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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00603</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260051i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Serial Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function and Its Association With Functional Capacity, Dyspnea, and Pulmonary Diffusion in Post-COVID-19 Survivors</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8299-6332</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rogelin</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9449-8959</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aranha</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana Ferraz Martins Graça</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4620-9064</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fonseca</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda Rodrigues</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9627-2112</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Rosemeri Maurici da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>obtaining financing</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6954-2834</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fialho</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Loureiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Florianópolis</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Marcelo Rogelin Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário. Postal code: 88040-900. Florianópolis, SC – Brazil E-mail: <email>marcelorogelin@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>11</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260051</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>6</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>7</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p>Survivors of post-COVID-19 may experience persistent functional impairment and late cardiopulmonary sequelae. The right ventricle (RV) is particularly susceptible to injury, and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS), measured by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE), can detect subclinical RV systolic dysfunction.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p>To evaluate longitudinal changes in RV systolic function, assessed by RVFWLS, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), and tricuspid annular systolic velocity (S′), and to investigate their associations with functional capacity (30-second sit-to-stand test [30STS]), functional status (Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale [PCFS]), dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council [mMRC] scale), and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO) in post-COVID-19 survivors.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p>This observational analysis included participants from a prospective post-COVID-19 cohort evaluated at two follow-up visits (AV1 and AV2), approximately 4 and 13 months after the acute infection. Adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and analyzable transthoracic echocardiography using 2D-STE were included. Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided p &lt; 0.05.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>A total of 49 patients were included; 55.1% were women, the mean age was 50.7 ± 10.3 years, 63.3% had obesity, 77.6% required intensive care unit admission, and 67.3% underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. Performance on the 30STS improved (10.1 ± 3.3 vs 11.6 ± 3.1 repetitions; p = 0.004), and KCO increased (4.1 ± 0.7 vs 4.3 ± 0.8 mL/min/mmHg/L; p = 0.002), whereas mMRC scores (p = 0.43) and median PCFS scores (p = 0.11) remained unchanged. TAPSE decreased modestly but remained within the normal reference range (2.2 ± 0.3 vs 2.1 ± 0.2 cm; p = 0.03), while RVFWLS, FAC, and S′ showed no significant changes over time. Cross-sectional correlations between RV systolic indices and clinical outcomes were weak and nonsignificant at both AV1 and AV2 (|r| &lt; 0.30; p &gt; 0.05). Longitudinally, changes in RVFWLS were positively correlated with changes in KCO (r = 0.33; p = 0.05), whereas changes in FAC were inversely correlated with changes in PCFS scores (r = −0.35; p = 0.02).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusios</title>
					<p>In this cohort of post-COVID-19 survivors, functional capacity and pulmonary diffusing capacity improved over time, whereas RVFWLS remained persistently reduced without significant longitudinal change. These exploratory findings suggest that RV systolic indices should not be interpreted in isolation as markers of functional limitation during the late post-COVID-19 period and support the use of an integrated, multiparametric approach to patient assessment.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Serial Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function and Its Association With Functional Capacity, Dyspnea, and Pulmonary Diffusion in Post-COVID-19 Survivors</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260051-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Serial Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Function and Its Association With Functional Capacity, Dyspnea, and Pulmonary Diffusion in Post-COVID-19 Survivors. 2D-STE: 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography; 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FAC: fractional area change; ICU: intensive care unit; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation; KCO: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: RV free wall longitudinal strain; S′: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; VA: alveolar volume.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</kwd>
				<kwd>Right Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group>
					<funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
					<award-id>07/2020</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> This study was funded by CNPq – MCTIC/CNPq/FNDCT/MS/SCTIE/Decit No. 07/2020.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="16"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Post-COVID-19 is characterized by new or persistent symptoms that typically develop within 3 months after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, persist for at least 2 months, and substantially affect daily functioning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dyspnea, reduced exercise tolerance, and fatigue are among the most common manifestations, suggesting that persistent cardiopulmonary abnormalities may contribute to long-term functional impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, these symptoms are multifactorial and are often inadequately explained by abnormalities within a single organ system, which underscores the need for integrated phenotyping encompassing cardiac, pulmonary, and functional domains.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Cardiac involvement in COVID-19 ranges from overt myocardial injury to subclinical myocardial dysfunction. The right ventricle (RV) is particularly vulnerable because of its sensitivity to acute increases in pulmonary vascular load resulting from hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, thromboinflammation, microvascular dysfunction, the effects of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and acute respiratory distress syndrome. During the acute phase of COVID-19, RV dysfunction — including abnormalities identified by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE)-derived RV longitudinal strain — has consistently been associated with adverse clinical outcomes and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A Brazilian systematic review with meta-analysis of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 reported a high prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities, with pooled estimates of left ventricular and RV systolic dysfunction of 25% and 17%, respectively, highlighting the clinical value of cardiac imaging during the acute phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> 2D-STE provides a sensitive, reproducible assessment of RV mechanics, and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) can identify subtle systolic dysfunction even when conventional indices, such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), and tricuspid annular systolic velocity (S′), remain within normal reference ranges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, normative data demonstrate clinically meaningful variation in RVFWLS according to age and sex, emphasizing the importance of contextual interpretation and longitudinal assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Despite accumulating evidence of RV abnormalities during the acute phase of COVID-19, longitudinal data on RVFWLS in patients with post-COVID-19 and its relationship with functional capacity, patient-reported functional status, dyspnea severity, and pulmonary diffusing capacity remain limited. Follow-up studies have yielded heterogeneous results and have generally focused on imaging outcomes alone, with limited integration of functional testing and pulmonary physiological measures, particularly in cohorts characterized by severe acute illness and a high burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Consequently, it remains unclear whether longitudinal changes in RV mechanics parallel, or diverge from, recovery in functional performance and pulmonary diffusing capacity.</p>
			<p>Accordingly, the primary aim of this study was to characterize the longitudinal trajectory of RVFWLS and conventional RV systolic indices (TAPSE, FAC, and S′) between approximately 4 and 13 months after acute COVID-19. Secondary aims were to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of RV systolic function with functional capacity assessed by the 30-second sit-to-stand test (30STS), functional status measured by the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status (PCFS) Scale, dyspnea severity assessed using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, and pulmonary diffusing capacity measured by the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). We also explored whether baseline functional and pulmonary measures independently predicted follow-up RVFWLS after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design and setting</title>
				<p>This observational study represents an analysis of a prospective cohort of post-COVID-19 survivors followed at a dedicated post-COVID outpatient research clinic within a tertiary university hospital in southern Brazil. For the present analysis, participants underwent two standardized follow-up evaluations: AV1 (first post-acute evaluation), performed approximately 4 months after the acute phase of COVID-19, and AV2 (second post-acute evaluation), performed approximately 13 months after the acute illness. Medical records from the index hospitalization were reviewed to obtain clinical characteristics and markers of disease severity during the acute phase.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Participants</title>
				<p>Eligible participants were adults (≥ 18 years) with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swab specimens, who received care during the acute phase and subsequently attended outpatient follow-up. The parent prospective cohort comprised 124 post-COVID-19 survivors. For the present paired longitudinal analysis, participants were eligible if they completed both follow-up assessments and had analyzable transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), including RVFWLS, at both AV1 and AV2. Accordingly, no formal prospective sample size calculation was performed for this secondary analysis.</p>
				<p>Exclusion criteria were cognitive or psychiatric impairment precluding the provision of informed consent or completion of study questionnaires; missing required measurements or non-analyzable echocardiographic examinations at AV1 and/or AV2; terminal illness or receipt of palliative care; pregnancy; and age &lt; 18 years.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study procedures and data collection</title>
				<p>At both AV1 and AV2, participants underwent the following assessments, according to their availability at each visit: i) TTE; ii) pulmonary function testing, including spirometry and pulmonary diffusing capacity testing, when applicable; iii) assessment of dyspnea and functional status using the mMRC and the PCFS; iv) anthropometric measurements; and v) evaluation of functional capacity using the 30STS. Vital signs, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and SpO<sub>2</sub>, were recorded at each visit.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Demographic and clinical variables</title>
				<p>Age and sex were recorded for all participants. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) and classified according to World Health Organization criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pre-existing comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease (asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), heart failure, and coronary artery disease, were collected for descriptive purposes and were not considered primary analytical variables.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Severity of acute COVID-19</title>
				<p>The severity of acute COVID-19 was classified according to the highest level of care required during hospitalization: mild (no hospitalization), moderate (hospital ward admission), or severe (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, with or without IMV). Indicators of respiratory support and other markers of disease severity, including oxygen therapy, IMV, and SpO<sub>2</sub>, were extracted from medical records when available.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Assessment of functional capacity</title>
				<p>Functional capacity was assessed using the 30STS according to the Senior Fitness Test protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Age- and sex-specific normative values were used solely to provide clinical context and were not applied as diagnostic cutoffs.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Assessment of dyspnea and functional status</title>
				<p>Dyspnea severity was assessed using the mMRC (score range, 0-4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Functional status was evaluated using the PCFS (grades 0-4), based on the validated Brazilian Portuguese version.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Acquisition of echocardiographic images</title>
				<p>TTE was performed using a Vivid S6 ultrasound system (GE HealthCare, Tirat Carmel, Israel) equipped with an M4S phased-array transducer, allowing acquisition of 2D, M-mode, Doppler, and myocardial strain images. Image acquisition and quantitative measurements were performed in accordance with contemporary international recommendations for echocardiographic assessment of the right heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic measurements</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain</title>
					<p>RVFWLS was measured using 2D-STE from an RV-focused apical four-chamber view. Images were optimized for myocardial tracking, with a target frame rate of 50-80 frames/s. Analyses were performed using three consecutive cardiac cycles. RVFWLS was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the peak systolic longitudinal strain values obtained from the basal, midventricular, and apical segments of the RV free wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Definition of right ventricular systolic dysfunction</title>
			<p>For categorical analyses, RV systolic dysfunction was defined according to prespecified thresholds consistent with contemporary international recommendations: TAPSE &lt; 1.7 cm, FAC &lt; 35%, S′ &lt; 9.5 cm/s, and RVFWLS &gt; −20% (ie, less negative than −20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Pulmonary function testing</title>
			<p>Pulmonary function testing was performed at the study clinic and included spirometry and measurement of diffusing capacity using the single-breath technique. All tests were conducted by trained personnel in accordance with current American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society standards for acceptability and reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Pulmonary diffusing capacity was measured as the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>) using the single-breath method. Alveolar volume (<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>) was measured concurrently, and the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>) was calculated as <italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>/<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>. For the purposes of this study, pulmonary diffusing function was primarily represented by <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (mL/min/mmHg/L).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Study variables and analytical strategy</title>
			<p>The primary echocardiographic outcomes were RVFWLS, TAPSE, FAC, and S′ measured at AV1 and AV2. Functional and pulmonary outcomes included performance on the 30STS, PCFS scale grade, mMRC dyspnea score, and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>.</p>
			<p>Analyses were conducted using three complementary approaches. First, cross-sectional analyses examined the associations between RV echocardiographic parameters and functional or pulmonary outcomes separately at AV1 and AV2. Second, longitudinal analyses evaluated within-participant changes over time, with change scores (Δ) calculated as the value at AV2 minus the value at AV1. These analyses were restricted to participants with complete paired measurements for the variable of interest. Third, categorical analyses classified participants as improved, stable, or worsened according to prespecified criteria. For RV systolic indices, the predefined thresholds for RV systolic dysfunction were used to facilitate clinically meaningful categorization.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Statistical analysis</title>
			<p>Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Figures were generated using R, version 4.5.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing), with the “tidyverse” package. Selected stratified analyses, including comparisons according to ICU admission and sex, as well as adjusted models when applicable, were performed in R.</p>
			<p>The distribution of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) as appropriate, whereas categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Comparisons between AV1 and AV2 were performed using paired <italic>t</italic> tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests according to data distribution. Between-group comparisons in stratified analyses were conducted using Student’s <italic>t</italic> tests or Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> tests, as appropriate. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test.</p>
			<p>Associations between echocardiographic parameters and functional or pulmonary outcomes were assessed using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients according to the distributional characteristics of data. Correlation strength was interpreted using prespecified thresholds based on the absolute correlation coefficient: weak (&lt; 0.30), moderate (0.30-0.49), and strong (≥ 0.50).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A sensitivity power analysis for correlation coefficients was performed to contextualize the absence of a prospective sample size calculation. Assuming a two-sided significance level of α = 0.05 (p &lt; 0.05) and 80% statistical power, the minimum detectable correlation coefficients were approximately |r| = 0.39 for n = 49, |r| = 0.40 for n = 46, |r| = 0.42 for n = 43, and |r| = 0.46 for n = 35. Accordingly, weaker associations may not have been detected. Because no formal adjustment for multiple comparisons was applied, analyses involving multiple correlations and subgroup comparisons should be considered exploratory. 95%CIs are reported where appropriate, and effect sizes are presented as Cohen’s <italic>d</italic> or rank-biserial correlation coefficients, as applicable.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Ethical considerations</title>
			<p>The study was approved by the institutional Human Research Ethics Committee in accordance with Brazilian National Health Council Resolution 466/2012 (protocol no. 4.290.578). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before study enrollment.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Participants and follow-up</title>
				<p>Among the 124 participants enrolled in the parent prospective cohort, 49 completed both follow-up visits and had analyzable paired echocardiographic examinations. Women comprised 55.1% (27/49) of the cohort, and obesity was present in 63.3% (31/49). Pre-existing comorbidities included hypertension in 33 participants (67.3%), diabetes mellitus in 15 (30.6%), chronic lung disease (asthma or COPD) in two (4.1%), and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in one (2.0%).</p>
				<p>Most participants required hospitalization during the acute phase of COVID-19, with 38 (77.6%) admitted to the ICU and 33 (67.3%) requiring IMV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Baseline characteristics and acute-phase severity of the study participants (n = 49)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Overall</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Age, years</bold></td>
									<td align="center">50.7 ± 10.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Sex</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Male</td>
									<td align="center">22 (44.9)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Female</td>
									<td align="center">27 (55.1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="center">32.1 ± 5.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>BMI category</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (34.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Obesity (≥ 30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">31 (63.3)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Hospitalization during acute COVID-19</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">5 (10.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">44 (89.8)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Severity of acute COVID-19</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mild</td>
									<td align="center">5 (10.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Moderate</td>
									<td align="center">6 (12.2)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Severe</td>
									<td align="center">38 (77.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>ICU admission</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">11 (22.4)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">38 (77.6)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>IMV</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>No</td>
									<td align="center">16 (32.7)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Yes</td>
									<td align="center">33 (67.3)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%) as appropriate. BMI: body mass index; ICU: intensive care unit; IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The AV1 was performed a mean of 122.6 ± 52.8 days (4.0 ± 1.7 months) after the acute illness, whereas the AV2 occurred after a mean of 417.4 ± 24.5 days (13.7 ± 0.8 months). The mean interval between assessments was 295.0 ± 51.9 days. The study design and principal findings are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Functional capacity, dyspnea, functional status, and pulmonary diffusion</title>
				<p>Between AV1 and AV2, functional capacity as assessed by the 30STS and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> improved significantly. In contrast, dyspnea severity (mMRC) and functional status (PCFS) remained unchanged (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Functional status, dyspnea, functional capacity, and pulmonary diffusion at AV1 and AV2</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>AV1</th>
									<th>AV2</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>mMRC</td>
									<td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
									<td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.430</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PCFS</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 (1.0-3.0)</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 (1.0-3.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.110</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>30STS</td>
									<td align="center">10.1 ± 3.3</td>
									<td align="center">11.6 ± 3.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
									<td align="center">4.1 ± 0.7</td>
									<td align="center">4.3 ± 0.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.002</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>p-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for ordinal variables (mMRC and PCFS) and the paired t test for continuous variables (30STS and KCO). Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Longitudinal changes in right ventricular function</title>
				<p>Among the RV systolic indices, TAPSE showed a modest decline between AV1 and AV2, although values remained within the normal reference range. No significant longitudinal changes were observed in RVFWLS, FAC, or S′ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Longitudinal changes in right ventricular echocardiographic measures between AV1 and AV2</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>AV1</th>
									<th>AV2</th>
									<th>MD*</th>
									<th>95% CI</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
									<td align="center">2.2 ± 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.1 ± 0.2</td>
									<td align="center">−0.09</td>
									<td align="center">−0.17 to −0.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>RVFWLS, %</td>
									<td align="center">−17.4 ± 4.5</td>
									<td align="center">−18.4 ± 3.5</td>
									<td align="center">−0.99</td>
									<td align="center">−2.53 to 0.56</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FAC, %</td>
									<td align="center">46.8 ± 7.4</td>
									<td align="center">44.6 ± 11.2</td>
									<td align="center">−2.26</td>
									<td align="center">−5.75 to 1.23</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>S′, cm/s</td>
									<td align="center">12.6 ± 2.4</td>
									<td align="center">12.2 ± 2.0</td>
									<td align="center">−0.45</td>
									<td align="center">−1.02 to 0.12</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>*MD was calculated as AV2 − AV1. Data are presented as mean ± SD. AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; MD: mean difference; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S′: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Cross-sectional associations between right ventricular function and clinical outcomes</title>
				<p>Cross-sectional analyses performed separately at AV1 and AV2 revealed no significant associations between RV systolic indices and functional or pulmonary outcomes (all p &gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Table S1; Table S2</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Longitudinal associations</title>
				<p>In analyses based on within-participant changes (Δ = AV2 − AV1), changes in RVFWLS were positively correlated with changes in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0.33; p = 0.05), whereas changes in FAC were inversely correlated with changes in PCFS scores (r = −0.35; p = 0.02). No other longitudinal correlations reached statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Correlations between longitudinal changes in RV echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">RV parameter ΔRV*</th>
									<th>mMRC</th>
									<th>PCFS</th>
									<th>30STS</th>
									<th>KCO</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>RVFWLS</td>
									<td align="center">−0.16 (p = 0.28)</td>
									<td align="center">−0.06 (p = 0.71)</td>
									<td align="center">0.007 (p = 0.96)</td>
									<td align="center">0.33 (p = 0.05)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE</td>
									<td align="center">−0.12 (p = 0.43)</td>
									<td align="center">−0.01 (p = 0.92)</td>
									<td align="center">−0.19 (p = 0.21)</td>
									<td align="center">0.003 (p = 0.99)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FAC</td>
									<td align="center">−0.17 (p = 0.25)</td>
									<td align="center">−0.35 (p = 0.02)</td>
									<td align="center">0.07 (p = 0.67)</td>
									<td align="center">−0.06 (p = 0.73)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>S′</td>
									<td align="center">0.02 (p = 0.89)</td>
									<td align="center">0.02 (p = 0.89)</td>
									<td align="center">−0.21 (p = 0.17)</td>
									<td align="center">−0.28 (p = 0.11)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Values are correlation coefficients (r or ρ) with corresponding p-values. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients were used as appropriate. *ΔRV was calculated as AV2 − AV1. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: RV free-wall longitudinal strain; S′: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In analyses based on categorical trajectories (improved, stable, or worsened), changes in TAPSE were inversely correlated with the trajectory of 30STS performance (ρ = −0.37; p = 0.01), whereas all other associations were nonsignificant (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Table S3</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Stratified analyses by acute-phase severity and sex</title>
				<p>When participants were stratified according to ICU admission during the acute phase, RVFWLS at AV1 showed a nonsignificant trend toward less favorable values among patients requiring ICU care than among those who did not (−16.8 ± 4.7% vs −19.3 ± 3.4%; p = 0.07). No significant between-group differences were observed for the remaining RV systolic indices or for functional and pulmonary measures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). At AV2, RV echocardiographic parameters, functional outcomes, and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> were comparable between the ICU and non-ICU groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Right ventricular echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes at AV1 according to ICU admission</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Non-ICU (n = 11)</th>
									<th>ICU (n = 38)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
									<th>Effect size*</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>RVFWLS, %</td>
									<td align="center">−19.3 ± 3.4</td>
									<td align="center">−16.8 ± 4.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.55</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
									<td align="center">2.2 ± 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.2 ± 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.81</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FAC, %</td>
									<td align="center">49.2 ± 7.4</td>
									<td align="center">46.1 ± 7.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>S′, cm/s</td>
									<td align="center">12.4 ± 2.3</td>
									<td align="center">12.7 ± 2.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.71</td>
									<td align="center">−0.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>30STS, repetitions</td>
									<td align="center">11.3 ± 1.6</td>
									<td align="center">10.0 ± 3.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
									<td align="center">4.0 ± 0.5</td>
									<td align="center">4.2 ± 0.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.32</td>
									<td align="center">−0.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>mMRC, median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">1.0 (0.0-3.0)</td>
									<td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.09</td>
									<td align="center">−0.06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PCFS, median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 (0.5-2.5)</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 (2.0-3.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.65</td>
									<td align="center">0.27</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>p-values were calculated using the Student’s t test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed or ordinal variables. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. *Effect size is presented as Cohen’s d for independent-samples t tests and rank-biserial correlation for Mann-Whitney U tests. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; ICU: intensive care unit; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC; modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S′: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Right ventricular echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes at AV2 according to ICU admission</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Non-ICU (n = 11)</th>
									<th>ICU (n = 38)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
									<th>Effect size*</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>RVFWLS, %</td>
									<td align="center">−18.1 ± 2.7</td>
									<td align="center">−18.5 ± 3.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.69</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
									<td align="center">2.2 ± 0.2</td>
									<td align="center">2.1 ± 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.38</td>
									<td align="center">0.29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FAC, %</td>
									<td align="center">43.4 ± 15.7</td>
									<td align="center">45.4 ± 9.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.97</td>
									<td align="center">−0.18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>S′, cm/s</td>
									<td align="center">12.3 ± 1.6</td>
									<td align="center">12.2 ± 2.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.89</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>30STS, repetitions</td>
									<td align="center">11.9 ± 2.4</td>
									<td align="center">11.5 ± 3.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.89</td>
									<td align="center">0.13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
									<td align="center">4.1 ± 0.7</td>
									<td align="center">4.3 ± 0.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.51</td>
									<td align="center">−0.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>mMRC, median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">1.0 (0.2-1.0)</td>
									<td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.40</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PCFS, median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 (1.0-2.0)</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 (1.0-3.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.22</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>p-values were calculated using the Student’s t test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed or ordinal variables. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. *Effect size is presented as Cohen’s d for independent-samples t tests and rank-biserial correlation for Mann-Whitney U tests. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; ICU: intensive care unit; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S′: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Sex-stratified analyses demonstrated no significant differences in RV echocardiographic parameters or functional and pulmonary outcomes at AV1. At AV2, men exhibited lower TAPSE and FAC values than women, whereas RVFWLS and S′ remained comparable between sexes. PCFS scores showed a borderline difference between men and women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Right ventricular echocardiographic measures and clinical outcomes at AV2 according to sex</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variable</th>
									<th>Male (n = 22)</th>
									<th>Female (n = 27)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
									<th>Effect size*</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>RVFWLS, %</td>
									<td align="center">−18.0 ± 3.3</td>
									<td align="center">−18.7 ± 3.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.47</td>
									<td align="center">−0.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 ± 0.2</td>
									<td align="center">2.2 ± 0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">−0.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FAC, %</td>
									<td align="center">43.5 ± 5.8</td>
									<td align="center">46.1 ± 14.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
									<td align="center">0.34</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>S′, cm/s</td>
									<td align="center">12.0 ± 2.1</td>
									<td align="center">12.4 ± 2.0</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">−0.21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>30STS, repetitions</td>
									<td align="center">12.3 ± 3.2</td>
									<td align="center">11.1 ± 2.8</td>
									<td align="center">0.19</td>
									<td align="center">−0.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
									<td align="center">4.4 ± 0.9</td>
									<td align="center">4.1 ± 0.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.36</td>
									<td align="center">0.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>mMRC, median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">0.5 (0.0-1.2)</td>
									<td align="center">1.0 (0.0-2.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.66</td>
									<td align="center">0.18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PCFS, median (IQR)</td>
									<td align="center">1.5 (0.0-2.2)</td>
									<td align="center">2.0 (2.0-3.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.22</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>p-values were calculated using the Student’s t test for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed or ordinal variables. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) as appropriate. *Effect size is presented as Cohen’s d for independent-samples t tests and rank-biserial correlation for Mann-Whitney U tests. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; FAC: fractional area change; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; S′: tricuspid annular systolic velocity; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In analysis of covariance models with RVFWLS at AV2 as the dependent variable, baseline RVFWLS as a covariate, and each baseline functional or pulmonary measure entered individually as the predictor of interest, none of the baseline functional or pulmonary measures independently predicted follow-up RVFWLS after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 8</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– ANCOVA models evaluating baseline functional and pulmonary measures as predictors of RVFWLS at AV2 after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Model (predictor at AV1)</th>
									<th>F (df1, df2)</th>
									<th>p-value</th>
									<th>Partial η<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>mMRC</td>
									<td align="center">1.930 (1. 47)</td>
									<td align="center">0.17</td>
									<td align="center">0.039</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PCFS</td>
									<td align="center">0.180 (1. 47)</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
									<td align="center">0.004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>30STS</td>
									<td align="center">1.345 (1. 45)</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.029</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>K<sub>CO</sub></td>
									<td align="center">0.225 (1. 39)</td>
									<td align="center">0.64</td>
									<td align="center">0.006</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>The dependent variable was RVFWLS at AV2. Baseline RVFWLS (AV1) was included as a covariate. Each model included a single baseline functional or pulmonary measure as the predictor of interest. 30STS: 30-second sit-to-stand test; ANCOVA: analysis of covariance; AV1: first post-acute evaluation; AV2: second post-acute evaluation; df: degrees of freedom; K<sub>CO</sub>: carbon monoxide transfer coefficient; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council; PCFS: Post-COVID-19 Functional Status; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This study provides a longitudinal assessment of post-COVID-19 survivors from a cohort characterized by severe acute illness and a high burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities. Over a mean follow-up interval of approximately 10 months, objective measures of functional performance, assessed by the 30STS, and pulmonary diffusing function, indexed by the <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>, improved significantly. In contrast, dyspnea severity and self-reported functional status, assessed using the mMRC and the PCFS, respectively, remained unchanged despite a favorable descriptive trend. From a cardiovascular perspective, conventional RV systolic indices remained largely preserved, with the exception of a modest but statistically significant decline in TAPSE, which nevertheless remained within the normal reference range. Likewise, RVFWLS remained mildly reduced without significant longitudinal change, consistent with persistent subclinical RV systolic involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The susceptibility of the RV to injury during acute COVID-19 is well established. Pulmonary vascular abnormalities and thrombo-inflammatory processes increase RV afterload and may precipitate RV systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In 2022, investigators at the Mayo Clinic compared pre-COVID-19 echocardiograms with the first outpatient post-COVID-19 examination using blinded core laboratory strain analysis and a stringent definition of clinically meaningful deterioration. Overall, they found no clinically meaningful change in mean RV free wall strain, although a subset of patients experienced significant worsening, particularly those with new cardiopulmonary symptoms and pre-existing cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Longitudinal studies from other cohorts have likewise suggested that RV remodeling and dysfunction improve in most survivors but persist in clinically important subgroups, potentially attenuating linear associations when analyses are performed across the entire cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Consistent with this heterogeneity, studies focusing on ICU survivors have reported more persistent impairment in RV strain and conventional RV systolic indices than in control populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> whereas other longitudinal cohorts have demonstrated statistically significant improvements in RV strain over approximately 1 year despite minimal absolute changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Conversely, large cohorts with longer follow-up have reported RV strain values comparable to those of control participants in some settings,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> supporting the concept that post-COVID-19 RV mechanical abnormalities are generally subtle, heterogeneous across clinical phenotypes, and not consistently reflected by symptom burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The present findings, which are characterized by preserved conventional RV systolic indices together with persistently but mildly reduced RVFWLS, fit within this heterogeneous body of evidence and underscore the importance of considering both clinical phenotype and methodological differences when interpreting results across studies.</p>
			<p>The substantial cardiometabolic burden of our cohort also warrants consideration when interpreting the persistently reduced RVFWLS values. Although guideline-recommended thresholds are useful for categorical classification, they were not developed specifically for post-COVID-19 populations with a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, in the absence of a non-COVID control group and pre-infection echocardiographic data, residual abnormalities in RVFWLS should be interpreted with caution and should not be attributed solely to prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
			<p>Cross-sectional analyses performed at both follow-up visits demonstrated weak and nonsignificant correlations (|r| &lt; 0.30; p &gt; 0.05) between RV systolic indices (RVFWLS, TAPSE, FAC, and S′) and clinical outcomes, including dyspnea (mMRC), functional status (PCFS), functional capacity (30STS), and pulmonary diffusing function (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). These findings suggest that, at a single time point during the late post-COVID-19 period, resting RV systolic performance, whether assessed by conventional echocardiographic parameters or myocardial deformation imaging, does not exhibit a linear relationship with dyspnea severity, self-reported functional limitation, objective functional performance, or pulmonary diffusing capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This observation is consistent with the multifactorial pathophysiology of post-COVID-19, in which persistent symptoms and perceived functional limitation likely reflect the combined effects of residual pulmonary disease, cardiovascular abnormalities, peripheral deconditioning, autonomic dysfunction, and psychosocial factors. These interacting mechanisms may contribute to the frequently observed dissociation between objective cardiopulmonary measurements and patient-reported outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>When longitudinal changes (Δ) were analyzed, two modest but biologically plausible associations emerged. Changes in RVFWLS were positively correlated with changes in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0.33; p = 0.05), whereas changes in FAC were inversely correlated with changes in PCFS scores (r = −0.35; p = 0.02). The association between improvements in pulmonary gas transfer and RV mechanics is physiologically plausible given the sensitivity of RV performance to changes in pulmonary vascular afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, the association between ΔRVFWLS and Δ<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> reached only the conventional threshold for statistical significance and should therefore be considered hypothesis-generating, particularly because no adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed. Partial recovery of the alveolar-capillary interface may be accompanied by parallel, albeit modest, improvement in RV mechanical function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Similarly, FAC — which is generally considered a more global measure of RV systolic performance than annular indices alone — may capture clinically meaningful changes associated with patients’ perceived functional trajectory in selected individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Using the categorical trajectory approach, the inverse correlation between changes in TAPSE and the trajectory of 30STS performance (ρ = −0.37; p = 0.01) indicates that greater longitudinal reductions in TAPSE were associated with greater improvement in 30STS performance categories. TAPSE is highly load dependent, reflects only the longitudinal excursion of the tricuspid annulus, and is susceptible to measurement variability. Consequently, current guidelines recommend a multiparametric assessment of RV systolic function rather than reliance on TAPSE as a standalone measure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although reduced TAPSE during acute COVID-19 hospitalization has consistently been associated with adverse outcomes, including mortality, in meta-analyses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> a small isolated decline during the late post-COVID-19 period, in the absence of concordant changes in FAC, S′, or RVFWLS, is more likely to reflect hemodynamic variation, measurement variability, or selective changes in longitudinal annular motion than a true deterioration in global RV systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The stability of FAC and S′ observed in our cohort further supports this interpretation.</p>
			<p>The significant improvement in 30STS performance together with the increase in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> suggests objective recovery in both functional performance and pulmonary diffusing capacity, which may not be proportionately reflected by symptom-based or patient-reported functional measures. One plausible explanation is that improvements in 30STS performance partly reflect peripheral reconditioning, including gains in lower-extremity strength and endurance, enhanced tolerance to submaximal exercise, and/or participation in rehabilitation programs, all of which may improve functional performance despite stable echocardiographic findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of rehabilitation interventions in post-COVID-19 populations have consistently demonstrated improvements in functional outcomes, including sit-to-stand performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Likewise, longitudinal studies of survivors of COVID-19 hospitalization have frequently reported progressive improvement in pulmonary diffusing capacity (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub> and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>) over time, although residual impairment may persist in some individuals and recovery may eventually plateau, providing context for the modest increase in <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> observed in our cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Despite these objective improvements, the stability of median mMRC and PCFS scores is consistent with evidence from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) studies and systematic reviews indicating that exertional intolerance and persistent dyspnea in post-COVID-19 arise from multiple interacting mechanisms (eg, ventilatory, perfusion-related, circulatory, peripheral, and autonomic abnormalities) making it unlikely that any single resting physiological marker adequately explains symptom severity or functional limitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Stratified analyses yielded additional findings that should be regarded as hypothesis-generating. When participants were stratified according to acute-phase severity, RVFWLS showed a nonsignificant trend toward more impaired values among patients requiring ICU admission at AV1, whereas values converged by AV2, a pattern consistent with greater early RV vulnerability in severe COVID-19 followed by partial recovery or physiological adaptation over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Sex-stratified analyses showed that men had lower TAPSE and FAC values at AV2 and experienced greater longitudinal reductions in TAPSE and S′, whereas women tended to report greater functional limitation on the PCFS. These observations should be interpreted cautiously because RV systolic indices are influenced by loading conditions and are subject to both biological and technical variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the greater symptom burden reported by women is consistent with previous studies of post-COVID-19 populations using functional status instruments and rehabilitation cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Finally, analysis of covariance demonstrated that baseline mMRC, PCFS, 30STS, and <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> were not independently associated with RVFWLS at follow-up after adjustment for baseline RVFWLS, suggesting that the initial severity of symptoms, functional impairment, or pulmonary dysfunction did not robustly predict subsequent RV myocardial deformation in this cohort.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Clinical implications</title>
				<p>Our findings have three main clinical implications. First, neither RVFWLS nor conventional RV systolic indices emerged as robust standalone markers of late functional impairment or its longitudinal trajectory, supporting the use of an integrated assessment that combines echocardiography with functional testing and pulmonary evaluation, as advocated by recent post-COVID-19 phenotyping studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Second, the modest associations observed in longitudinal (Δ-based) analyses suggest that temporal changes may be more informative than isolated measurements obtained at a single time point. However, the observed effect sizes were small and lacked consistent replication across analyses, indicating that noncardiac factors (eg, peripheral deconditioning, residual pulmonary disease, autonomic dysfunction, and psychosocial influences) are likely to play a predominant role in determining functional recovery in many patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Third, the optimal timing of cardiopulmonary assessment after COVID-19 remains uncertain. Earlier evaluations, including those performed during the acute phase of illness, may provide greater prognostic value than later assessments and warrant further investigation.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study limitations</title>
				<p>This study has several limitations. First, the relatively small sample size limited statistical power for correlation analyses, particularly after stratification and categorical trajectory classification, increasing the risk of type II error and reducing the precision of effect estimates. Sensitivity power analysis indicated that the available sample size was sufficient to detect correlations of at least moderate magnitude; therefore, weaker associations may have gone undetected. Consequently, nonsignificant findings should not be interpreted as definitive evidence of the absence of an association, and the results should be regarded as exploratory and hypothesis-generating.</p>
				<p>Second, the limited sample size precluded meaningful subgroup analyses according to important cardiometabolic conditions, such as obesity and hypertension, because these would have resulted in small subgroup sizes and unstable estimates.</p>
				<p>Third, no formal adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed; therefore, isolated findings with borderline statistical significance should be interpreted cautiously. Fourth, the absence of both a non-COVID control group and pre-infection echocardiographic data limits attribution of the observed abnormalities specifically to post-COVID-19 sequelae in this cohort with a high burden of pre-existing comorbidities.</p>
				<p>Fifth, the availability of only two follow-up assessments precluded characterization of intermediate recovery trajectories, including the possibility of early improvement followed by a later plateau. Moreover, because the first follow-up assessment occurred approximately 4 months after the acute illness, RV abnormalities present during hospitalization or in the early post-discharge period may already have partially resolved, limiting characterization of the complete course of RV recovery.</p>
				<p>Sixth, mechanistic interpretation is limited by the absence of invasive hemodynamic assessment by right heart catheterization and CPET, both of which could have better distinguished the relative contributions of ventilatory, circulatory, peripheral, and autonomic mechanisms to persistent exercise intolerance. In addition, potentially important confounding factors (eg, pre-COVID-19 physical activity, participation in rehabilitation programs, medical therapies, infecting viral variants, and socioeconomic characteristics) could not be comprehensively accounted for.</p>
				<p>Finally, intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of RVFWLS measurements was not formally assessed. Therefore, the contribution of measurement variability to the small longitudinal changes observed cannot be excluded. Moreover, 2D-STE-derived RV strain is intrinsically influenced by image quality, frame rate, tracking performance, observer variability, and vendor- or software-specific algorithms, while standardization of RV strain cutoff values remains incomplete .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Among post-COVID-19 survivors with severe acute illness and a high burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities, functional capacity and pulmonary diffusing function improved during follow-up, whereas RVFWLS remained mildly reduced without significant longitudinal change. Conventional RV systolic indices remained largely preserved, with the exception of a modest decline in TAPSE that remained within the normal reference range. These exploratory findings suggest a partial dissociation between recovery of functional and pulmonary performance and resting echocardiographic markers of RV systolic function during the late post-COVID-19 period, reinforcing the importance of an integrated, multiparametric, and individualized approach to patient assessment.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
			<title>Supplemental Materials</title>
			<supplementary-material id="suppl01_pt">
				<label>Supplemental Materials</label>
				<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260051-suppl01.pdf"/>
			</supplementary-material>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p>This article is part of the master’s thesis in Medical Sciences submitted by Rogelin M, from the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee for Human Subjects under approval number 4,290,578, dated 09/21/2020. All procedures involved in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p>The data supporting the results of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_suppl">
				<label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
				<p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0051_AO_Supplementary_Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p>This study was funded by CNPq – MCTIC/CNPq/FNDCT/MS/SCTIE/Decit No. 07/2020.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260051</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Avaliação Ecocardiográfica Seriada da Função do Ventrículo Direito e Sua Associação Com Capacidade Funcional, Dispneia e Difusão Pulmonar em Sobreviventes da Covid-19 Longa</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8299-6332</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rogelin</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística e redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9449-8959</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aranha</surname>
						<given-names>Adriana Ferraz Martins Graça</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4620-9064</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fonseca</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda Rodrigues</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9627-2112</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Rosemeri Maurici da</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>obtenção de financiamento</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6954-2834</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fialho</surname>
						<given-names>Guilherme Loureiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Marcelo Rogelin Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário. CEP: 88040-900. Florianópolis, SC – Brasil E-mail: marcelorogelin@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p>Sobreviventes da covid-19 longa podem apresentar comprometimento funcional persistente e sequelas cardiopulmonares tardias. O ventrículo direito (VD) é particularmente suscetível a lesões, e a deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito (DLPLVD), medida pela ecocardiografia bidimensional com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (2D-STE), pode detectar disfunção sistólica subclínica do VD.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p>Avaliar as alterações longitudinais da função sistólica do VD, por meio da DLPLVD, da excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE), da variação fracional da área (FAC) e da velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide (S′), e investigar suas associações com a capacidade funcional (teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos [TSL-30]), o estado funcional (Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19 [PCFS]), a dispneia (escala modificada do Medical Research Council [mMRC]) e o coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>CO</italic></sub>) em sobreviventes da covid-19 pós-aguda.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p>Esta análise observacional incluiu participantes de uma <underline>coorte</underline> prospectiva de covid-19 pós-aguda avaliados em duas visitas de acompanhamento (AV1 e AV2), aproximadamente 4 e 13 meses após a infecção aguda. Foram incluídos adultos com infecção por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada e ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) passível de análise por 2D-STE. A significância estatística foi definida como p &lt; 0,05 bicaudal.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p>Foram incluídos 49 pacientes; 55,1% eram mulheres, a idade média foi de 50,7 ± 10,3 anos, 63,3% apresentavam obesidade, 77,6% necessitaram de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e 67,3% foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI). O desempenho no TSL-30 melhorou (10,1 ± 3,3 vs. 11,6 ± 3,1 repetições; p = 0,004), e o K<sub>CO</sub> aumentou (4,1 ± 0,7 vs. 4,3 ± 0,8 ml/min/mmHg/l; p = 0,002), enquanto os escores da mMRC (p = 0,43) e a mediana dos escores da PCFS (p = 0,11) permaneceram inalterados. A TAPSE apresentou redução discreta, mas permaneceu dentro da faixa de referência da normalidade (2,2 ± 0,3 vs. 2,1 ± 0,2 cm; p = 0,03), enquanto a DLPLVD, a FAC e a S′ não apresentaram alterações significativas ao longo do tempo. As correlações transversais entre os índices de função sistólica do VD e os desfechos clínicos foram fracas e não significativas tanto na AV1 quanto na AV2 (|r| &lt; 0,30; p &gt; 0,05). Na análise longitudinal, as alterações da DLPLVD apresentaram correlação positiva com as alterações do K<sub>CO</sub> (r = 0,33; p = 0,05), enquanto as alterações da FAC apresentaram correlação inversa com as alterações dos escores da PCFS (r = −0,35; p = 0,02).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p>Nesta coorte de sobreviventes da covid-19 pós-aguda, a capacidade funcional e a capacidade de difusão pulmonar melhoraram ao longo do tempo, enquanto a DLPLVD permaneceu persistentemente reduzida, sem alterações longitudinais significativas. Esses achados exploratórios sugerem que os índices de função sistólica do VD não devem ser interpretados isoladamente como marcadores de limitação funcional durante o período tardio da covid-19 pós-aguda e reforçam o uso de uma abordagem integrada e multiparamétrica para a avaliação desses pacientes.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central</label>
						<caption>
							<title>: Avaliação Ecocardiográfica Seriada da Função do Ventrículo Direito e Sua Associação Com Capacidade Funcional, Dispneia e Difusão Pulmonar em Sobreviventes da Covid-19 Longa</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260051-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Avaliação Ecocardiográfica Seriada da Função do Ventrículo Direito e Sua Associação Com Capacidade Funcional, Dispneia e Difusão Pulmonar em Sobreviventes da Covid-19 Pós-Aguda. 2D-STE: ecocardiografia bidimensional com speckle tracking; AV1: primeira avaliação pós-aguda; AV2: segunda avaliação pós-aguda; DLCO: capacidade de difusão pulmonar para monóxido de carbono; DLPLVD: deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; FAC: variação fracional da área; KCO: coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19; S′: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; VA: volume alveolar; VD: ventrículo direito; VMI: ventilação mecânica invasiva.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Síndrome de Pós-COVID-19 Aguda</kwd>
				<kwd>Disfunção Ventricular Direita</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Deformação Longitudinal Global</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A covid-19 longa é caracterizada por sintomas novos ou persistentes que geralmente se desenvolvem dentro de 3 meses após a infecção aguda por SARS-CoV-2, persistem por pelo menos 2 meses e afetam substancialmente o funcionamento diário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Dispneia, redução da tolerância ao exercício e fadiga estão entre as manifestações mais comuns, sugerindo que alterações cardiopulmonares persistentes podem contribuir para o comprometimento funcional de longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, esses sintomas são multifatoriais e frequentemente não são adequadamente explicados por alterações em um único sistema orgânico, o que ressalta a necessidade de uma caracterização integrada abrangendo os domínios cardíaco, pulmonar e funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O acometimento cardíaco na covid-19 varia desde lesão miocárdica manifesta até disfunção miocárdica subclínica. O ventrículo direito (VD) é particularmente vulnerável devido à sua sensibilidade aos aumentos agudos da carga vascular pulmonar decorrentes da vasoconstrição pulmonar hipóxica, tromboinflamação, disfunção microvascular, efeitos da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. Durante a fase aguda da covid-19, a disfunção do VD — incluindo alterações identificadas pela deformação longitudinal do VD derivada da ecocardiografia bidimensional com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (2D-STE) — tem sido consistentemente associada a desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma revisão sistemática brasileira com metanálise de pacientes hospitalizados com covid-19 relatou elevada prevalência de alterações ecocardiográficas, com estimativas combinadas de disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo e do VD de 25% e 17%, respectivamente, destacando o valor clínico da imagem cardíaca durante a fase aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A 2D-STE fornece uma avaliação sensível e reprodutível da mecânica do VD, e a deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito (DLPLVD) pode identificar disfunção sistólica sutil mesmo quando índices convencionais, como a excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide (TAPSE), a variação fracional da área (FAC) e a velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide (S′), permanecem dentro dos valores de referência da normalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Além disso, dados normativos demonstram variações clinicamente relevantes da DLPLVD de acordo com a idade e o sexo, enfatizando a importância da interpretação contextualizada e da avaliação longitudinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar do crescente corpo de evidências sobre alterações do VD durante a fase aguda da covid-19, os dados longitudinais sobre a DLPLVD em pacientes com covid-19 longa e sua relação com a capacidade funcional, o estado funcional autorrelatado, a gravidade da dispneia e a capacidade de difusão pulmonar permanecem limitados. Estudos de seguimento têm produzido resultados heterogêneos e, de modo geral, concentraram-se apenas em desfechos de imagem, com integração limitada de testes funcionais e medidas fisiológicas pulmonares, particularmente em coortes caracterizadas por doença aguda grave e elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometabólicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Consequentemente, permanece incerto se as alterações longitudinais da mecânica do VD acompanham ou divergem da recuperação do desempenho funcional e da capacidade de difusão pulmonar.</p>
				<p>Assim, o objetivo primário deste estudo foi caracterizar a trajetória longitudinal da DLPLVD e dos índices convencionais de função sistólica do VD (TAPSE, FAC e S′) entre aproximadamente 4 e 13 meses após a covid-19 aguda. Os objetivos secundários foram investigar as associações transversais e longitudinais da função sistólica do VD com a capacidade funcional avaliada pelo teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos (TSL-30), o estado funcional mensurado pela Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19 (PCFS), a gravidade da dispneia avaliada pela escala modificada do Medical Research Council (mMRC) e a capacidade de difusão pulmonar mensurada pelo coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). Também exploramos se as medidas funcionais e pulmonares basais prediziam independentemente a DLPLVD no seguimento após ajuste para a DLPLVD basal.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Delineamento do estudo e cenário</title>
					<p>Este estudo observacional representa uma análise de uma coorte prospectiva de sobreviventes da covid-19 longa acompanhados em um ambulatório de pesquisa especializado em covid-19 longa vinculado a um hospital universitário terciário no sul do Brasil. Para a presente análise, os participantes foram submetidos a duas avaliações padronizadas de seguimento: AV1 (primeira avaliação pós-aguda), realizada aproximadamente 4 meses após a fase aguda da covid-19, e AV2 (segunda avaliação pós-aguda), realizada aproximadamente 13 meses após a doença aguda. Os prontuários médicos referentes à hospitalização inicial foram revisados para obtenção das características clínicas e dos marcadores de gravidade da doença durante a fase aguda.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Participantes</title>
					<p>Foram elegíveis adultos (≥ 18 anos) com infecção por SARS-CoV-2 confirmada por reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa, utilizando amostras obtidas por <italic>swab</italic> nasofaríngeo e/ou orofaríngeo, que receberam atendimento durante a fase aguda e posteriormente realizaram acompanhamento ambulatorial. A coorte prospectiva original foi composta por 124 sobreviventes da covid-19 longa. Para a presente análise longitudinal pareada, os participantes foram considerados elegíveis caso tivessem completado ambas as avaliações de seguimento e apresentassem ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) passível de análise, incluindo a DLPLVD, tanto na AV1 quanto na AV2. Assim, não foi realizado cálculo formal do tamanho amostral para esta análise secundária.</p>
					<p>Os critérios de exclusão foram comprometimento cognitivo ou psiquiátrico que impedisse o fornecimento do consentimento informado ou o preenchimento dos questionários do estudo; ausência das medidas requeridas ou exames ecocardiográficos não passíveis de análise na AV1 e/ou AV2; doença terminal ou recebimento de cuidados paliativos; gestação; e idade &lt; 18 anos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedimentos do estudo e coleta de dados</title>
					<p>Na AV1 e na AV2, os participantes foram submetidos às seguintes avaliações, de acordo com sua disponibilidade em cada visita: i) ETT; ii) testes de função pulmonar, incluindo espirometria e avaliação da capacidade de difusão pulmonar, quando aplicável; iii) avaliação da dispneia e do estado funcional por meio da mMRC e da PCFS; iv) medidas antropométricas; e v) avaliação da capacidade funcional por meio do TSL-30. Os sinais vitais, incluindo pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, frequência cardíaca e SpO<sub>2</sub>, foram registrados em cada visita.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Variáveis demográficas e clínicas</title>
					<p>A idade e o sexo foram registrados para todos os participantes. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado como o peso em quilogramas dividido pela altura em metros ao quadrado (kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) e classificado de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As comorbidades pré-existentes, incluindo hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes melito, doença pulmonar crônica (asma ou doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica), insuficiência cardíaca e doença arterial coronariana, foram coletadas para fins descritivos e não foram consideradas variáveis analíticas primárias.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Gravidade da covid-19 aguda</title>
					<p>A gravidade da covid-19 aguda foi classificada de acordo com o maior nível de assistência necessário durante a hospitalização: leve (sem hospitalização), moderada (internação em enfermaria) ou grave (internação em unidade de terapia intensiva [UTI], com ou sem VMI). Os indicadores de suporte respiratório e outros marcadores de gravidade da doença, incluindo oxigenoterapia, VMI e SpO<sub>2</sub>, foram extraídos dos prontuários médicos quando disponíveis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação da capacidade funcional</title>
					<p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada por meio do TSL-30, de acordo com o protocolo do Senior Fitness Test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Valores normativos específicos para idade e sexo foram utilizados exclusivamente para fornecer contexto clínico e não foram aplicados como pontos de corte diagnósticos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação da dispneia e do estado funcional</title>
					<p>A gravidade da dispneia foi avaliada por meio da mMRC (intervalo de escores, 0-4).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estado funcional foi avaliado por meio da PCFS (graus de 0-4), com base na versão brasileira validada em português.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Aquisição das imagens ecocardiográficas</title>
					<p>A ETT foi realizada utilizando um sistema de ultrassonografia Vivid S6 (GE HealthCare, Tirat Carmel, Israel), equipado com um transdutor setorial M4S, permitindo a aquisição de imagens bidimensionais, em modo M, Doppler e de deformação miocárdica. A aquisição das imagens e as mensurações quantitativas foram realizadas de acordo com as recomendações internacionais contemporâneas para a avaliação ecocardiográfica das câmaras cardíacas direitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Mensurações ecocardiográficas</title>
					<sec>
						<title>DLPLVD</title>
						<p>A DLPLVD foi mensurada por meio da 2D-STE a partir da janela apical de quatro câmaras com foco no VD. As imagens foram otimizadas para o rastreamento miocárdico, com frequência de quadros-alvo de 50-80 quadros/s. As análises foram realizadas utilizando três ciclos cardíacos consecutivos. A DLPLVD foi calculada como a média aritmética dos valores de pico da deformação longitudinal sistólica obtidos nos segmentos basal, médio e apical da parede livre do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Definição de disfunção sistólica do VD</title>
				<p>Para as análises categóricas, a disfunção sistólica do VD foi definida de acordo com limiares predefinidos consistentes com as recomendações internacionais contemporâneas: TAPSE &lt; 1,7 cm, FAC &lt; 35%, S′ &lt; 9,5 cm/s e DLPLVD &gt; −20% (isto é, menos negativa que −20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Testes de função pulmonar</title>
				<p>Os testes de função pulmonar foram realizados no ambulatório do estudo e incluíram espirometria e mensuração da capacidade de difusão utilizando a técnica da respiração única. Todos os testes foram conduzidos por profissionais treinados, de acordo com os padrões atuais da American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society para aceitabilidade e reprodutibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A capacidade de difusão pulmonar foi mensurada como a capacidade de difusão pulmonar para monóxido de carbono (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>) utilizando o método da respiração única. O volume alveolar (<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>) foi mensurado concomitantemente, e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> foi calculado como <italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub>/<italic>V</italic><sub>A</sub>. Para os propósitos deste estudo, a função de difusão pulmonar foi representada principalmente pelo <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (ml/min/mmHg/l).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Variáveis do estudo e estratégia analítica</title>
				<p>Os desfechos ecocardiográficos primários foram a DLPLVD, a TAPSE, a FAC e a S′ mensuradas na AV1 e na AV2. Os desfechos funcionais e pulmonares incluíram o desempenho no TSL-30, o grau na escala PCFS, o escore de dispneia da mMRC e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>.</p>
				<p>As análises foram conduzidas utilizando três abordagens complementares. Primeiramente, análises transversais examinaram as associações entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos do VD e os desfechos funcionais ou pulmonares separadamente na AV1 e na AV2. Em seguida, análises longitudinais avaliaram as alterações intraindividuais ao longo do tempo, com os escores de variação (Δ) calculados como o valor da AV2 menos o valor da AV1. Essas análises foram restritas aos participantes com medidas pareadas completas para a variável de interesse. Por fim, análises categóricas classificaram os participantes como melhorados, estáveis ou com piora de acordo com critérios predefinidos. Para os índices de função sistólica do VD, os limiares predefinidos para disfunção sistólica do VD foram utilizados para facilitar uma categorização clinicamente relevante.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análise estatística</title>
				<p>Os dados foram inseridos no Microsoft Excel e analisados no IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, versão 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA). As figuras foram geradas no R, versão 4.5.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing), utilizando o pacote “tidyverse”. Análises estratificadas selecionadas, incluindo comparações de acordo com internação em UTI e sexo, bem como modelos ajustados, quando aplicável, foram realizadas no R.</p>
				<p>A distribuição das variáveis contínuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As variáveis contínuas são apresentadas como média ± desvio padrão ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), conforme apropriado, enquanto as variáveis categóricas são apresentadas como frequências absolutas e relativas. As comparações entre AV1 e AV2 foram realizadas utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> pareado ou o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon, de acordo com a distribuição dos dados. As comparações entre grupos nas análises estratificadas foram conduzidas utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. As variáveis categóricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste exato de Fisher.</p>
				<p>As associações entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos e os desfechos funcionais ou pulmonares foram avaliadas por meio dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman, de acordo com as características distribucionais dos dados. A força das correlações foi interpretada utilizando limiares predefinidos com base no valor absoluto do coeficiente de correlação: fraca (&lt; 0,30), moderada (0,30–0,49) e forte (≥ 0,50).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Foi realizada uma análise de poder de sensibilidade para coeficientes de correlação com o objetivo de contextualizar a ausência de um cálculo prospectivo do tamanho amostral. Assumindo um nível de significância bicaudal de α = 0,05 (p &lt; 0,05) e poder estatístico de 80%, os coeficientes mínimos de correlação detectáveis foram aproximadamente |r| = 0,39 para n = 49, |r| = 0,40 para n = 46, |r| = 0,42 para n = 43 e |r| = 0,46 para n = 35. Assim, associações mais fracas podem não ter sido detectadas. Como não foi realizado ajuste formal para comparações múltiplas, as análises envolvendo múltiplas correlações e comparações entre subgrupos devem ser consideradas exploratórias. Intervalos de confiança de 95% são apresentados quando apropriado, e os tamanhos de efeito são apresentados como <italic>d</italic> de Cohen ou coeficiente de correlação bisserial por postos, conforme aplicável.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Considerações éticas</title>
				<p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição, em conformidade com a Resolução nº 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde (protocolo nº 4.290.578). O consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes antes da inclusão no estudo.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Participantes e seguimento</title>
					<p>Entre os 124 participantes incluídos na coorte prospectiva original, 49 completaram ambas as visitas de seguimento e apresentaram exames ecocardiográficos pareados passíveis de análise. As mulheres representaram 55,1% (27/49) da coorte, e obesidade estava presente em 63,3% (31/49). As comorbidades pré-existentes incluíram HAS em 33 participantes (67,3%), diabetes melito em 15 (30,6%), doença pulmonar crônica (asma ou DPOC) em dois (4,1%) e insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida em um (2,0%).</p>
					<p>A maioria dos participantes necessitou de hospitalização durante a fase aguda da covid-19, sendo que 38 (77,6%) foram internados em UTI e 33 (67,3%) necessitaram de VMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características basais e gravidade da fase aguda dos participantes do estudo (n = 49)</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>Geral</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Idade, anos</bold></td>
										<td align="center">50,7 ± 10,3</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Sexo</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Masculino</td>
										<td align="center">22 (44,9)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Feminino</td>
										<td align="center">27 (55,1)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
										<td align="center">32,1 ± 5,8</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Categoria do IMC</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Eutrofia (18,5-24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
										<td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sobrepeso (25,0-29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
										<td align="center">17 (34,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Obesidade (≥ 30,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
										<td align="center">31 (63,3)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Hospitalização durante a covid-19 aguda</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td align="center">5 (10,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td align="center">44 (89,8)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Gravidade da covid-19 aguda</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Leve</td>
										<td align="center">5 (10,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Moderada</td>
										<td align="center">6 (12,2)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Grave</td>
										<td align="center">38 (77,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>Internação em UTI</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td align="center">11 (22,4)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td align="center">38 (77,6)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td><bold>VMI</bold></td>
										<td> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Não</td>
										<td align="center">16 (32,7)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Sim</td>
										<td align="center">33 (67,3)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>Os dados são apresentados como média ± DP ou n (%), conforme apropriado. DP: desvio padrão; IMC: índice de massa corporal; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; VMI: ventilação mecânica invasiva.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>A AV1 foi realizada, em média, 122,6 ± 52,8 dias (4,0 ± 1,7 meses) após a doença aguda, enquanto a AV2 ocorreu após uma média de 417,4 ± 24,5 dias (13,7 ± 0,8 meses). O intervalo médio entre as avaliações foi de 295,0 ± 51,9 dias. O delineamento do estudo e os principais achados estão resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Capacidade funcional, dispneia, estado funcional e difusão pulmonar</title>
					<p>Entre a AV1 e a AV2, a capacidade funcional avaliada pelo TSL-30 e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> melhoraram significativamente. Em contraste, a gravidade da dispneia (mMRC) e o estado funcional (PCFS) permaneceram inalterados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Estado funcional, dispneia, capacidade funcional e difusão pulmonar na AV1 e na AV2</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>AV1</th>
										<th>AV2</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>mMRC</td>
										<td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
										<td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,430</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCFS</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 (1,0-3,0)</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 (1,0-3,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,110</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TSL-30</td>
										<td align="center">10,1 ± 3,3</td>
										<td align="center">11,6 ± 3,1</td>
										<td align="center">0,004</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, mL/min/mmHg/L</td>
										<td align="center">4,1 ± 0,7</td>
										<td align="center">4,3 ± 0,8</td>
										<td align="center">0,002</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2002">
									<p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para variáveis ordinais (mMRC e PCFS) e o teste t pareado para variáveis contínuas (TSL-30 e K<sub>CO</sub>). Os dados são apresentados como média ± DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. AV1: primeira avaliação pós-aguda; AV2: segunda avaliação pós-aguda; DP: desvio-padrão; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Alterações longitudinais da função do VD</title>
					<p>Entre os índices de função sistólica do VD, a TAPSE apresentou discreta redução entre a AV1 e a AV2, embora os valores tenham permanecido dentro dos valores de referência da normalidade. Não foram observadas alterações longitudinais significativas na DLPLVD, na FAC ou na S′ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3002">
							<label>Tabela 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Alterações longitudinais das medidas ecocardiográficas do VD entre a AV1 e a AV2</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>AV1</th>
										<th>AV2</th>
										<th>DM*</th>
										<th>95% CI</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
										<td align="center">2,2 ± 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">2,1 ± 0,2</td>
										<td align="center">−0,09</td>
										<td align="center">−0,17 a −0,01</td>
										<td align="center">0,03</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>DLPLVD, %</td>
										<td align="center">−17,4 ± 4,5</td>
										<td align="center">−18,4 ± 3,5</td>
										<td align="center">−0,99</td>
										<td align="center">−2,53 a 0,56</td>
										<td align="center">0,21</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FAC, %</td>
										<td align="center">46,8 ± 7,4</td>
										<td align="center">44,6 ± 11,2</td>
										<td align="center">−2,26</td>
										<td align="center">−5,75 a 1,23</td>
										<td align="center">0,20</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>S′, cm/s</td>
										<td align="center">12,6 ± 2,4</td>
										<td align="center">12,2 ± 2,0</td>
										<td align="center">−0,45</td>
										<td align="center">−1,02 a 0,12</td>
										<td align="center">0,12</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN3002">
									<p>*DM foi calculada como AV2 − AV1. Os dados são apresentados como média ± DP. AV1: primeira avaliação pós-aguda; AV2: segunda avaliação pós-aguda; DP: desvio-padrão; DLPLVD: deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; DM: diferença média; FAC: variação fracional da área; IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; S′: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Associações transversais entre a função do VD e os desfechos clínicos</title>
					<p>As análises transversais realizadas separadamente na AV1 e na AV2 não revelaram associações significativas entre os índices de função sistólica do VD e os desfechos funcionais ou pulmonares (todos p &gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_pt">Tabela S1; Tabela S2</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Associações longitudinais</title>
					<p>Nas análises baseadas nas alterações intraindividuais (Δ = AV2 − AV1), as alterações da DLPLVD apresentaram correlação positiva com as alterações do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0,33; p = 0,05), enquanto as alterações da FAC apresentaram correlação inversa com as alterações dos escores da PCFS (r = −0,35; p = 0,02). Nenhuma outra correlação longitudinal atingiu significância estatística (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4002">
							<label>Tabela 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Correlações entre as alterações longitudinais das medidas ecocardiográficas do VD e os desfechos clínicos</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Parâmetro ΔVD*</th>
										<th>mMRC</th>
										<th>PCFS</th>
										<th>TSL-30</th>
										<th>KCO</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>RVFWLS</td>
										<td align="center">−0,16 (p = 0,28)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,06 (p = 0,71)</td>
										<td align="center">0,007 (p = 0,96)</td>
										<td align="center">0,33 (p = 0,05)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TAPSE</td>
										<td align="center">−0,12 (p = 0,43)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,01 (p = 0,92)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,19 (p = 0,21)</td>
										<td align="center">0,003 (p = 0,99)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FAC</td>
										<td align="center">−0,17 (p = 0,25)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,35 (p = 0,02)</td>
										<td align="center">0,07 (p = 0,67)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,06 (p = 0,73)</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>S′</td>
										<td align="center">0,02 (p = 0,89)</td>
										<td align="center">0,02 (p = 0,89)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,21 (p = 0,17)</td>
										<td align="center">−0,28 (p = 0,11)</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN4002">
									<p>Os valores representam coeficientes de correlação (r ou ρ) com os respectivos valores de p. Foram utilizados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman, conforme apropriado. *ΔVD foi calculado como AV2 − AV1. AV1: primeira avaliação pós-aguda; AV2: segunda avaliação pós-aguda; DLPLVD: deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; FAC: variação fracional da área; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19; RVFWLS: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; S′: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; VD: ventrículo direito.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Nas análises baseadas em trajetórias categóricas (melhora, estabilidade ou piora), as alterações da TAPSE apresentaram correlação inversa com a trajetória de desempenho no TSL-30 (ρ = −0,37; p = 0,01), enquanto todas as demais associações não foram significativas (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_pt">Tabela S3</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análises estratificadas de acordo com a gravidade da fase aguda e o sexo</title>
					<p>Quando os participantes foram estratificados de acordo com a internação em UTI durante a fase aguda, a DLPLVD na AV1 apresentou uma tendência não significativa a valores menos favoráveis entre os pacientes que necessitaram de cuidados em UTI em comparação com aqueles que não necessitaram (−16,8 ± 4,7% vs. −19,3 ± 3,4%; p = 0,07). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos para os demais índices de função sistólica do VD nem para as medidas funcionais e pulmonares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5002">Tabela 5</xref>). Na AV2, os parâmetros ecocardiográficos do VD, os desfechos funcionais e o <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> foram comparáveis entre os grupos UTI e não UTI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6002">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5002">
							<label>Tabela 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Medidas ecocardiográficas do VD e desfechos clínicos na AV1 de acordo com a internação em UTI</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>Não UTI (n = 11)</th>
										<th>UTI (n = 38)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th>Tamanho de efeito*</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>DLPLVD, %</td>
										<td align="center">−19,3 ± 3,4</td>
										<td align="center">−16,8 ± 4,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,07</td>
										<td align="center">0,55</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
										<td align="center">2,2 ± 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">2,2 ± 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,81</td>
										<td align="center">0,08</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FAC, %</td>
										<td align="center">49,2 ± 7,4</td>
										<td align="center">46,1 ± 7,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,25</td>
										<td align="center">0,40</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>S′, cm/s</td>
										<td align="center">12,4 ± 2,3</td>
										<td align="center">12,7 ± 2,4</td>
										<td align="center">0,71</td>
										<td align="center">−0,12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TSL-30, repetições</td>
										<td align="center">11,3 ± 1,6</td>
										<td align="center">10,0 ± 3,6</td>
										<td align="center">0,36</td>
										<td align="center">0,38</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, ml/min/mmHg/l</td>
										<td align="center">4,0 ± 0,5</td>
										<td align="center">4,2 ± 0,8</td>
										<td align="center">0,32</td>
										<td align="center">−0,30</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>mMRC, mediana (IIQ)</td>
										<td align="center">1,0 (0,0-3,0)</td>
										<td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,09</td>
										<td align="center">−0,06</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCFS, mediana (IIQ)</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 (0,5-2,5)</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 (2,0-3,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,65</td>
										<td align="center">0,27</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5002">
									<p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste t de Student para variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para variáveis ordinais ou contínuas sem distribuição normal. Os dados são apresentados como média ± DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. *Tamanho do efeito apresentado como d de Cohen para os testes t de amostras independentes e coeficiente de correlação bisserial por postos para o teste U de Mann-Whitney. AV1: primeira avaliação pós-aguda; DLPLVD: deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; DP: desvio-padrão; FAC: variação fracional da área; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19; S′: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6002">
							<label>Tabela 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Medidas ecocardiográficas do VD e desfechos clínicos na AV2 de acordo com a internação em UTI</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>Não UTI (n = 11)</th>
										<th>UTI (n = 38)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th>Tamanho de efeito*</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>DLPLVD, %</td>
										<td align="center">−18,1 ± 2,7</td>
										<td align="center">−18,5 ± 3,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,69</td>
										<td align="center">0,12</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
										<td align="center">2,2 ± 0,2</td>
										<td align="center">2,1 ± 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,38</td>
										<td align="center">0,29</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FAC, %</td>
										<td align="center">43,4 ± 15,7</td>
										<td align="center">45,4 ± 9,9</td>
										<td align="center">0,97</td>
										<td align="center">−0,18</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>S′, cm/s</td>
										<td align="center">12,3 ± 1,6</td>
										<td align="center">12,2 ± 2,1</td>
										<td align="center">0,89</td>
										<td align="center">0,04</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TSL-30, repetições</td>
										<td align="center">11,9 ± 2,4</td>
										<td align="center">11,5 ± 3,1</td>
										<td align="center">0,89</td>
										<td align="center">0,13</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, ml/min/mmHg/l</td>
										<td align="center">4,1 ± 0,7</td>
										<td align="center">4,3 ± 0,8</td>
										<td align="center">0,51</td>
										<td align="center">−0,23</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>mMRC, mediana (IIQ)</td>
										<td align="center">1,0 (0,2-1,0)</td>
										<td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,40</td>
										<td align="center">0,05</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCFS, mediana (IIQ)</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 (1,0-2,0)</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 (1,0-3,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,50</td>
										<td align="center">0,22</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6002">
									<p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste t de Student para variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para variáveis ordinais ou contínuas sem distribuição normal. Os dados são apresentados como média ± DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. *Tamanho do efeito apresentado como d de Cohen para os testes t de amostras independentes e coeficiente de correlação bisserial por postos para o teste U de Mann-Whitney. AV2: segunda avaliação pós-aguda; DLPLVD: deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; DP: desvio-padrão; FAC: variação fracional da área; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19; S′: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>As análises estratificadas por sexo não demonstraram diferenças significativas nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos do VD nem nos desfechos funcionais e pulmonares na AV1. Na AV2, os homens apresentaram valores mais baixos de TAPSE e FAC do que as mulheres, enquanto a DLPLVD e a S′ permaneceram comparáveis entre os sexos. Os escores da PCFS apresentaram uma diferença limítrofe entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7002">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t7002">
							<label>Tabela 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Medidas ecocardiográficas do VD e desfechos clínicos na AV2 de acordo com o sexo</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Variável</th>
										<th>Masculino (n = 22)</th>
										<th>Feminino (n = 27)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th>Tamanho do efeito*</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>DLPLVD, %</td>
										<td align="center">−18,0 ± 3,3</td>
										<td align="center">−18,7 ± 3,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,47</td>
										<td align="center">−0,20</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TAPSE, cm</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 ± 0,2</td>
										<td align="center">2,2 ± 0,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,01</td>
										<td align="center">−0,71</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>FAC, %</td>
										<td align="center">43,5 ± 5,8</td>
										<td align="center">46,1 ± 14,3</td>
										<td align="center">0,04</td>
										<td align="center">0,34</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>S′, cm/s</td>
										<td align="center">12,0 ± 2,1</td>
										<td align="center">12,4 ± 2,0</td>
										<td align="center">0,46</td>
										<td align="center">−0,21</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TSL-30, repetições</td>
										<td align="center">12,3 ± 3,2</td>
										<td align="center">11,1 ± 2,8</td>
										<td align="center">0,19</td>
										<td align="center">−0,23</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>K<sub>CO</sub>, ml/min/mmHg/l</td>
										<td align="center">4,4 ± 0,9</td>
										<td align="center">4,1 ± 0,7</td>
										<td align="center">0,36</td>
										<td align="center">0,30</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>mMRC, mediana (IIQ)</td>
										<td align="center">0,5 (0,0-1,2)</td>
										<td align="center">1,0 (0,0-2,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,66</td>
										<td align="center">0,18</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCFS, mediana (IIQ)</td>
										<td align="center">1,5 (0,0-2,2)</td>
										<td align="center">2,0 (2,0-3,0)</td>
										<td align="center">0,05</td>
										<td align="center">0,22</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN7002">
									<p>Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando o teste t de Student para variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para variáveis ordinais ou contínuas sem distribuição normal. Os dados são apresentados como média ± DP ou mediana (IIQ), conforme apropriado. *Tamanho do efeito apresentado como d de Cohen para os testes t de amostras independentes e coeficiente de correlação bisserial por postos para o teste U de Mann-Whitney. AV2: segunda avaliação pós-aguda; DLPLVD: deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; DP: desvio-padrão; FAC: variação fracional da área; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19; S′: velocidade sistólica do anel tricúspide; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Nos modelos de análise de covariância com a DLPLVD na AV2 como variável dependente, a DLPLVD basal como covariável e cada medida funcional ou pulmonar basal inserida individualmente como preditora de interesse, nenhuma das medidas funcionais ou pulmonares basais predisse independentemente a DLPLVD no seguimento após ajuste para a DLPLVD basal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8002">Tabela 8</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t8002">
							<label>Tabela 8</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Modelos de ANCOVA avaliando medidas funcionais e pulmonares basais como preditoras da DLPLVD na AV2 após ajuste para a DLPLVD basal</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Modelo (preditor na AV1)</th>
										<th>F (gl1, gl2)</th>
										<th>Valor de p</th>
										<th>η<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> parcial</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>mMRC</td>
										<td align="center">1,930 (1, 47)</td>
										<td align="center">0,17</td>
										<td align="center">0,039</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PCFS</td>
										<td align="center">0,180 (1, 47)</td>
										<td align="center">0,67</td>
										<td align="center">0,004</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>TSL-30</td>
										<td align="center">1,345 (1, 45)</td>
										<td align="center">0,25</td>
										<td align="center">0,029</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>K<sub>CO</sub></td>
										<td align="center">0,225 (1, 39)</td>
										<td align="center">0,64</td>
										<td align="center">0,006</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN8002">
									<p>A variável dependente foi a DLPLVD na AV2. A DLPLVD basal (AV1) foi incluída como covariável. Cada modelo incluiu uma única medida funcional ou pulmonar basal como preditora de interesse. ANCOVA: análise de covariância; AV1: primeira avaliação pós-aguda; AV2: segunda avaliação pós-aguda; DLPLVD: deformação longitudinal da parede livre do ventrículo direito; gl: graus de liberdade; K<sub>CO</sub>: coeficiente de transferência do monóxido de carbono; mMRC: escala modificada do Medical Research Council; PCFS: Escala de Estado Funcional Pós-COVID-19; TSL-30: teste de sentar e levantar de 30 segundos.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Este estudo fornece uma avaliação longitudinal de sobreviventes da covid-19 longa pertencentes a uma coorte caracterizada por doença aguda grave e elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometabólicas. Ao longo de um intervalo médio de seguimento de aproximadamente 10 meses, medidas objetivas de desempenho funcional, avaliadas pelo TSL-30, e da função de difusão pulmonar, representada pelo <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>, melhoraram significativamente. Em contraste, a gravidade da dispneia e o estado funcional autorrelatado, avaliados pela mMRC e pela PCFS, respectivamente, permaneceram inalterados, apesar de uma tendência descritiva favorável. Do ponto de vista cardiovascular, os índices convencionais de função sistólica do VD permaneceram amplamente preservados, com exceção de uma discreta, porém estatisticamente significativa, redução da TAPSE, que, ainda assim, permaneceu dentro dos valores de referência da normalidade. Da mesma forma, a DLPLVD permaneceu discretamente reduzida, sem alterações longitudinais significativas, consistente com comprometimento sistólico subclínico persistente do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A suscetibilidade do VD à lesão durante a fase aguda da covid-19 está bem estabelecida. Alterações vasculares pulmonares e processos tromboinflamatórios aumentam a pós-carga do VD e podem precipitar disfunção sistólica do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em 2022, pesquisadores da Mayo Clinic compararam ecocardiogramas realizados antes da covid-19 com o primeiro exame ambulatorial após a infecção, utilizando análise cega da deformação miocárdica por um laboratório central e uma definição rigorosa de deterioração clinicamente significativa. De modo geral, não encontraram alteração clinicamente significativa na média da deformação da parede livre do VD, embora um subgrupo de pacientes tenha apresentado piora significativa, particularmente aqueles com novos sintomas cardiopulmonares e doença cardiovascular pré-existente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos longitudinais de outras coortes também sugeriram que o remodelamento e a disfunção do VD melhoram na maioria dos sobreviventes, mas persistem em subgrupos clinicamente relevantes, potencialmente atenuando associações lineares quando as análises são realizadas em toda a coorte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em consonância com essa heterogeneidade, estudos focados em sobreviventes de UTI relataram comprometimento mais persistente da deformação do VD e dos índices convencionais de função sistólica do VD em comparação com populações controle,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> enquanto outras coortes longitudinais demonstraram melhora estatisticamente significativa da deformação do VD ao longo de aproximadamente 1 ano, apesar de alterações absolutas mínimas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, grandes coortes com seguimento mais prolongado relataram valores de deformação do VD comparáveis aos dos participantes controle em alguns cenários,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> reforçando o conceito de que as alterações da mecânica do VD na covid-19 longa são em geral sutis, heterogêneas entre diferentes fenótipos clínicos e nem sempre se refletem na carga de sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os presentes achados, caracterizados pela preservação dos índices convencionais de função sistólica do VD em conjunto com uma DLPLVD persistentemente, porém discretamente, reduzida, inserem-se nesse conjunto heterogêneo de evidências e reforçam a importância de considerar tanto o fenótipo clínico quanto as diferenças metodológicas na interpretação dos resultados entre estudos.</p>
				<p>A elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometabólicas da nossa coorte também merece consideração na interpretação dos valores persistentemente reduzidos da DLPLVD. Embora os limiares recomendados pelas diretrizes sejam úteis para a classificação categórica, eles não foram desenvolvidos especificamente para populações com covid-19 longa que apresentam alta prevalência de obesidade, HAS e diabetes melito. Assim, na ausência de um grupo controle sem covid-19 e de dados ecocardiográficos prévios à infecção, alterações residuais da DLPLVD devem ser interpretadas com cautela e não devem ser atribuídas exclusivamente à infecção prévia por SARS-CoV-2.</p>
				<p>As análises transversais realizadas em ambas as avaliações de seguimento demonstraram correlações fracas e não significativas (|r| &lt; 0,30; p &gt; 0,05) entre os índices de função sistólica do VD (DLPLVD, TAPSE, FAC e S′) e os desfechos clínicos, incluindo dispneia (mMRC), estado funcional (PCFS), capacidade funcional (TSL-30) e função de difusão pulmonar (<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>). Esses achados sugerem que, em um único momento durante o período tardio da covid-19 longa, o desempenho sistólico do VD em repouso, seja avaliado por parâmetros ecocardiográficos convencionais ou por imagem de deformação miocárdica, não apresenta relação linear com a gravidade da dispneia, a limitação funcional autorrelatada, o desempenho funcional objetivo ou a capacidade de difusão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essa observação é consistente com a fisiopatologia multifatorial da covid-19 longa, na qual os sintomas persistentes e a limitação funcional percebida provavelmente refletem os efeitos combinados de doença pulmonar residual, alterações cardiovasculares, descondicionamento periférico, disfunção autonômica e fatores psicossociais. A interação entre esses mecanismos pode contribuir para a dissociação frequentemente observada entre medidas cardiopulmonares objetivas e desfechos autorrelatados pelos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Quando as alterações longitudinais (Δ) foram analisadas, emergiram duas associações modestas, porém biologicamente plausíveis. As alterações da DLPLVD apresentaram correlação positiva com as alterações do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> (r = 0,33; p = 0,05), enquanto as alterações da FAC apresentaram correlação inversa com as alterações dos escores da PCFS (r = −0,35; p = 0,02). A associação entre melhora da transferência pulmonar de gases e da mecânica do VD é fisiologicamente plausível, considerando a sensibilidade do desempenho do VD às alterações da pós-carga vascular pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Entretanto, a associação entre ΔDLPLVD e Δ<italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> atingiu apenas o limiar convencional de significância estatística e, portanto, deve ser considerada geradora de hipóteses, especialmente porque não foi realizado ajuste para comparações múltiplas. A recuperação parcial da interface alvéolo-capilar pode ser acompanhada por melhora paralela, embora discreta, da função mecânica do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> De forma semelhante, a FAC — geralmente considerada uma medida mais global do desempenho sistólico do VD do que os índices anulares isoladamente — pode captar alterações clinicamente relevantes associadas à trajetória funcional percebida pelos pacientes em indivíduos selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Utilizando a abordagem baseada em trajetórias categóricas, a correlação inversa entre as alterações da TAPSE e a trajetória de desempenho no TSL-30 (ρ = −0,37; p = 0,01) indica que maiores reduções longitudinais da TAPSE estiveram associadas a maior melhora nas categorias de desempenho do TSL-30. A TAPSE é altamente dependente das condições de carga, reflete apenas a excursão longitudinal do anel tricúspide e está sujeita à variabilidade de mensuração. Consequentemente, as diretrizes atuais recomendam uma avaliação multiparamétrica da função sistólica do VD em vez da utilização da TAPSE como medida isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora a redução da TAPSE durante a hospitalização por covid-19 aguda tenha sido consistentemente associada a desfechos desfavoráveis, incluindo mortalidade, em metanálises,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> uma pequena redução isolada durante o período tardio da covid-19 longa, na ausência de alterações concordantes na FAC, na S′ ou na DLPLVD, provavelmente reflete variação hemodinâmica, variabilidade de mensuração ou alterações seletivas do movimento longitudinal do anel, em vez de uma deterioração real da função sistólica global do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A estabilidade da FAC e da S′ observada em nossa coorte reforça essa interpretação.</p>
				<p>A melhora significativa no desempenho do TSL-30, juntamente com o aumento do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>, sugere recuperação objetiva tanto do desempenho funcional quanto da capacidade de difusão pulmonar, a qual pode não ser proporcionalmente refletida por medidas baseadas em sintomas ou autorrelatadas do estado funcional. Uma explicação plausível é que a melhora no desempenho do TSL-30 reflita parcialmente o recondicionamento periférico, incluindo ganhos de força e resistência dos membros inferiores, aumento da tolerância ao exercício submáximo e/ou participação em programas de reabilitação, fatores que podem melhorar o desempenho funcional apesar da estabilidade dos achados ecocardiográficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Revisões sistemáticas e metanálises de intervenções de reabilitação em populações com covid-19 longa demonstraram consistentemente melhora dos desfechos funcionais, incluindo o desempenho no teste de sentar e levantar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, estudos longitudinais com sobreviventes de hospitalização por covid-19 frequentemente relataram melhora progressiva da capacidade de difusão pulmonar (<italic>D</italic><sub>LCO</sub> e <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub>) ao longo do tempo, embora comprometimento residual possa persistir em alguns indivíduos e a recuperação possa eventualmente atingir um platô, contextualizando o discreto aumento do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> observado em nossa coorte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Apesar dessas melhoras objetivas, a estabilidade da mediana dos escores da mMRC e da PCFS é consistente com evidências provenientes de estudos que utilizaram o teste de exercício cardiopulmonar (TECP) e de revisões sistemáticas, indicando que a intolerância ao esforço e a dispneia persistente na covid-19 longa decorrem de múltiplos mecanismos inter-relacionados (p.ex., alterações ventilatórias, relacionadas à perfusão, circulatórias, periféricas e autonômicas), tornando improvável que qualquer marcador fisiológico isolado em repouso explique adequadamente a gravidade dos sintomas ou a limitação funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As análises estratificadas forneceram achados adicionais que devem ser considerados geradores de hipóteses. Quando os participantes foram estratificados de acordo com a gravidade da fase aguda, a DLPLVD apresentou uma tendência não significativa a valores mais comprometidos entre os pacientes que necessitaram de internação em UTI na AV1, enquanto os valores convergiram na AV2, um padrão consistente com maior vulnerabilidade inicial do VD na covid-19 grave, seguida por recuperação parcial ou adaptação fisiológica ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As análises estratificadas por sexo mostraram que os homens apresentaram valores mais baixos de TAPSE e FAC na AV2 e experimentaram maiores reduções longitudinais da TAPSE e da S′, enquanto as mulheres tenderam a relatar maior limitação funcional na PCFS. Essas observações devem ser interpretadas com cautela, pois os índices de função sistólica do VD são influenciados pelas condições de carga e estão sujeitos à variabilidade biológica e técnica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ainda assim, a maior carga de sintomas relatada pelas mulheres é consistente com estudos prévios em populações com covid-19 longa que utilizaram instrumentos de avaliação do estado funcional e coortes de reabilitação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Por fim, a análise de covariância demonstrou que os valores basais da mMRC, da PCFS, do TSL-30 e do <italic>K</italic><sub>CO</sub> não estiveram independentemente associados à DLPLVD no seguimento após ajuste para a DLPLVD basal, sugerindo que a gravidade inicial dos sintomas, do comprometimento funcional ou da disfunção pulmonar não predisse de forma robusta a deformação miocárdica subsequente do VD nesta coorte.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Implicações clínicas</title>
					<p>Nossos achados apresentam três principais implicações clínicas. Primeiramente, nem a DLPLVD nem os índices convencionais de função sistólica do VD se mostraram marcadores isolados robustos de comprometimento funcional tardio ou de sua trajetória longitudinal, reforçando o uso de uma avaliação integrada que combine ecocardiografia, testes funcionais e avaliação pulmonar, conforme proposto por estudos recentes de caracterização fenotípica da covid-19 longa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em segundo lugar, as associações modestas observadas nas análises longitudinais (baseadas em Δ) sugerem que as alterações ao longo do tempo podem ser mais informativas do que medidas isoladas obtidas em um único momento. Entretanto, os tamanhos de efeito observados foram pequenos e não apresentaram replicação consistente entre as análises, indicando que fatores não cardíacos (p.ex., descondicionamento periférico, doença pulmonar residual, disfunção autonômica e influências psicossociais) provavelmente desempenham papel predominante na determinação da recuperação funcional em muitos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Em terceiro lugar, o momento ideal para a avaliação cardiopulmonar após a covid-19 permanece incerto. Avaliações mais precoces, incluindo aquelas realizadas durante a fase aguda da doença, podem apresentar maior valor prognóstico do que avaliações tardias e merecem investigação adicional.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>Este estudo apresenta várias limitações. Primeiramente, o tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno limitou o poder estatístico das análises de correlação, particularmente após a estratificação e a classificação das trajetórias categóricas, aumentando o risco de erro do tipo II e reduzindo a precisão das estimativas de efeito. A análise de poder de sensibilidade indicou que o tamanho amostral disponível foi suficiente para detectar correlações de magnitude pelo menos moderada; portanto, associações mais fracas podem não ter sido detectadas. Consequentemente, achados não significativos não devem ser interpretados como evidência definitiva da ausência de associação, e os resultados devem ser considerados exploratórios e geradores de hipóteses.</p>
					<p>Em segundo lugar, o tamanho amostral limitado impossibilitou análises de subgrupos clinicamente relevantes de acordo com importantes condições cardiometabólicas, como obesidade e HAS, pois isso resultaria em subgrupos pequenos e estimativas instáveis.</p>
					<p>Em terceiro lugar, não foi realizado ajuste formal para comparações múltiplas; portanto, achados isolados com significância estatística limítrofe devem ser interpretados com cautela. Em quarto lugar, a ausência tanto de um grupo controle sem covid-19 quanto de dados ecocardiográficos prévios à infecção limita a atribuição das alterações observadas especificamente às sequelas da covid-19 longa nesta coorte com elevada carga de comorbidades pré-existentes.</p>
					<p>Em quinto lugar, a disponibilidade de apenas duas avaliações de seguimento impossibilitou a caracterização de trajetórias intermediárias de recuperação, incluindo a possibilidade de melhora precoce seguida de um platô em momento posterior. Além disso, como a primeira avaliação de seguimento ocorreu aproximadamente 4 meses após a doença aguda, alterações do VD presentes durante a hospitalização ou no período inicial após a alta podem já ter se resolvido parcialmente, limitando a caracterização completa da recuperação do VD.</p>
					<p>Em sexto lugar, a interpretação mecanística é limitada pela ausência de avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva por cateterismo das câmaras cardíacas direitas e de TECP, ambos os quais poderiam distinguir melhor as contribuições relativas dos mecanismos ventilatórios, circulatórios, periféricos e autonômicos para a intolerância persistente ao exercício. Além disso, fatores de confusão potencialmente importantes (p.ex., nível de atividade física antes da covid-19, participação em programas de reabilitação, terapias médicas, variantes virais infectantes e características socioeconômicas) não puderam ser considerados de forma abrangente.</p>
					<p>Por fim, a reprodutibilidade intraobservador e interobservador das mensurações da DLPLVD não foi formalmente avaliada. Portanto, não se pode excluir a contribuição da variabilidade de mensuração para as pequenas alterações longitudinais observadas. Além disso, a deformação do VD derivada da 2D-STE é intrinsecamente influenciada pela qualidade da imagem, frequência de quadros, desempenho do rastreamento, variabilidade entre observadores e algoritmos específicos do fabricante ou do <italic>software</italic>, enquanto a padronização dos pontos de corte para deformação do VD permanece incompleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>Entre sobreviventes da covid-19 longa com doença aguda grave e elevada carga de comorbidades cardiometabólicas, a capacidade funcional e a função de difusão pulmonar melhoraram durante o seguimento, enquanto a DLPLVD permaneceu discretamente reduzida, sem alterações longitudinais significativas. Os índices convencionais de função sistólica do VD permaneceram amplamente preservados, com exceção de uma discreta redução da TAPSE, que permaneceu dentro dos valores de referência da normalidade. Esses achados exploratórios sugerem uma dissociação parcial entre a recuperação do desempenho funcional e pulmonar e os marcadores ecocardiográficos em repouso da função sistólica do VD durante o período tardio da covid-19 longa, reforçando a importância de uma abordagem integrada, multiparamétrica e individualizada para a avaliação desses pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec id="suppl_pt" sec-type="supplementary-material">
				<title>Material Suplementar</title>
				<supplementary-material id="suppl01_pt">
					<label>Material Suplementar</label>
					<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-03-e20260051-suppl01-pt.pdf"/>
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			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq – MCTIC/CNPq/FNDCT/MS/SCTIE/Decit nº 07/2020.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p>Este artigo é parte de dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Médicas de Rogelin M pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos sob o número de parecer 4.290.578, em 21/09/2020. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinque de 1975 e suas emendas posteriores. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
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					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
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					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p>Os dados que dão suporte aos resultados deste estudo estão disponíveis mediante solicitação ao autor correspondente.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_suppl001">
					<label>*Material suplementar</label>
					<p>Para informação adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3903/ABCImag-2026-0051_AO_Supplementary_Material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
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