<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260044i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in the Pediatric Population: What Are the Unique Aspects of Cardiovascular Imaging Follow-Up?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-3728-7300</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Jéssica Laureano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3417-1476</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Duarte</surname>
						<given-names>Maria do Carmo Menezes Bezerra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6915-8127</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Feitosa</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana Gomes Aragão Magalhães</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2038-5741</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Verônica Câmara dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Paraíba</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">UPE</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">UPE, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>4</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">AC Camargo Cancer Center</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>5</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Marcelina</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jéssica Laureano Martins</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Cidade Universitária, s/n. Postal code: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>jessicalaureanom@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>22</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260044</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Child</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Cancer remains among the leading public health challenges in Brazil and worldwide. For the three-year period from 2026 to 2028, the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) estimates that there will be approximately 781,000 new cancer cases per year in Brazil. In the child and adolescent group, an estimated 7,560 new cases are expected annually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Advances in the treatment of pediatric cancer have significantly increased survival rates in recent decades, exceeding 80% at 5 years, provided that it is diagnosed early and treated in referral centers. In this scenario, cardiovascular disease has become the leading non-oncological cause of morbidity and mortality among childhood and adolescent cancer survivors, with an estimated risk 5 to 6 times higher than what is observed in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Cardiotoxicity associated with antineoplastic therapy is defined as cardiovascular changes identified through clinical manifestations, biomarkers, or imaging methods, during or after treatment (months or decades), provided that other etiologies are excluded. The clinical spectrum is broad and ranges from subclinical changes to heart failure, arrhythmias, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, pericarditis, valvular heart disease, thromboembolic events, and myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The risk of cardiotoxicity is associated with isolated or combined exposure to chemotherapeutic agents (anthracyclines, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, among others); mediastinal, cervical, and neuraxial radiotherapy; immunotherapies; CAR T-cell therapy; and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Regardless of the cumulative doses of chemotherapeutic agents, genetic polymorphisms can influence drug metabolism and, consequently, individual vulnerability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In the pediatric population, the impact is potentially more significant due to myocardial immaturity, interference with cardiac growth during physical development, and the increased risk of progressive myocardial remodeling, especially given the comorbidities inherent to aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Pediatric cardio-oncology is not merely an adaptation of established recommendations for adults, but rather a field with unique biological, epidemiological, and diagnostic features that directly impact screening and cardiovascular follow-up of these patients.</p>
		<p>Surveillance strategies must be more sensitive, individualized, and longitudinally structured. Accordingly, multimodal cardiovascular imaging plays a central role in early detection of cardiotoxicity and patient follow-up, allowing timely cardioprotective and/or therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In this context, international consensus recommends echocardiography as the primary essential technique for cardiological assessment before, during, and after cancer treatment. The two-dimensional method has been validated, although the three-dimensional method is considered the most sensitive for evaluating ventricular systolic function, compared with magnetic resonance imaging, which is the gold standard in myocardial functional assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Systolic dysfunction, especially asymptomatic (subclinical), is the most frequent complication in the follow-up of patients with cancer. In addition, early recognition of diastolic dysfunction may be predictive of contractile changes, restrictive changes, and loss of ventricular mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Cardiotoxicity is defined on echocardiography during treatment when there is a 10 percentage point drop in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and/or a ≥ 15% relative drop in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) compared to baseline, or values below the normal cutoff points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Several studies have shown the sensitivity of left ventricular myocardial strain analysis using speckle tracking in the early detection of dysfunction, where the percentage drop precedes the decrease in LVEF. After treatment, values below the cutoff points for LVEF and/or LVGLS should be used as reference for the diagnosis of ventricular systolic dysfunction.</p>
		<p>In a 2020 retrospective study in France, Wolf et al. evaluated 79 pediatric patients treated with anthracyclines for acute leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma over a 10-year period and observed that 28% presented with abnormal LVGLS, despite preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Another retrospective study conducted in Germany in 2024 by Rique et al. evaluated 38 children with acute leukemia treated with anthracyclines and detected LVGLS alterations in 28.9% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In Brazil, a study in this population evaluated the frequency of cardiotoxicity in 45 children and adolescents with cancer (75.5% with hematological neoplasia). Echocardiographic alterations were identified in 42.2% of patients undergoing chemotherapy, with a marked reduction in LVGLS, even in the absence of a decrease in LVEF. These findings reinforce the relevance of more sensitive imaging methods in early detection of myocardial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		<sec>
			<title>Special considerations for the pediatric population<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></title>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Baseline echocardiographic examination:</bold> Should be performed before the start of potentially cardiotoxic therapy to assess myocardial anatomy and function, as a comparative baseline for subsequent assessments. If it is not possible to perform the examination at this stage, normal cutoff values should be considered when echocardiographic assessment becomes feasible.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Echocardiographic assessment during treatment:</bold> Should be performed during the week preceding the infusion of potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy, avoiding the subsequent 2 weeks due to the hypermetabolic state. For comparison between examinations, the patient should be hemodynamically similar to the baseline.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>LVEF:</bold> LVEF varies depending on preload and afterload, may remain normal during treatment, and does not define subclinical injury; therefore, it should not be used in isolation to define cardiotoxicity. The biplanar Simpson method is recommended, and the normal value in the pediatric population is ≥ 55%.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>LVGLS:</bold> LVGLS is currently the most sensitive marker of subclinical myocardial dysfunction and should be systematically assessed before, during, and after the end of treatment. Serial follow-up should ideally be performed with the same equipment/software and examiner. This technique allows for the early identification of myocardial damage, even in the presence of preserved LVEF. The cutoff point for normality in cardio-oncology is −18.0%. Values between −16% and −17.0% are considered signs of subclinical impairment, supporting the initiation of a cardioprotective medication strategy.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Linear and volumetric echocardiographic measurements:</bold> Should be adjusted for body surface area and interpreted using Z-scores.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Diastolic function:</bold> Should be part of the routine (E/A, E/e’, indexed left atrial volume). Changes in heart rate can precede systolic dysfunction, especially with high cumulative chemotherapy exposure. Consider limitations due to the influence of preload, afterload, and heart rate. Left atrial strain has been gradually incorporated into diastolic functional analysis.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Right ventricle:</bold> Systolic function should be assessed using classic parameters (Fractional Area Change [FAC], Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion [TAPSE], tricuspid S’) and right ventricular free wall strain.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Echocardiographic assessment during complications:</bold> Findings should be considered as a snapshot in time. After the situation has been resolved, schedule a new evaluation to document functional status and continue with individualized follow-up.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Vascular ultrasound:</bold> Plays a complementary role in evaluating signs of peripheral thrombosis and endothelial injury, especially of the carotid arteries, since signs of early atherosclerosis are part of survivor assessment.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p><bold>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</bold>: Recommended when there is diagnostic uncertainty, inadequate echocardiographic window, or suspicion of myocardial fibrosis, as well as for assessment of the pericardium and intracardiac or adjacent masses. In pediatrics, its routine use is limited due to the need for sedation, availability, and cost.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>The pediatric perspective in cardio-oncology presents particular challenges, given that cardiotoxicity related to cancer treatment is not limited to an acute event, but represents a dynamic process that can interfere with myocardial growth and maturation over time. The vulnerability of the developing heart, associated with early exposure to potentially cardiotoxic therapies, confers a prolonged risk of progressive myocardial dysfunction. In this context, the use of more sensitive, reproducible, and integrated cardiovascular imaging strategies becomes fundamental. The multimodal approach, with emphasis on echocardiography (and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in selected situations), increases diagnostic accuracy and contributes to better risk stratification. Additionally, structured longitudinal follow-up, with interpretation based on clinical individualization, is essential for adequate follow-up of these patients.</p>
			<p>Finally, the incorporation of genetic, clinical, and therapeutic factors into risk models, coupled with continuous imaging monitoring, represents a promising perspective for precision medicine, with the goal of reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and improving the quality of life of pediatric cancer survivors.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Estimativa 2026-2028: Incidência de Câncer no Brasil</source>
					<publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>INCA</publisher-name>
					<year>2025</year>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>1 Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Estimativa 2026-2028: Incidência de Câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2025.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ryan</surname>
							<given-names>TD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bates</surname>
							<given-names>JE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kinahan</surname>
							<given-names>KE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leger</surname>
							<given-names>KJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mulrooney</surname>
							<given-names>DA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Narayan</surname>
							<given-names>HK</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Cardiovascular Toxicity in Patients Treated for Childhood Cancer: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
					<source>Circulation</source>
					<year>2025</year>
					<volume>151</volume>
					<issue>15</issue>
					<fpage>e926</fpage>
					<lpage>e943</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001308</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>2 Ryan TD, Bates JE, Kinahan KE, Leger KJ, Mulrooney DA, Narayan HK, et al. Cardiovascular Toxicity in Patients Treated for Childhood Cancer: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2025;151(15):e926-43. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001308.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lyon</surname>
							<given-names>AR</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-Fernández</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Couch</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Asteggiano</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aznar</surname>
							<given-names>MC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)</article-title>
					<source>Eur Heart J</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>41</issue>
					<fpage>4229</fpage>
					<lpage>4361</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>3 Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4229-361. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hajjar</surname>
							<given-names>LA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>IBSS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lopes</surname>
							<given-names>MACQ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoff</surname>
							<given-names>PMG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Diz</surname>
							<given-names>MDPE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fonseca</surname>
							<given-names>SMR</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1006</fpage>
					<lpage>43</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201006</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>4 Hajjar LA, Costa IBSS, Lopes MACQ, Hoff PMG, Diz MDPE, Fonseca SMR, et al. Brazilian Cardio-Oncology Guideline - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(5):1006-43. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201006.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Seber</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Miachon</surname>
							<given-names>AS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tanaka</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Castro</surname>
							<given-names>AMS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carvalho</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Petrilli</surname>
							<given-names>AS</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>First Guidelines on Pediatric Cardio-Oncology from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2013</year>
					<volume>100</volume>
					<issue>5 Suppl 1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>68</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.2013S005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>5 Seber A, Miachon AS, Tanaka AC, Castro AMS, Carvalho AC, Petrilli AS, et al. First Guidelines on Pediatric Cardio-Oncology from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;100(5 Suppl 1):1-68. doi: 10.5935/abc.2013S005.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<label>6</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Melo</surname>
							<given-names>MDT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paiva</surname>
							<given-names>MG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>MVC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rochitte</surname>
							<given-names>CE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moreira</surname>
							<given-names>VM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saleh</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Brazilian Position Statement on the Use Of Multimodality Imaging in Cardio-Oncology - 2021</article-title>
					<source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>117</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>845</fpage>
					<lpage>909</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200266</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>6 Melo MDT, Paiva MG, Santos MVC, Rochitte CE, Moreira VM, Saleh MH, et al. Brazilian Position Statement on the Use Of Multimodality Imaging in Cardio-Oncology - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(4):845-909. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200266.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<label>7</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mertens</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Singh</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Armenian</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>MH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dorfman</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Garg</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Multimodality Imaging for Cardiac Surveillance of Cancer Treatment in Children: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2023</year>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>1227</fpage>
					<lpage>53</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2023.09.009</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>7 Mertens L, Singh G, Armenian S, Chen MH, Dorfman AL, Garg R, et al. Multimodality Imaging for Cardiac Surveillance of Cancer Treatment in Children: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2023;36(12):1227-53. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.09.009.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<label>8</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wolf</surname>
							<given-names>CM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reiner</surname>
							<given-names>B</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kühn</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hager</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Müller</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meierhofer</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors on 10-Years Follow-Up Correlates with Cumulative Anthracycline Dose and is Best Detected by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, Circulating Serum Biomarker, Speckle Tracking Echocardiography, and Tissue Doppler Imaging</article-title>
					<source>Front Pediatr</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<fpage>123</fpage>
					<lpage>123</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fped.2020.00123</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>8 Wolf CM, Reiner B, Kühn A, Hager A, Müller J, Meierhofer C, et al. Subclinical Cardiac Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors on 10-Years Follow-Up Correlates with Cumulative Anthracycline Dose and is Best Detected by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, Circulating Serum Biomarker, Speckle Tracking Echocardiography, and Tissue Doppler Imaging. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:123. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00123.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<label>9</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rique</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cautela</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thuny</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Michel</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ovaert</surname>
							<given-names>C</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El Louali</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain Abnormalities in Childhood Exposure to Anthracycline Chemotherapy</article-title>
					<source>Children</source>
					<year>2024</year>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>378</fpage>
					<lpage>378</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/children11030378</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>9 Rique A, Cautela J, Thuny F, Michel G, Ovaert C, El Louali F. Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain Abnormalities in Childhood Exposure to Anthracycline Chemotherapy. Children. 2024;11(3):378. doi: 10.3390/children11030378.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<label>10</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Martins</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feitosa</surname>
							<given-names>FGAM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>MVC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Menezes</surname>
							<given-names>TMGAL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sena</surname>
							<given-names>AD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>EPL</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Early Detection of Cardiotoxicity in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Cancer Treated with Anthracyclines in Northeastern Brazil</article-title>
					<source>Hematol Transfus Cell Ther</source>
					<year>2026</year>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>106255</fpage>
					<lpage>106255</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.htct.2026.106255</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>10 Martins JL, Feitosa FGAM, Santos MVC, Menezes TMGAL, Sena AD, Rodrigues EPL, et al. Early Detection of Cardiotoxicity in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Cancer Treated with Anthracyclines in Northeastern Brazil. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2026;48(2):106255. doi: 10.1016/j.htct.2026.106255.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260044</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cardiotoxicidade por Quimioterapia na População Pediátrica: Que Singularidades Temos no Acompanhamento por Imagem Cardiovascular?</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-3728-7300</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Jéssica Laureano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3417-1476</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Duarte</surname>
						<given-names>Maria do Carmo Menezes Bezerra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6915-8127</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Feitosa</surname>
						<given-names>Fabiana Gomes Aragão Magalhães</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2038-5741</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Verônica Câmara dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff7">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff8">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">UPE, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff9">
					<label>4</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff10">
					<label>5</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Jéssica Laureano Martins</bold> • Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Cidade Universitária, s/n. CEP: <postal-code>58051-900</postal-code>. Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil E-mail: <email>jessicalaureanom@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Tratamento Farmacológico</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias</kwd>
				<kwd>Criança</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O câncer permanece entre os principais desafios de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. Para o triênio 2026–2028, o Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) estima aproximadamente 781 mil casos novos de câncer por ano no país. No grupo infantojuvenil, estimam-se 7.560 casos novos anuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O avanço no tratamento do câncer infantojuvenil elevou significativamente as taxas de sobrevida nas últimas décadas, ultrapassando 80% em 5 anos, desde que precocemente diagnosticado e tratado em centros de referência. Nesse cenário, a doença cardiovascular tornou-se a principal causa não oncológica de morbimortalidade entre sobreviventes do câncer infantojuvenil, com risco estimado em 5 a 6 vezes maior que o observado na população geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A cardiotoxicidade associada à terapia antineoplásica é definida por alterações cardiovasculares detectadas por manifestações clínicas, biomarcadores ou métodos de imagem, durante ou após o tratamento (meses ou décadas), desde que outras etiologias sejam excluídas. O espectro clínico é amplo e inclui desde alterações subclínicas até insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e pulmonar, pericardite, valvopatias, eventos tromboembólicos e isquemia miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>O risco de cardiotoxicidade está associado à exposição isolada ou combinada a agentes quimioterápicos (antraciclinas, alquilantes, antimetabólitos, inibidores de tirosino-quinase, dentre outros); à radioterapia mediastinal, cervical e no neuroeixo; a imunoterápicos; à terapia com células CAR-T; e ao transplante de células hematopoiéticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Contudo, independentemente das doses cumulativas dos quimioterápicos, os polimorfismos genéticos podem influenciar o metabolismo das drogas e, consequentemente, a vulnerabilidade individual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Na população pediátrica, o impacto é potencialmente mais expressivo devido à imaturidade miocárdica, à interferência no crescimento cardíaco durante o desenvolvimento físico e ao maior risco de remodelamento miocárdico progressivo, especialmente diante das comorbidades inerentes ao envelhecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A cardio-oncologia pediátrica não representa apenas uma transposição das recomendações estabelecidas para adultos, mas um campo com singularidades biológicas, epidemiológicas e diagnósticas que impactam diretamente o rastreio e o seguimento cardiovascular desses pacientes.</p>
			<p>Estratégias de vigilância devem ser mais sensíveis, individualizadas e longitudinalmente estruturadas. Desse modo, a multimodalidade de imagem cardiovascular desempenha um papel central na detecção precoce de cardiotoxicidade e no seguimento desses pacientes, permitindo intervenções cardioprotetoras e/ou terapêuticas em tempo hábil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Nesse contexto, os consensos internacionais recomendam a ecocardiografia como técnica primária e primordial de avaliação cardiológica antes, durante e após o tratamento do câncer. O método bidimensional é validado, apesar do tridimensional ser considerado o mais sensível para a avaliação da função sistólica dos ventrículos, comparado à ressonância magnética, padrão ouro na avaliação funcional miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A disfunção sistólica, especialmente assintomática (subclínica), é a complicação mais frequente no acompanhamento do paciente oncológico. Porém, o reconhecimento precoce de disfunção diastólica poderá ser preditivo de alterações contráteis, alterações restritivas e perda de massa ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Define-se cardiotoxicidade através da ecocardiografia, durante o tratamento, quando há queda de 10 pontos percentuais na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) e/ou queda relativa do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do ventrículo esquerdo (SLGVE) ≥ 15% em relação ao exame basal, ou valores abaixo dos pontos de corte de normalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Vários estudos evidenciaram a sensibilidade da análise da deformação miocárdica (<italic>strain</italic>) do ventrículo esquerdo através da técnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> na detecção precoce de disfunção, cuja queda percentual precede a queda da FEVE. Após o tratamento, os valores abaixo dos pontos de corte da FEVE e/ou do SLGVE devem servir como referência ao diagnóstico de disfunção sistólica ventricular.</p>
			<p>Em 2020, na França, Wolf et al. avaliaram retrospectivamente 79 pacientes pediátricos tratados com antraciclinas por leucemia aguda e linfoma Hodgkin no período de 10 anos e observaram que 28% apresentaram SLGVE anormal, apesar da FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outro estudo retrospectivo realizado na Alemanha em 2024 por Rique et al. avaliou 38 crianças com leucemia aguda tratadas com antraciclinas e detectou alterações do SLGVE em 28,9% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No Brasil, um estudo nessa população avaliou a frequência de cardiotoxicidade em 45 crianças e adolescentes com câncer (75,5% portadores de neoplasias hematológicas). Alterações ecocardiográficas foram identificadas em 42,2% dos pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia, com destaque para a redução do SLGVE, mesmo na ausência de queda da FEVE. Esses achados reforçam a relevância de métodos de imagem mais sensíveis como instrumento de detecção precoce de disfunção miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<sec>
				<title>Considerações especiais na população pediátrica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></title>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Exame ecocardiográfico basal:</bold> Deve ser realizado antes do início da terapia potencialmente cardiotóxica com objetivo de avaliar a anatomia e a função miocárdica, como base comparativa para as próximas avaliações. Na impossibilidade de executar o exame nesta fase, considerar os valores de corte de normalidade quando a avaliação ecocardiográfica for factível.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Avaliação ecocardiográfica durante o tratamento:</bold> Deve ser realizada na semana que antecede a infusão de quimioterapia potencialmente cardiotóxica, evitando as 2 semanas subsequentes devido ao estado hipermetabólico. Para a comparação entre os exames, o paciente deve se encontrar hemodinamicamente semelhante à condição basal.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>FEVE:</bold> A FEVE possui variabilidade dependente de pré e pós-carga, pode permanecer normal durante o tratamento e não define lesão subclínica; portanto, não deve ser utilizada isoladamente para definir cardiotoxicidade. Recomenda-se o método Simpson biplanar, cujo valor de normalidade na população pediátrica é ≥ 55%.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>SLGVE:</bold> O SLGVE representa, atualmente, o marcador mais sensível de disfunção miocárdica subclínica e deve ser realizado de forma sistemática antes, durante e após o término do tratamento. O seguimento seriado deve ser idealmente realizado com o mesmo equipamento/software e examinador. Essa técnica possibilita a identificação precoce de dano miocárdico mesmo na presença de FEVE preservada. O ponto de corte de normalidade em cardio-oncologia é de −18,0%. Valores entre −16% e −17,0% são considerados sinais de comprometimento subclínico, com respaldo para início de estratégia de cardioproteção medicamentosa.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Medidas ecocardiográficas lineares e volumétricas:</bold> Devem ser ajustadas à superfície corporal e interpretadas por Z-scores.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Função diastólica:</bold> Deve fazer parte da rotina (E/A, E/e’, volume atrial esquerdo indexado). Suas alterações podem preceder a disfunção sistólica, especialmente em exposição cumulativa quimioterápica elevada. Considerar as limitações pela influência da pré e pós-carga e frequência cardíaca. O <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo tem sido gradualmente incorporado na análise funcional diastólica.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Ventrículo direito:</bold> Deve ter sua função sistólica avaliada através dos parâmetros clássicos (Variação Fracional da Área [FAC], Excursão Sistólica do Plano do Anel Tricúspide [TAPSE], S’ tricúspide) e do <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do ventrículo direito.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Avaliação ecocardiográfica durante intercorrências:</bold> Considerar os achados sob um espectro pontual. Após a resolução da situação, programar nova avaliação para documentar o estado funcional e dar prosseguimento aos acompanhamentos individualizados.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Ultrassonografia vascular:</bold> Desempenha papel complementar na avaliação de sinais de trombose periférica e lesão endotelial, especialmente do leito carotídeo, visto que sinais de aterosclerose precoce fazem parte da avaliação dos sobreviventes.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p><bold>Ressonância magnética cardíaca</bold>: É recomendada quando há dúvida diagnóstica, janela ecocardiográfica inadequada, suspeita de fibrose miocárdica, avaliação do pericárdio e de massas intracardíacas ou adjacentes. Na pediatria, há limitação para sua utilização rotineira devido à necessidade de sedação, disponibilidade e custo.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>A visão pediátrica na cardio-oncologia impõe desafios particulares, uma vez que a cardiotoxicidade relacionada ao tratamento oncológico não se limita a um evento agudo, mas representa um processo dinâmico que pode interferir no crescimento e na maturação miocárdica ao longo do tempo. A vulnerabilidade do coração em desenvolvimento, associada à exposição precoce a terapias potencialmente cardiotóxicas, confere a esses pacientes um risco prolongado de disfunção miocárdica progressiva. Nesse contexto, a utilização de estratégias de imagem cardiovascular mais sensíveis, reprodutíveis e integradas torna-se fundamental. A abordagem multimodal, com destaque para a ecocardiografia (e a ressonância magnética cardíaca em situações selecionadas), amplia a acurácia diagnóstica e contribui para melhor estratificação de risco. Adicionalmente, o seguimento longitudinal estruturado, com interpretação baseada na individualização clínica, é essencial para o adequado acompanhamento desses pacientes.</p>
				<p>Por fim, a incorporação de fatores genéticos, clínicos e terapêuticos em modelos de risco, aliada ao monitoramento contínuo por imagem, representa uma perspectiva promissora para a medicina de precisão, com o objetivo de reduzir a morbimortalidade cardiovascular e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos sobreviventes do câncer infantojuvenil.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>