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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260073i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20260073i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Myocardial Work During Isometric Exercise: From Physiology to Clinical Practice</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0890-5870</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barretto</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Suaide</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Diagnósticos da América AS</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Barueri</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Diagnósticos da América AS, Barueri, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Rodrigo B. M. Barretto</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Eneas Carneiro Aquiar, 44. Postal Code: <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>barretto.rodrigo@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>29</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e20260073</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
<kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
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</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Assessment of left ventricular function by echocardiography has advanced remarkably in its ability to characterize aspects that extend beyond traditional measures of volume and ejection fraction (EF). Among these advances, the evaluation of contractility through two-dimensional strain analysis has gained particular prominence. Technological developments now allow this measure to be adjusted for afterload through myocardial work (MW), providing greater potential to identify subtle changes in ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Isometric exercise represents a strategy to increase afterload through handgrip, proving particularly useful in echocardiography because it enables the identification of functional changes in different clinical settings, including coronary artery disease, assessment of diastolic function, hypertension, athletes, and even atrial functional mitral regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>The study presented adds important evidence by demonstrating how isometric handgrip stress can reveal subtle physiological adaptations in left ventricular mechanics among healthy adults. As reported by the authors, handgrip increased systolic blood pressure without changing left ventricular EF (64.8% vs. 64.4%), reinforcing the limitations of EF as an isolated marker of systolic performance, a finding that was expected.</p>
<p>The integration of global longitudinal strain (GLS) with blood pressure measurements, translated into MW, provided a more comprehensive understanding of changes in ventricular function when comparing data obtained at rest with those recorded during isometric exercise. The slight reduction in GLS observed during exercise was compensated for by the increased MW load imposed on the left ventricle, as evidenced by the increase in total and constructive MW. These findings support the greater myocardial oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) required under these conditions, as reflected by the observed values. Conversely, an increase in wasted MW and a consequent reduction in cardiac efficiency were also identified, illustrating the complexity of mechanical efficiency under pressure overload.</p>
<p>Another relevant aspect is that abnormalities in the basal segments of the left ventricle were primarily responsible for the reduction in GLS during exercise and also contributed to the greater increase in MW. These segments are known to be more susceptible to loading conditions and play a greater role in longitudinal deformation mechanics. In contrast, apical segments, despite containing a proportionally greater amount of longitudinal fibers, are less influenced by the load induced by handgrip because of their geometric arrangement. This type of regional characterization has important implications for populations with hypertension, early-stage cardiomyopathies, or exposure to cardiotoxic agents, scenarios in which the sensitivity of MW may provide a diagnostic advantage.</p>
<p>This study reinforces the use of isometric exercise as a feasible maneuver capable of clearly demonstrating physiological changes and expanding the understanding of cardiovascular phenomena when analyzed through MW. At a time when echocardiography seeks accessible methods to assess contractile reserve and detect subclinical dysfunction, handgrip emerges as a practical and physiologically informative alternative.</p>
<p>This opens a broad field of investigation regarding its application in different clinical settings aimed at the early recognition of abnormalities, a topic that has already been explored in prior research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nevertheless, this enthusiasm must still be supported by evidence demonstrating its clinical value, endorsed by guidelines, expert consensus documents, and, above all, its association with clinical outcomes.</p>
<p>In summary, this study represents a robust, necessary contribution to contemporary echocardiography. By integrating myocardial deformation findings, loading conditions, and mechanical efficiency, it establishes MW as a central component of advanced functional assessment, not only by refining the interpretation of systolic performance beyond EF but also by measurably expanding our ability to recognize subclinical dysfunction and guide clinical decision-making with greater precision. It therefore represents an important step toward a more comprehensive and integrated echocardiographic approach, one that is increasingly necessary in contemporary clinical practice.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
<p>Short Editorial related to the article: Impact of Isometric Exercise on Left Ventricular Mechanics Assessed by Global Longitudinal Strain and Myocardial Work in Healthy Adults</p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260073</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Trabalho Miocárdico Com Esforço Isométrico: Da Fisiologia à Prática</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0890-5870</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barretto</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Carlos Eduardo Suaide</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Barueri</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Diagnósticos da América AS, Barueri, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Rodrigo B. M. Barretto</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Eneas Carneiro Aquiar, 44. CEP: <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>barretto.rodrigo@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Deformação Longitudinal Global</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A avaliação da função ventricular esquerda por meio da ecocardiografia tem avançado de forma notável em sua capacidade de caracterizar aspectos que vão além das medidas tradicionais de volume e fração de ejeção (FE). Entre esses avanços, destaca-se a avaliação da contratilidade por meio da análise do <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional. A evolução tecnológica permite atualmente que essa medida seja ajustada à pós-carga por meio do trabalho miocárdico (TM), conferindo maior potencial para identificar alterações sutis da função ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>O esforço isométrico constitui uma estratégia para aumentar a pós-carga por meio do <italic>handgrip</italic>, sendo particularmente favorável na ecocardiografia por possibilitar a identificação de mudanças funcionais em diferentes situações clínicas, como doença arterial coronariana, avaliação da função diastólica, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), atletas e até mesmo regurgitação mitral funcional de origem atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>O estudo apresentado acrescenta evidências importantes ao demonstrar como o estresse isométrico de <italic>handgrip</italic> pode revelar adaptações fisiológicas sutis da mecânica ventricular esquerda em adultos saudáveis. Como relatado pelos autores, o <italic>handgrip</italic> elevou a pressão arterial sistólica, sem alteração da FE do ventrículo esquerdo (64,8% vs. 64,4%), reforçando a limitação da FE como marcador isolado do desempenho sistólico, resultado já esperado.</p>
<p>A integração entre o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) e as medidas de pressão arterial, traduzida pelo TM, proporcionou uma compreensão mais abrangente das mudanças na função ventricular ao comparar os dados obtidos em repouso com aqueles registrados durante o esforço isométrico. A discreta redução do SLG observada durante o esforço foi compensada pelo aumento da carga de TM imposta ao ventrículo esquerdo, evidenciado pela elevação do TM total e construtivo. Esses achados corroboram a necessidade de maior consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio (VO<sub>2</sub>), refletida pelos valores observados. Por outro lado, também foi identificado aumento do TM desperdiçado e, consequentemente, redução da eficiência cardíaca, ilustrando a complexidade da eficiência mecânica sob estresse pressórico.</p>
<p>Outro aspecto relevante é o fato de as anormalidades nos segmentos basais do ventrículo esquerdo serem as principais responsáveis pela redução do SLG durante o esforço, contribuindo também para a maior elevação do TM. Esses segmentos são reconhecidamente mais suscetíveis às condições de carga e apresentam maior contribuição para a mecânica da deformação longitudinal. Em contraste, os segmentos apicais, apesar de apresentarem proporcionalmente maior quantidade de fibras longitudinais, sofrem menor influência da carga induzida pelo <italic>handgrip</italic> em razão de sua disposição geométrica. Esse tipo de caracterização regional possui implicações importantes para populações com HAS, cardiomiopatias em estágios iniciais ou exposição a agentes cardiotóxicos, cenários nos quais a sensibilidade do TM pode oferecer vantagem diagnóstica.</p>
<p>O estudo reforça o uso do esforço isométrico como uma manobra exequível, capaz de evidenciar com clareza alterações fisiológicas e ampliar a compreensão dos fenômenos cardiovasculares quando analisados por meio do TM. Em um momento em que a ecocardiografia busca métodos acessíveis para avaliar reserva contrátil e detectar disfunção subclínica, o <italic>handgrip</italic> surge como uma alternativa prática e fisiologicamente informativa.</p>
<p>Abre-se, assim, um amplo campo de investigação para sua aplicação em diferentes cenários clínicos voltados ao reconhecimento precoce de anormalidades, temática que já vem sendo explorada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, esse entusiasmo ainda deve ser confirmado por evidências que demonstrem seu valor clínico, respaldadas por diretrizes, posicionamentos especializados e, sobretudo, por sua associação com desfechos clínicos.</p>
<p>Em síntese, este estudo representa uma contribuição robusta e necessária para a ecocardiografia contemporânea. Ao integrar resultados da deformação miocárdica, condições de carga e eficiência mecânica, consolida o TM como um eixo central da avaliação funcional avançada, não apenas por refinar a interpretação do desempenho sistólico além da FE, mas também por ampliar, de forma mensurável, nossa capacidade de reconhecer disfunção subclínica e orientar decisões com maior precisão. Trata-se, portanto, de um passo relevante em direção a uma abordagem ecocardiográfica mais completa e abrangente, cada vez mais necessária na prática clínica.</p>
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<p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Impacto do Exercício Isométrico na Mecânica do Ventrículo Esquerdo Avaliada pelo Strain Longitudinal Global e pelo Trabalho Miocárdico em Adultos Saudáveis</p></fn>
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