enhanced in the subgroup of patients receiving inotropic support. Furthermore, CPO measured by PAC also demonstrated correlation with CO assessed through echocardiography and with the LVOT-VTI and left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
			<p>Regarding PAPI, the results revealed correlation between its invasive measurement via PAC and its echocardiographic estimation, as well as with TAPSE. The correlations between PAPI and S' wave velocity and between PAPI and right ventricular free wall strain were weaker. Based on literature review, this appears to be the first study to evaluate the correlations between invasive CPO and PAPI with echocardiographic measurements in patients with HFrEF.</p>
			<p>Stein et al. and Temporelli et al. reported a strong correlation between invasive and echocardiographic hemodynamic measurements in patients with chronic HF; however, CPO, PAPI and LVOT-VTI were not included among the variables analyzed in these studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Frea et al. published the largest study to date investigating the correlation between invasive and echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters in CS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Their population consisted of patients with CS secondary to decompensated HF. In our cohort, 26.5% of patients were receiving inotropic support and classified as having INTERMACS III HF. Although our population had normal lactate levels and were not on vasopressor therapy at the time of evaluation, these two populations may share similar pathophysiological conditions. In the study by Frea et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> correlation between the two methods showed a Pearson coefficient r = 0.82, p &lt; 0.001 for CPO. The results of our study were in line with these findings, especially among patient in INTERMACS III, given that CPO measured by PAC and echocardiography showed the strongest correlation between the two methods in our population (r = 0.73, p &lt; 0.001), which was even greater in patients receiving inotropic support (r = 0.81, p = 0.008). Our study reaffirms the strength of correlation between invasive and echocardiographic CPO and its reproducibility, extending the findings observed in CS to patients with chronic and acutely decompensated HFrEF.</p>
			<p>Frea et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> also demonstrated a strong correlation between invasive and echocardiographic PAPI assessments. One notable difference between the two studies lies in the reproducibility of echocardiographic PAPI. In the cited study, PAPI estimation was feasible in 97 out of 101 patients, whereas in our study, it was achievable in only 16 of 34 patients. Pulmonary regurgitation is a rare finding on echocardiography in patients with pulmonary hypertension, consequently reducing the accuracy of methods that evaluate measures derived from it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> There is also significant variability in PAC-derived PAPI thresholds capable of predicting adverse outcomes across different studied populations. Consequently, the cutoff values for PAPI differ between CS and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> For this reason, low sensitivity of pulmonary regurgitation and the distinction in PAPI thresholds between different populations may have contributed to the differences in reproducibility observed between the two studies. Therefore, based on our findings, we conclude that echocardiographic PAPI may not be a reliable diagnostic parameter in patients with chronic and acutely decompensated HF due to its low reproducibility.</p>
			<p>This study presents some limitations. First, the size of the analyzed population is a significant aspect to emphasize, especially after the publication by Frea et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which occurred during the final recruitment phase of our study. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of our cohort represents another limitation, as our study includes individuals with diverse hemodynamic conditions and varying requirements for therapeutic support. To reduce population heterogeneity, we performed a sensitivity analysis among patients receiving inotropic support, attempting to exclude patients with less severe disease. The inability to obtain echocardiographic PAPI in part of the sample represents another limitation. Lastly, the extended interval between the two assessment methods may also be regarded as a potential limitation.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This study demonstrated significant correlations between invasive and noninvasive hemodynamic measures in patients with HFrEF, particularly for prognostic parameters such as CPO, PAPI, and LVOT-VTI. CPO showed the strongest agreement between methods, especially in patients receiving inotropic support. While PAPI correlated across techniques, its limited reproducibility by echocardiography reduces its clinical utility in this population.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>This study was funded by the Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (FIPE).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This article is part of the master's thesis submitted by João Pedro da Rosa Barbato, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 5920490. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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		<sec id="sec1" sec-type="supplementary-material">
			<title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
			<supplementary-material id="suppl1">
				<label>Supplemental Materials</label>
				<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-Supp01.pdf"/>
				<p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0059_AO_Material-Suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
			</supplementary-material>
		</sec>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260059</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Correlação Entre Medidas Hemodinâmicas Invasivas e Ecocardiográficas em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1568-5124</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barbato</surname>
						<given-names>João Pedro da Rosa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scolari</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Luis</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Machado</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-7116-6193</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Amon</surname>
						<given-names>André Barcellos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2402-2565</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Crivelaro</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Castilhos de Freitas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8289-7357</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Menegazzo</surname>
						<given-names>Willian R.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-5671-1453</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Berger</surname>
						<given-names>Solano Vinicius</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1989-1670</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Araujo</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7102-6644</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valle</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe Homem</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7596-2827</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Wainstein</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo Vugman</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital da Unimed Grande Florianópolis, Florianópolis, RS – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>João Pedro da Rosa da Rosa Barbato</bold> • Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP: <postal-code>90410-000</postal-code>. Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil E-mail: <email>jpdarosa94@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introdução:</title>
					<p>O manejo da insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) avançou com o uso de marcadores hemodinâmicos invasivos, como a potência cardíaca (CPO) e o índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar (PAPI). Simultaneamente, cresceu o interesse em indicadores prognósticos não invasivos, especialmente a integral velocidade–tempo do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (LVOT-VTI).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p>O presente estudo visou avaliar a correlação entre parâmetros invasivos e ecocardiográficos, particularmente CPO, PAPI e LVOT-VTI, em pacientes com ICFER.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos:</title>
					<p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal e unicêntrico que incluiu pacientes internados e ambulatoriais com ICFER crônica estável ou agudamente descompensada. Foram excluídos aqueles com choque cardiogênico (CC). O cateterismo cardíaco direito (CCD) e o ecocardiograma foram realizados no mesmo dia. A significância estatística foi definida como um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p>Foram observadas correlações significativas entre a CPO invasiva e a CPO ecocardiográfica (r = 0,737, p &lt; 0,001) e entre o PAPI invasivo e o PAPI ecocardiográfico (r = 0,604, p &lt; 0,05). A LVOT-VTI apresentou correlação significativa com a CPO medida por cateter de artéria pulmonar (CAP) (r = 0,469, p &lt; 0,01). A PAPI ecocardiográfica foi mensurável em apenas 16 pacientes. Uma análise de sensibilidade dos pacientes que receberam inotrópicos mostrou uma correlação ainda mais forte entre a CPO invasiva e a CPO ecocardiográfica (r = 0,812, p = 0,005).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p>Em pacientes com ICFER, os parâmetros ecocardiográficos e hemodinâmicos invasivos apresentaram correlações significativas, particularmente a CPO, reforçando o potencial da ecocardiografia como uma alternativa para a avaliação hemodinâmica. No entanto, a baixa viabilidade da medição não invasiva da PAPI destaca limitações importantes nessa população.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca Sistólica</kwd>
				<kwd>Monitorização Hemodinâmica</kwd>
				<kwd>Frequência Cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (FIPE).</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<fig id="f8">
				<caption>
					<title>CCD: cateterismo cardíaco direito; CPO: potência cardíaca; eCPO: potência cardíaca derivada da ecocardiografia; ePAPI: índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar derivado da ecocardiografia; LVOT-VTI: integral velocidade–tempo do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; PAPI: índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf04-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é um problema de saúde global crescente, afetando cerca de 60 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Avanços no tratamento cardíaco e a maior sobrevida dos pacientes contribuíram para o aumento da prevalência dessa síndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O uso de cateter de artéria pulmonar (CAP) para avaliação hemodinâmica permanece um pilar no manejo da IC. Essas medidas invasivas são essenciais para o diagnóstico e a otimização de estratégias terapêuticas tanto na IC crônica quanto na descompensada, fornecendo informações sobre a progressão da doença e a resposta ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O uso de CAP aumentou nos últimos anos, orientado por uma abordagem sistemática que prioriza parâmetros com maior impacto prognóstico, como a potência cardíaca (CPO, do inglês <italic>cardiac power output</italic>) e o índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar (PAPI). Esses parâmetros hemodinâmicos tornaram-se ferramentas essenciais para determinar a necessidade de suporte circulatório mecânico em pacientes com choque cardiogênico (CC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora inicialmente estudados em pacientes com CC, a CPO e o PAPI também apresentam valor prognóstico significativo na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) crônica e agudamente descompensada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pesquisas sobre medidas não invasivas com valor prognóstico em pacientes com cardiopatia também se expandiram, visando reduzir o tempo de avaliação e melhorar a segurança. Entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos, a integral velocidade–tempo do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (LVOT-VTI) demonstrou bom valor prognóstico em estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A LVOT-VTI é uma medida ecocardiográfica derivada do Doppler que quantifica a distância percorrida pelo sangue pelo trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo durante a sístole, servindo como um parâmetro fundamental na avaliação do volume sistólico, do débito cardíaco (DC) e do estado hemodinâmico global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A correlação entre medidas invasivas e não invasivas em pacientes com CC associado à IC descompensada aguda tem sido investigada recentemente, revelando associações entre CPO e PAPI medidos via CAP e ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a relação entre parâmetros derivados do CAP e ecocardiográficos foi explorada em pacientes com IC crônica;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> no entanto, esses estudos não focaram em parâmetros como CPO, PAPI e LVOT-VTI.</p>
				<p>Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a correlação entre medidas invasivas e não invasivas em pacientes internados e ambulatoriais com ICFER crônica estável ou descompensada, com ênfase em CPO, PAPI e LVOT-VTI. Os principais achados estão resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal e unicêntrico realizado em um hospital universitário na Região Sul do Brasil. Os participantes com indicação de avaliação de rotina pela equipe de IC foram recrutados mediante busca ativa em listas de pacientes ambulatoriais e internados. O recrutamento ocorreu entre maio de 2023 e junho de 2024, utilizando-se contatos telefônicos e abordagem direta a pacientes hospitalizados. Todos os pacientes foram convidados a realizar ecocardiografia antes ou depois do cateterismo cardíaco direito (CCD). O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética institucional, e foi obtido o consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito de todos os participantes.</p>
				<p>O estudo incluiu pacientes com 18 anos ou mais e diagnóstico de ICFER (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo &lt; 40%). Foram excluídos pacientes que apresentaram dificuldades técnicas na obtenção de medidas ecocardiográficas ou nos quais não foi possível realizar as medidas do CCD. Também foram excluídos pacientes com CC, infecção ativa, em ventilação mecânica ou em hemodiálise. Pacientes que receberam diuréticos ou vasodilatadores entre os dois métodos de avaliação também foram excluídos.</p>
				<p>O protocolo do estudo envolveu a realização de uma avaliação ecocardiográfica abrangente por dois ecocardiografistas experientes (SVB e WRM) no menor intervalo de tempo possível antes ou depois da avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva com CAP. Todas as avaliações ocorreram dentro de um intervalo de 6 horas entre os dois métodos de exame.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>CCD</title>
					<p>A avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva foi realizada por meio de CCD com CAP inserido pela técnica de micropunção da veia basílica direita ou da veia jugular interna direita. O nível de referência zero foi estabelecido na linha axilar média, e as medidas foram registradas ao final da expiração. O operador responsável pelo CCD não tinha conhecimento das medidas ecocardiográficas.</p>
					<p>O DC foi avaliado pela técnica de termodiluição. A pressão venosa central (PVC), as pressões pulmonares e a pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar (POAP) foram determinadas como os valores médios de 8 ciclos cardíacos. A CPO foi calculada utilizando a pressão arterial média (PAM), conforme a fórmula: CPO = DC × PAM / 451. O PAPI foi calculado como: PAPI = PSAP  PDAP / PVC, em que PSAP e PDAP indicam a pressão sistólica e a pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar, respectivamente. Os demais parâmetros hemodinâmicos derivados foram calculados por meio das fórmulas descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parâmetros derivados do CAP</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Fórmula</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">DC × PAM / 451</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">(PSAP − PDAP) / PVC</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">GTP</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">PMAP − POAP</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">RVP</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">GTP / DC</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>CPO: potência cardíaca; DC: débito cardíaco; GTP: gradiente transpulmonar; PAM: pressão arterial média; PAPI: índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar; PDAP: pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar; PMAP: pressão média da artéria pulmonar; POAP: pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar; PVC: pressão venosa central; RVP: resistência vascular pulmonar.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiografia</title>
					<p>A ecocardiografia transtorácica foi realizada por dois examinadores experientes (Berger SV e Menegazzo WR), que desconheciam os resultados das medições do CCD. Todos os exames foram realizados em um sistema Philips Epiq CVx. Para avaliar a variabilidade interobservador, foi realizado um estudo preliminar com um subgrupo de 10 pacientes, os quais não foram incluídos na amostra de 34 pacientes do estudo. A avaliação foi realizada pelos dois ecocardiografistas. A ecocardiografia foi realizada no mesmo dia do CCD, com o menor intervalo possível entre os dois exames, e os pacientes permaneceram em repouso durante pelo menos 10 minutos antes do procedimento. As medições obtidas por ecocardiografia seguiram as diretrizes estabelecidas pela American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O DC foi calculado usando a fórmula: DC = LVOT-VTI × área do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo × frequência cardíaca. A CPO foi derivada utilizando a fórmula: CPO = DC × PAM / 451, e o PAPI foi calculado utilizando a fórmula: PAPI = (PSAP − PDAP) / eRAP [pressão atrial direita estimada], em que eRAP indica a pressão atrial direita estimada. A PVC foi estimada com base no diâmetro máximo da veia cava inferior (maior ou menor que 2,1 cm) e em sua variabilidade durante a inspiração (maior ou menor que 50%). A fração de ejeção foi avaliada pelo método de Simpson. A PSAP, a PDAP, a pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PMAP) e outras fórmulas derivadas estão descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Fórmula</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DC</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">LVOT-VTI × área do LVOT × frequência cardíaca</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">DC × PAM / 451</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">(PSAP − PDAP) / eRAP</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">Gradiente de pico da RT + PVC</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PDAP</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">4 × (velocidade de regurgitação pulmonar no final da diástole)² + PVC</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PMAP</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">4 × (velocidade de regurgitação pulmonar protodiastólica)² + PVC</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>CPO: potência cardíaca; DC: débito cardíaco; eRAP: pressão atrial direita estimada; LVOT: trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; LVOT-VTI: integral velocidade–tempo do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; PAM: pressão arterial média; PAPI: índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar; PDAP: pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar; PMAP: pressão média da artéria pulmonar; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; PVC: pressão venosa central; RT: regurgitação tricúspide.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>A normalidade das variáveis contínuas foi avaliada por meio de histogramas e do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Todas as variáveis contínuas apresentaram distribuição normal e, portanto, foram expressas como média ± desvio-padrão. As variáveis categóricas foram expressas em frequências absolutas e relativas (n, %). As comparações entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Para a análise de correlação entre as medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas e ecocardiográficas, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, visto que todas as variáveis contínuas apresentavam distribuição normal. A concordância interobservador foi avaliada por meio da análise do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, com base em um modelo de efeitos aleatórios de dois fatores, avaliando a consistência e as medidas médias. Adotou-se um nível de significância estatística de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS Statistics for Windows, versão 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, Estados Unidos).</p>
					<p>Calculou-se a necessidade de uma amostra de 27 pacientes com base na correlação entre o LVOT-VTI e o volume sistólico medido por PAC de r = 0,52 (95%, p &lt; 0,01) observada em um estudo anterior,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> assumindo um valor alfa de 0,05 e um poder estatístico de 80% para identificar uma correlação semelhante em nossa amostra. A correlação entre o LVOT-VTI e a CPO avaliada via PAC não foi utilizada no cálculo do tamanho amostral, pois tais dados não estavam disponíveis na literatura publicada à época do delineamento do estudo.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Entre maio de 2023 e junho de 2024, foram incluídos 34 pacientes no estudo. A idade média foi de 50,8 ± 6,2 anos, 61,7% eram do sexo masculino e 82,4% dos pacientes apresentavam IC não isquêmica. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo média foi de 21,1% ± 6,6%. A maior parte da amostra consistia em pacientes internados (67,4%), enquanto 26,5% recebiam suporte inotrópica no momento dos exames. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta um panorama das características basais dos pacientes e das terapias em curso.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t8">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características basais e terapias em curso</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Média (DP) ou mediana (IIQ)</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">50,8 ± 6,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">61,7</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Etiologia não isquêmica da IC (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">28 (82,4)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Frequência cardíaca (bpm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">78,2 ± 15,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Pressão arterial sistólica (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">101,6 ± 17,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Pressão arterial diastólica (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">66,2 ± 13,2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PAM (mmHg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">73,4 ± 11,0</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Peso (kg)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">77,0 ± 18,9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Altura (cm)</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">167,6 ± 10,6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Uso de TRC-D (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">3 (8,8)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">ARNI (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">10 (41,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IECA/BRA (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">14 (38,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">ARM (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (91,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">31 (91,2)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose 2 (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">22 (64,7)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Digoxina (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">17 (50,0)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Hidralazina e nitratos (%)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">6 (17,6)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>ARM: antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide; ARNI: inibidor do receptor de angiotensina-neprilisina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II; DP: desvio-padrão; IC: insuficiência cardíaca; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; TRC-D: terapia de ressincronização cardíaca com desfibrilador; PAM: pressão arterial média.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Todos os pacientes que recebiam suporte inotrópico foram classificados como portadores de IC com perfil INTERMACS III, uma vez que o lactato sérico médio era de 1,4 ± 0,2 mmol/L e nenhum deles recebia suporte vasopressor (características clínicas na <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2">Tabela Suplementar S1</xref>).</p>
				<p>Quanto às características clínicas revisadas retrospectivamente nos prontuários, 24 dos 34 pacientes foram submetidos a teste cardiopulmonar de exercício, e o consumo de oxigênio de pico médio foi de 15,9 ± 5,3 mL/kg/min; 9 pacientes (26,4%) foram submetidos a transplante cardíaco ortotópico e 5 (14%) faleceram.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Parâmetros derivados do CAP</title>
					<p>As medidas obtidas pelo CAP demonstraram pressões pulmonares elevadas e comprometimento dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos dos ventrículos esquerdo e direito. As medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas detalhadas estão apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parâmetros derivados do CAP</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Medida</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Média (± DP)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DC (L/min)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">4,2 ± 1,2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Índice cardíaco (L/min/m²)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2,2 ± 0,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">POAP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">18,6 ± 6,2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO (W)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,7 ± 0,2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3,2 ± 1,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">ITSVD (mmHg·mL/m²)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">7,7 ± 2,9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PVC (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">7,7 ± 4,1</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">41,2 ± 10,3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PMAP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">27,8 ± 7,7</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PDAP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">20,8 ± 6,2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">RVP (unidades Wood)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">2,3 ± 1,5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente transpulmonar (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">9,3 ± 4,7</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PVC / POAP</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,42 ± 0,2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>CPO: potência cardíaca; DC: débito cardíaco; DP: desvio-padrão; ITSVD: índice de trabalho sistólico do ventrículo direito; PAPI: índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar; PDAP: pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar; PMAP: pressão média da artéria pulmonar; POAP: pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; PVC: pressão venosa central; RVP: resistência vascular pulmonar.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos</title>
					<p>A ecocardiografia demonstrou dilatação acentuada do ventrículo esquerdo e discreto aumento do ventrículo direito, acompanhados de disfunção sistólica biventricular grave. A elevação das pressões da artéria pulmonar foi consistente com o perfil de IC avançada da população do estudo. Os parâmetros ecocardiográficos estruturais, funcionais e hemodinâmicos detalhados estão apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medidas ecocardiográficas</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">Média (DP)</th>
									<th align="center" valign="middle">n (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro do AE (mm)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">48 (± 10,7)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Strain de reservatório do AE</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">9,9 (± 7,2)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94,1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Strain de conduto do AE</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">−6,7 (± 4,6)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94,1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Strain contrátil do AE</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">−3,3 (± 4,8)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94,1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Strain do VE (%)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">−6,6 (± 3,2)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DDVE (mm)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">71,8 (± 7,7)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DSVE (mm)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">64,8 (± 8,5)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">VDVE (mL)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">236,9 (± 69,7)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">VSVE (mL)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">189,2 (± 62,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">21,1 (± 6,6)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DC (L/min)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">3,6 (± 1,2)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">CPO (W)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">0,61 (± 0,35)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">LVOT-VTI (cm)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">12,8 (± 4,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e′</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">18,0 (± 7,8)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">32 (94,1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PAPI</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">4,4 (± 3,7)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (47)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PVC (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">7,29 (± 4,8)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">44,1 (± 14,8)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">27 (79,4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PMAP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">28,8 (± 9,8)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">18 (52,9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PDAP (mmHg)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">20,2 (± 7,7)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">16 (47)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">TAPSE (mm)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">16,1 (± 4,1)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade da onda S′ (cm/s)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">8,8 (± 2,1)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Strain da parede livre do VD (%)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">−14,0 (± 7,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">33 (97)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">FAC (%)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">27,8 (± 9,3)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">33 (97)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Diâmetro basal do VD (mm)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">43,8 (± 8,4)</td>
									<td align="center" valign="middle">34 (100)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>AE: átrio esquerdo; CPO: potência cardíaca; DC: débito cardíaco; DDVE: diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo; DP: desvio-padrão; DSVE: diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo; E/e′: relação entre a velocidade de enchimento mitral precoce (E) e a velocidade diastólica precoce do anel mitral (e′); FAC: variação da área fracionada; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; LVOT-VTI: integral velocidade–tempo do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; PAPI: índice de pulsatilidade da artéria pulmonar; PDAP: pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar; PMAP: pressão média da artéria pulmonar; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; PVC: pressão venosa central; S′: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; VD: ventrículo direito; VDVE: volume diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VSVE: volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>O PAPI ecocardiográfico foi obtido com sucesso em 16 dos 34 pacientes incluídos, enquanto foi possível estimar a PMAP e a PDAP em 18 e 16 pacientes, respectivamente, devido à ausência de regurgitação pulmonar necessária para o cálculo.</p>
					<p>A concordância interobservador foi excelente para CPO, LVOT-VTI, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e relação E/e', enquanto o PAPI e a variação da área fracionada apresentaram concordância insatisfatória (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec2">Tabela Suplementar S2</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Correlação entre medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas e não invasivas</title>
					<p>O presente estudo demonstrou uma correlação entre a CPO invasiva e a CPO ecocardiográfica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). A CPO medida via PAC apresentou correlação positiva com o DC obtido por ecocardiografia (r = 0,616; p &lt; 0,001). De modo semelhante, observou-se correlação positiva entre a CPO medida via PAC e o LVOT-VTI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). Houve também correlação positiva entre a CPO avaliada por PAC e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,365 (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise de correlação entre a CPO avaliada por CAP e por ecocardiografia. r = 0,737 (p &lt; 0,001)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise de correlação entre a CPO e a LVOT-VTI. r = 0,469 (p &lt; 0,01).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Quanto à avaliação da função do ventrículo direito, foram observadas correlações entre o PAPI avaliado por PAC e por ecocardiografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). Além disso, o PAPI medido via PAC correlacionou-se com a excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE), com r = 0,553 (p &lt; 0,01), e com o strain da parede livre do ventrículo direito, apresentando coeficiente de correlação negativo de r = −0,344 (p &lt; 0,05). Adicionalmente, observou-se correlação positiva entre o PAPI avaliado por PAC e a velocidade sistólica de pico no anel tricúspide (onda S'), com coeficiente de correlação de 0,356 (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Análise de correlação entre o índice de PAPI avaliado por CAP e por ecocardiografia. r = 0,604 (p &lt; 0,05)</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Em relação à LVOT-VTI, além da correlação anteriormente mencionada com a CPO derivada do PAC, foi observada uma correlação entre a LVOT-VTI e o DC medido por PAC (r = 0,538; p &lt; 0,01), bem como com o índice cardíaco medido por PAC (r = 0,542, p &lt; 0,01).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise de sensibilidade</title>
					<p>Foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade para avaliar a população que recebia suporte inotrópico. A correlação entre a CPO invasiva e a CPO ecocardiográfica foi maior nesse subgrupo em comparação com a população geral: r = 0,812 (p = 0,008). Também foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade em pacientes com CPO &lt; 0,6 W. Nesse subgrupo, a correlação entre a CPO invasiva e a CPO ecocardiográfica foi de r = 0,704 (p = 0,005). Em ambos os grupos, não foi possível avaliar a correlação entre o PAPI invasivo e o PAPI ecocardiográfico, uma vez que a medição não invasiva do PAPI foi viável em apenas 3 dos 9 pacientes incluídos neste subgrupo.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A avaliação da correlação entre medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas e não invasivas visa identificar parâmetros ecocardiográficos que reflitam de forma confiável variáveis hemodinâmicas com significado prognóstico, como CPO e PAPI. Essa abordagem pretende oferecer uma estratégia diagnóstica mais prática e segura para pacientes com IC avançada, minimizando o tempo de avaliação e os riscos associados a procedimentos invasivos.</p>
				<p>Conforme relatado por Burstein et al. em um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, a CPO não invasiva demonstrou valor prognóstico em pacientes admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva cardiológica. O estudo analisou cerca de 5.000 pacientes, sendo que 50% apresentavam IC descompensada. Valores de CPO abaixo de 0,89 ± 0,37 W associaram-se a uma maior mortalidade hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O PAPI ecocardiográfico também demonstrou valor prognóstico, associando-se à mortalidade em 60 dias em casos de CC relacionado à IC aguda descompensada (razão de risco 2,96; intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,23–7,17; p = 0,02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O LVOT-VTI, conforme demonstrado por Jentzer et al. e Machado et al., também apresentou valor prognóstico significativo entre pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo aqueles com IC e infarto agudo do miocárdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em relação aos parâmetros de função ventricular esquerda, em nosso estudo, a CPO medida de forma invasiva e a CPO estimada por ecocardiografia apresentaram a correlação mais forte. Essa associação foi ainda mais pronunciada no subgrupo de pacientes que recebiam suporte inotrópico. Além disso, a CPO medida via CAP também demonstrou correlação com o DC avaliado por ecocardiografia, bem como com a LVOT-VTI e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
				<p>Quanto ao PAPI, os resultados revelaram uma correlação entre sua medida invasiva via CAP e sua estimativa ecocardiográfica, bem como com a TAPSE. As correlações entre o PAPI e a velocidade da onda S’ e entre PAPI e o strain da parede livre do ventrículo direito foram mais fracas. Com base na revisão da literatura, este é, até onde sabemos, o primeiro estudo a avaliar as correlações entre CPO e PAPI invasivos e ecocardiográficos em pacientes com ICFER.</p>
				<p>Stein et al. e Temporelli et al. relataram uma forte correlação entre medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas e ecocardiográficas em pacientes com IC crônica; no entanto, CPO, PAPI e LVOT-VTI não foram incluídos entre as variáveis analisadas nesses estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Frea et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> publicaram o maior estudo realizado até o momento investigando a correlação entre parâmetros hemodinâmicos invasivos e ecocardiográficos no CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A população do estudo consistia em pacientes com CC secundário a IC descompensada. Em nossa coorte, 26,5% dos pacientes recebiam suporte inotrópico e foram classificados como portadores de IC com perfil INTERMACS III. Embora nossa população apresentasse níveis normais de lactato e não estivesse em uso de terapia vasopressora no momento da avaliação, essas duas populações podem compartilhar condições fisiopatológicas semelhantes. No estudo de Frea et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a correlação entre os dois métodos mostrou um coeficiente de Pearson r = 0,82 (p &lt; 0,001) para a CPO. Os resultados do nosso estudo foram consistentes com esses achados, especialmente entre os pacientes classificados como INTERMACS III, visto que a CPO medida por CAP e ecocardiografia apresentou a correlação mais forte entre os dois métodos em nossa população (r = 0,73; p &lt; 0,001), sendo ainda mais forte nos pacientes que recebiam suporte inotrópico (r = 0,81; p = 0,008). Nosso estudo reafirma a força da correlação entre a CPO invasiva e a CPO ecocardiográfica, bem como sua reprodutibilidade, estendendo os achados observados no CC para pacientes com ICFER crônica e agudamente descompensada.</p>
				<p>Frea et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> também demonstraram uma forte correlação entre o PAPI invasivo e o PAPI ecocardiográfico. Uma diferença notável entre os dois estudos reside na reprodutibilidade do PAPI ecocardiográfico. No estudo citado, a estimativa do PAPI foi viável em 97 de 101 pacientes, enquanto em nosso estudo foi possível em apenas 16 de 34 pacientes. A regurgitação pulmonar é um achado ecocardiográfico raro em pacientes com hipertensão pulmonar, o que reduz a acurácia de métodos que avaliam medidas derivadas dela.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Existe também uma variabilidade significativa nos pontos de corte do PAPI derivado do CAP capazes de prever desfechos adversos entre as diferentes populações estudadas. Consequentemente, os valores de corte do PAPI diferem entre CC e IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Por esse motivo, a baixa sensibilidade da regurgitação pulmonar e a distinção nos limiares de PAPI entre diferentes populações podem ter contribuído para as diferenças de reprodutibilidade observadas entre os dois estudos. Portanto, com base em nossos achados, concluímos que o PAPI ecocardiográfico pode não ser um parâmetro diagnóstico confiável em pacientes com IC crônica e agudamente descompensada, devido à sua baixa reprodutibilidade.</p>
				<p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limitações. Em primeiro lugar, o tamanho da população analisada é um aspecto significativo a ser enfatizado, especialmente após a publicação de Frea et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que ocorreu durante a fase final de recrutamento do nosso estudo. Além disso, a heterogeneidade da nossa coorte representa outra limitação, visto que o nosso estudo inclui indivíduos com diversas condições hemodinâmicas e diferentes necessidades de suporte terapêutico. Para reduzir a heterogeneidade da população, realizamos uma análise de sensibilidade entre os pacientes que receberam suporte inotrópico, tentando excluir aqueles com doença menos grave. A impossibilidade de obter o PAPI ecocardiográfico em parte da amostra representa outra limitação. Por fim, o intervalo prolongado entre os dois métodos de avaliação também pode ser considerado uma limitação potencial.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O presente estudo demonstrou correlações significativas entre medidas hemodinâmicas invasivas e não invasivas em pacientes com ICFER, particularmente para parâmetros prognósticos como CPO, PAPI e LVOT-VTI. A CPO apresentou a correlação mais forte entre os métodos, especialmente em pacientes sob suporte inotrópico. Embora o PAPI tenha apresentado correlação entre as técnicas, sua reprodutibilidade limitada na ecocardiografia reduz sua utilidade clínica nessa população.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (FIPE).</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Este artigo é parte da dissertação de Mestrado de João Pedro da Rosa Barbato pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, sob o número de protocolo 5920490. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec id="sec2" sec-type="supplementary-material">
				<title>*Material suplementar</title>
				<supplementary-material id="suppl2">
					<label>Material suplementar</label>
					<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260059-Supp01-pt.pdf"/>
					<p>Para informação adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0059_AO_Material-Suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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	</sub-article>
</article>