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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">02205</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260031i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Recurrent Intracardiac Masses in an Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipient</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5279-9051</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saeed</surname>
						<given-names>Bilal</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3721-2459</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Punnanithinont</surname>
						<given-names>Natdanai</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7929-8839</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mansour</surname>
						<given-names>Shareef</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0983-1930</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Savoia</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4674-6337</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Suksaranjit</surname>
						<given-names>Promporn</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>chief author</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">University of Iowa Health Care</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Iowa City</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Iowa</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">USA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa – USA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Harbor-UCLA Medical Center</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Torrance</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Califórnia</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">USA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Califórnia – USA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">University of Texas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Galveston</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">USA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">University of Texas, Galveston, Texas – USA</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Bilal Saeed</bold> • University of Iowa Health Care. 200 Hawkins Drive. Postal code: <postal-code>52242-1007</postal-code>. Iowa City, Iowa – USA E-mail: <email>bilal-saeed@uiowa.edu</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260031</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Heart Transplant</kwd>
				<kwd>Left atrial</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac MRI</kwd>
				<kwd>X-Ray Computed Tomography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="12"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>As long-term survival improves among heart transplant recipients, rare post-transplant complications, including intracardiac masses, are being increasingly recognized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Severe left atrial (LA) dilation and atrial arrhythmias may further contribute to blood stasis and thrombus formation in transplant recipients. LA thrombi in these patients may mimic neoplastic masses and represent important diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contributing factors include atrial dilation, arrhythmias, foreign material, and the components of Virchow's triad, namely abnormal blood flow, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>We report a unique case of a heart transplant recipient who developed recurrent LA thrombi over a 15-year period, requiring surgical resection, long-term anticoagulation, and complex therapeutic decision-making due to bleeding complications.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Case report</title>
				<p>A 73-year-old man with a history of orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) with bicaval anastomosis, performed in 2002 at an outside academic institution, established cardiovascular care at our institution in 2009. During outpatient follow-up, an incidental LA mass was identified on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The mass measured 5.5 × 5.1 × 4.3 cm and was located along the posterolateral wall of the LA. The patient was asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. His medical history was significant for sick sinus syndrome requiring dual-chamber pacemaker implantation, nonobstructive coronary allograft vasculopathy, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.</p>
				<p>Annual TTE surveillance over the following 7 years demonstrated progressive enlargement of the mass, reaching a maximum size of 7.9 × 6.2 cm. Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) confirmed the presence of two large LA masses. The first mass originated from the posterolateral wall, with partial calcification and extension through the atrial wall. The second mass arose from the roof of the LA.</p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>CCT demonstrating two LA masses. The larger mass (blue arrow) measured 8 × 6 × 5 cm and exhibited smooth borders with layered calcification. The smaller mass (orange arrow) measured 6 × 5 × 3 cm and was attached to the superior and medial aspects of the left atrium.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>After 7 years of imaging surveillance, the patient underwent redo sternotomy with surgical resection of both masses. Histopathological analysis of the first mass demonstrated fibrinopurulent debris with focal dystrophic calcifications, whereas the second mass was confirmed to be thrombotic material. Grocott methenamine silver, periodic acid-Schiff, and Gram staining were all negative. An old epicardial defibrillator pad was also identified, along with an associated thrombus within the pericardial space, which was surgically excised.</p>
				<p>The patient was admitted with hypertensive urgency 1 year later. On presentation, blood pressure was 185/112 mmHg, heart rate was 88 beats/min, SpO<sub>2</sub> was 98% on room air, and body temperature was normal. Electrocardiography demonstrated normal sinus rhythm with right bundle branch block. During hospitalization, repeat TTE demonstrated recurrence of a mass in the posterolateral LA measuring 3.7 × 4.1 cm. The lesion appeared homogeneous and broadly attached to the atrial wall, findings considered consistent with thrombus formation. Anticoagulation with warfarin was initiated, resulting in complete resolution of the mass 1 year later.</p>
				<p>After 4 years of anticoagulation therapy, the patient developed persistent atrial flutter, which was initially managed medically. An additional 2 years later, he underwent electrical cardioversion. Shortly thereafter, he was hospitalized because of a large spontaneous right retroperitoneal hemorrhage and subsequently underwent right renal artery embolization, followed by discontinuation of warfarin therapy. His clinical course was further complicated by acute kidney injury requiring permanent dialysis.</p>
				<p>After hospital discharge, routine TTE demonstrated recurrence of a mass along the roof of the LA measuring 7.3 × 6.3 cm. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was subsequently performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>), revealing severe LA dilation and a large heterogeneous broad-based mass attached to the LA roof, measuring 7.9 × 7.1 × 6.1 cm. A second mass was identified within the pericardial space adjacent to the lateral wall, measuring 4.0 × 1.2 × 3.0 cm. No enhancement was observed on first-pass perfusion or late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), findings that favored thrombi rather than neoplastic lesions. Consequently, warfarin therapy was resumed.</p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>CMR first-pass perfusion imaging (two-chamber view) demonstrating a hypointense mass attached to the roof of the left atrium with a broad-based attachment and no contrast perfusion. The mass measured 7.9 × 7.1 × 6.1 cm.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>CMR cine steady-state free precession sequence (four-chamber view) demonstrating a mass within the pericardial space (orange arrow) adjacent to the lateral wall of the left ventricle, measuring 6.3 × 2.0 cm, along with a large broad-based LA mass (blue arrow) measuring 7.9 × 7.1 × 6.1 cm and exhibiting heterogeneous signal intensity.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>High-T1 LGE CMR (three-chamber view) demonstrating a hypointense LA mass with an etched appearance.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Following another 8 months, the patient experienced progressive clinical deterioration, including worsening mental status. He ultimately elected hospice care and died several weeks later. Autopsy was declined.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Advances in immunosuppressive therapy and surgical techniques have substantially improved long-term survival after heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Intracardiac masses remain a rare complication following OHT, and when present, they are typically identified within the first 1-2 years after surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The most common intracardiac masses in this population include organizing thrombi and primary cardiac tumors, particularly myxomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, differentiating among the various etiologies of intracardiac masses remains a significant diagnostic challenge and often requires a multimodality imaging approach.</p>
			<p>The present case illustrates the unusual occurrence of recurrent thrombi in a patient who underwent OHT using the bicaval technique. Serial annual TTE examinations demonstrated progressive enlargement of the LA mass over several years before surgical resection. Additional imaging modalities, including CCT and CMR, played a critical role in anatomical characterization, as TTE alone could not reliably distinguish among thrombus, tumor, or foreign-body-associated lesions.</p>
			<p>In this patient, the initial large LA mass containing fibrinopurulent debris and dystrophic calcification may have represented a reactive process related to the retained epicardial defibrillator pad, contributing to stagnant intra-atrial blood flow in accordance with Virchow's triad.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Denudation of the extracellular matrix may promote conduction abnormalities, fibrosis, and endocardial infiltration, thereby facilitating thrombogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The standard biatrial OHT technique, originally popularized by Shumway and colleagues because of its technical simplicity and shorter ischemic times, may result in anatomical and physiological alterations, including enlarged atrial chambers, blood stasis, atrial thrombosis, and valvular regurgitation. Consequently, the bicaval anastomotic technique was developed to better preserve atrial geometry, reduce atrial arrhythmias, and minimize asynchronous contraction between donor and recipient atrial tissue, all of which may contribute to thrombus formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite these theoretical advantages, our patient developed recurrent LA and pericardial thrombi even after removal of the retained surgical material and epicardial defibrillator pad.</p>
			<p>Only a limited number of cases describing atrial thrombi confirmed by surgical resection and histopathological examination have been reported in patients undergoing bicaval OHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>CMR is particularly valuable for differentiating thrombus from cardiac tumors through tissue characterization. Imaging features favoring thrombus include absence of first-pass perfusion, lack of LGE, low signal intensity on delayed enhancement sequences, and the presence of a layered or &quot;etched&quot; appearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>We report a rare case of recurrent LA thrombi in an asymptomatic patient who underwent bicaval OHT. The mass was incidentally detected and demonstrated progressive enlargement over a 7-year period. Multimodality imaging, particularly CCT and CMR, was essential for diagnostic assessment, as TTE alone could not reliably differentiate thrombus from neoplasm or foreign-body-associated lesions.</p>
			<p>The initial mass may have been associated with a retained epicardial defibrillator pad, which likely contributed to blood stasis and thrombus formation. Despite surgical resection, thrombus recurrence occurred within months, highlighting the persistent thrombotic risk in this population, even in the absence of atrial arrhythmias.</p>
			<p>This case emphasizes the importance of multimodality imaging, histopathological confirmation when feasible, individualized anticoagulation strategies, and long-term surveillance in heart transplant recipients with intracardiac masses. Further studies are needed to better define thrombotic risk factors and optimal anticoagulation duration following bicaval OHT.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260031</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Massas Intracardíacas Recorrentes em Receptor de Transplante Cardíaco Ortotópico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5279-9051</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Saeed</surname>
						<given-names>Bilal</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3721-2459</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Punnanithinont</surname>
						<given-names>Natdanai</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7929-8839</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mansour</surname>
						<given-names>Shareef</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0983-1930</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Savoia</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4674-6337</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Suksaranjit</surname>
						<given-names>Promporn</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>autor principal</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Iowa City</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Iowa</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">EUA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa – EUA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Torrance</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Califórnia</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">EUA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Califórnia – EUA</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Galveston</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="US">EUA</country>
					<institution content-type="original">University of Texas, Galveston, Texas – EUA</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Bilal Saeed</bold> • University of Iowa Health Care. 200 Hawkins Drive. CEP: <postal-code>52242-1007</postal-code>. Iowa City, Iowa – EUA. E-mail: <email>bilal-saeed@uiowa.edu</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Transplante de Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Átrios do Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética</kwd>
				<kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>À medida que a sobrevida em longo prazo melhora entre receptores de transplante cardíaco, complicações raras pós-transplante, incluindo massas intracardíacas, vêm sendo reconhecidas com maior frequência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A dilatação grave do átrio esquerdo (AE) e as arritmias atriais podem contribuir adicionalmente para estase sanguínea e formação de trombos em receptores de transplante. Os trombos em AE nesses pacientes podem mimetizar massas neoplásicas e representam importantes desafios diagnósticos e terapêuticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entre os fatores contribuintes estão dilatação atrial, arritmias, material estranho e os componentes da tríade de Virchow, nomeadamente fluxo sanguíneo anormal, lesão endotelial e hipercoagulabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Relatamos um caso único de um receptor de transplante cardíaco que desenvolveu trombos recorrentes em AE ao longo de um período de 15 anos, necessitando de ressecção cirúrgica, anticoagulação em longo prazo e tomada de decisão terapêutica complexa devido a complicações hemorrágicas.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Relato de caso</title>
					<p>Um homem de 73 anos, com histórico de transplante cardíaco ortotópico (TCO) com anastomose bicaval, realizado em 2002 em outra instituição acadêmica, iniciou acompanhamento cardiovascular em nossa instituição em 2009. Durante o seguimento ambulatorial, uma massa incidental em AE foi identificada por ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT). A massa media 5,5 × 5,1 × 4,3 cm e estava localizada ao longo da parede posterolateral do AE. O paciente encontrava-se assintomático no momento do diagnóstico. Seu histórico médico incluía síndrome do nó sinusal, necessitando de implante de marcapasso bicameral, vasculopatia do aloenxerto coronariano não obstrutiva e gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado.</p>
					<p>A vigilância anual por ETT ao longo dos 7 anos seguintes demonstrou aumento progressivo da massa, atingindo tamanho máximo de 7,9 × 6,2 cm. A tomografia computadorizada cardíaca (TCC) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>) confirmou a presença de duas grandes massas no AE. A primeira massa originava-se da parede posterolateral, apresentando calcificação parcial e extensão através da parede atrial. A segunda massa originava-se do teto do AE.</p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>TCC demonstrando duas massas no AE. A maior massa (seta azul) media 8 × 6 × 5 cm e apresentava bordas regulares com calcificação em camadas. A menor massa (seta laranja) media 6 × 5 × 3 cm e estava aderida às porções superior e medial do AE.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Após 7 anos de acompanhamento por imagem, o paciente foi submetido a reesternotomia com ressecção cirúrgica de ambas as massas. A análise histopatológica da primeira massa demonstrou debris fibrinopurulentos com calcificações distróficas focais, enquanto a segunda massa foi confirmada como material trombótico. As colorações de prata metenamina de Grocott, ácido periódico de Schiff e Gram foram todas negativas. Um antigo <italic>patch</italic> desfibrilador epicárdico também foi identificado, juntamente com um trombo associado no espaço pericárdico, que foi removido cirurgicamente.</p>
					<p>O paciente foi admitido com urgência hipertensiva 1 ano depois. Na admissão, a pressão arterial era de 185/112 mmHg, a frequência cardíaca era de 88 batimentos/min, a SpO<sub>2</sub> era de 98% em ar ambiente e a temperatura corporal era normal. A eletrocardiografia demonstrou ritmo sinusal normal com bloqueio de ramo direito. Durante a hospitalização, uma nova ETT demonstrou recorrência de uma massa no AE posterolateral medindo 3,7 × 4,1 cm. A lesão apresentava aspecto homogêneo e ampla inserção na parede atrial, achados considerados consistentes com formação de trombo. Foi iniciada anticoagulação com varfarina, resultando em resolução completa da massa 1 ano depois.</p>
					<p>Após 4 anos de terapia anticoagulante, o paciente desenvolveu <italic>flutter</italic> atrial persistente, o qual foi tratado clinicamente. Após mais 2 anos, foi submetido à cardioversão elétrica. Pouco tempo depois, foi hospitalizado devido a uma grande hemorragia retroperitoneal espontânea à direita e, subsequentemente, submetido à embolização da artéria renal direita, seguida da suspensão da terapia com varfarina. Sua evolução clínica foi ainda complicada por lesão renal aguda, necessitando de diálise permanente.</p>
					<p>Após a alta hospitalar, a ETT de rotina demonstrou recorrência de uma massa ao longo do teto do AE medindo 7,3 × 6,3 cm. A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) foi posteriormente realizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref>) e revelou dilatação grave do AE e uma grande massa heterogênea de ampla base aderida ao teto do AE, medindo 7,9 × 7,1 × 6,1 cm. Uma segunda massa foi identificada no espaço pericárdico adjacente à parede lateral, medindo 4,0 × 1,2 × 3,0 cm. Não foi observado realce na perfusão de primeira passagem nem nas imagens de realce tardio pelo gadolínio (RTG) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>), achados que favoreceram trombos em vez de lesões neoplásicas. Consequentemente, a terapia com varfarina foi reiniciada.</p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem de perfusão de primeira passagem por RMC (vista em duas câmaras) demonstrando uma massa hipointensa aderida ao teto do AE, com ampla base de inserção e ausência de perfusão pelo contraste. A massa media 7,9 × 7,1 × 6,1 cm.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Sequência de precessão livre no estado estacionário por RMC (vista em quatro câmaras) demonstrando uma massa no espaço pericárdico (seta laranja) adjacente à parede lateral do ventrículo esquerdo, medindo 6,3 × 2,0 cm, juntamente com uma grande massa no AE de ampla base (seta azul), medindo 7,9 × 7,1 × 6,1 cm e apresentando intensidade de sinal heterogênea.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Imagem de RTG em alta ponderação T1 por RMC (vista em três câmaras) demonstrando uma massa hipointensa no AE com aspecto gravado.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>Após mais 8 meses, o paciente apresentou deterioração clínica progressiva, incluindo piora do estado mental. Por fim, optou por cuidados paliativos e faleceu algumas semanas depois. A autópsia foi recusada.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Os avanços na terapia imunossupressora e nas técnicas cirúrgicas melhoraram substancialmente a sobrevida em longo prazo após o transplante cardíaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As massas intracardíacas permanecem uma complicação rara após o TCO e, quando presentes, geralmente são identificadas nos primeiros 1-2 anos após a cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As massas intracardíacas mais comuns nessa população incluem trombos organizados e tumores cardíacos primários, particularmente mixomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, diferenciar as diversas etiologias das massas intracardíacas permanece um importante desafio diagnóstico e frequentemente requer uma abordagem de imagem multimodal.</p>
				<p>O presente caso ilustra a ocorrência incomum de trombos recorrentes em um paciente submetido ao TCO utilizando a técnica bicaval. Exames seriados anuais de ETT demonstraram aumento progressivo da massa em AE ao longo de vários anos antes da ressecção cirúrgica. Métodos adicionais de imagem, incluindo TCC e RMC, desempenharam papel fundamental na caracterização anatômica, uma vez que a ETT isoladamente não conseguia distinguir de forma confiável entre trombo, tumor ou lesões associadas a corpo estranho.</p>
				<p>Neste paciente, a massa inicial de grande dimensão em AE contendo debris fibrinopurulentos e calcificação distrófica pode ter representado um processo reacional relacionado ao <italic>patch</italic> desfibrilador epicárdico retido, contribuindo para estase sanguínea intra-atrial em conformidade com a tríade de Virchow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A desnudação da matriz extracelular pode promover alterações de condução, fibrose e infiltração endocárdica, facilitando assim a trombogênese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A técnica padrão de TCO biatrial, originalmente popularizada por Shumway e colaboradores devido à sua simplicidade técnica e menores tempos de isquemia, pode resultar em alterações anatômicas e fisiológicas, incluindo aumento das câmaras atriais, estase sanguínea, trombose atrial e regurgitação valvar. Consequentemente, a técnica de anastomose bicaval foi desenvolvida para melhor preservar a geometria atrial, reduzir arritmias atriais e minimizar a contração assíncrona entre os tecidos atriais do doador e do receptor, fatores que podem contribuir para a formação de trombos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar dessas vantagens teóricas, nosso paciente desenvolveu trombos recorrentes em AE e no pericárdio mesmo após a remoção do material cirúrgico retido e do <italic>patch</italic> desfibrilador epicárdico.</p>
				<p>Apenas um número limitado de casos descrevendo trombos atriais confirmados por ressecção cirúrgica e exame histopatológico foi relatado em pacientes submetidos ao TCO bicaval.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A RMC é particularmente valiosa para diferenciar trombos de tumores cardíacos por meio da caracterização tecidual. Achados de imagem sugestivos de trombo incluem ausência de perfusão na primeira passagem, ausência de RTG, baixa intensidade de sinal nas sequências de realce tardio e presença de aspecto em camadas ou &quot;gravado&quot;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Relatamos um caso raro de trombos recorrentes em AE em um paciente assintomático submetido ao TCO bicaval. A massa foi detectada incidentalmente e demonstrou aumento progressivo ao longo de um período de 7 anos. A imagem multimodal, particularmente a TCC e a RMC, foi essencial para a avaliação diagnóstica, uma vez que a ETT isoladamente não conseguia diferenciar de forma confiável trombo de neoplasia ou lesões associadas a corpo estranho.</p>
				<p>A massa inicial pode ter estado associada a um patch desfibrilador epicárdico retido, o qual provavelmente contribuiu para estase sanguínea e formação de trombo. Apesar da ressecção cirúrgica, houve recorrência do trombo em poucos meses, destacando o risco trombótico persistente nessa população, mesmo na ausência de arritmias atriais.</p>
				<p>Este caso enfatiza a importância da imagem multimodal, da confirmação histopatológica quando factível, de estratégias individualizadas de anticoagulação e do seguimento em longo prazo em receptores de transplante cardíaco com massas intracardíacas. Estudos adicionais são necessários para melhor definir os fatores de risco trombótico e a duração ideal da anticoagulação após TCO bicaval.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>