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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">01407</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260026i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Filling Pressures: From Ambiguity to Precision With New Guidelines</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0794-7339</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3403-7528</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vosgerau</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4244-9444</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dreckmann</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Vitola</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7386-1619</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto D´Ávila</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0415-6008</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zanlorensi</surname>
						<given-names>Cláudia Biondo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5539-3823</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonotto</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paraná</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">SEMEC</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">SEMEC, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</bold> • Universidade Federal do Paraná. RUA Mateus Leme, 3945, apt 504, 2. Postal code: <postal-code>82200-000</postal-code>. Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>mslalves@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260026</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular (LV) filling pressures is a cornerstone in the assessment of heart failure, particularly in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The 2016 American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of cardiovascular Imaging algorithm standardized this evaluation using key variables, but a substantial proportion of cases remained indeterminate in clinical practice. The recent update of the American guideline reorganized the approach into a hierarchical framework, incorporating age-related adjustments and formalizing the role of left atrial strain (LAS) as a tie-breaking parameter, while also providing a more detailed characterization of special clinical scenarios. In parallel, the 2024 British Society of Echocardiography guideline emphasizes the pathophysiological interpretation of ventricular filling, complementing the operational framework proposed by the American document. Multicenter studies with invasive validation support these updates, establishing LAS as a robust marker of increased filling pressures. In this article, we present My Approach to echocardiographic assessment of LV filling pressures, based on an initial morphofunctional evaluation, followed by structured screening (Step 1) and further refinement (Step 2) incorporating LAS and additional parameters. We also provide a comparison between guidelines, discuss common pitfalls and algorithm limitations, and include case-based videos for practical application.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Left Ventricular Function</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) filling pressures has evolved from a mitral Doppler-centered approach to an integrated model incorporating both morphological and functional parameters, supported by increasingly structured algorithms. The 2016 American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/European Association of cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) guideline for assessing LV diastolic function by echocardiography marked a pivotal step in this transition by proposing a simplified framework based on four core variables;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> however, a substantial proportion of examinations remained indeterminate with respect to filling pressure estimation. This limits diagnostic accuracy, particularly in conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).</p>
			<p>In addition, specific clinical conditions (e.g., atrial fibrillation [AF], pulmonary hypertension, and valvular heart disease) have continued to pose challenges to the applicability and interpretation of these parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Recent updates have advanced this field along two complementary directions. The 2024 British Society of Echocardiography guideline for assessing LV diastolic function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reinforces the pathophysiological basis of ventricular filling and formalizes left atrial strain (LAS) as a refinement tool. In parallel, the ASE 2025 update reorganizes the decision-making process, incorporates age-related adjustments, and integrates atrial strain in a similar manner,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> supported by multicenter studies with invasive validation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Comparison between guidelines and recent evidence</title>
				</caption>
				<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
					<colgroup width="20%">
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
							<th align="left" valign="middle">Domain</th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">ASE/EACVI (2016)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">ASE(2025)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">BSE(2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></th>
							<th align="center" valign="middle">My Approach to integration in practice</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Objective</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Standardization and simplification</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Reduction of discordance and indeterminate cases; hierarchical framework</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Emphasis on pathophysiology and interpretation</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Integration of the 2025 framework with BSE physiological principles, using the 2016 model as the foundation</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LAS</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Not formally included</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Formalized as a refinement parameter</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Formalized as a refinement parameter</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Preferred tie-breaking parameter</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Age adjustment</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Limited</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Explicit incorporation</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Recognized</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Avoid overdiagnosis in older patients</td>
						</tr>
						<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
							<td align="left" valign="middle">LAVI</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Core parameter</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Supportive parameter; marker of chronicity</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Structural parameter</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Contextual support; not used in isolation</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="middle">Gray zone</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequent</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Structured resolution strategy</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Physiological interpretation</td>
							<td align="center" valign="middle">Step 2 refinement(LAS, IVRT, pulmonary venous flow)</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; BSE: British Society of Echocardiography; EACVI: European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LAS: left atrial strain; LAVI: LA volume index; PV: pulmonary vein.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>This article translates these advances into daily clinical practice through My Approach to echocardiographic assessment of LV filling pressures, an approach designed to be practical, reproducible, and clinically meaningful while preserving a strong physiological foundation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<caption>
					<title>Integration and hierarchical application of parameters and techniques for the evaluation of LV filling pressures. The strategy begins with morphofunctional assessment and structured screening, followed by targeted refinement in indeterminate or discordant cases (Step 2), in which LAS and complementary parameters play a decisive role in the final diagnostic classification. AF: atrial fibrillation; DT: deceleration time; ED: end-diastole; HR: heart rate; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LAS: left atrial strain; LAScd: left atrial conduit strain; LASct: left atrial contraction strain; LASr: left atrial reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricular; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TDI: tissue Doppler imaging; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec>
				<title>Before the algorithm: the integrated view of the echocardiographer</title>
				<p>The assessment of diastolic function should always begin with clinical contextualization (e.g., age, symptoms, cardiac rhythm, valvular heart disease, and hemodynamic status) because the algorithm addresses a specific clinical question and should not be applied indiscriminately.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Before applying any flowchart, a two-dimensional morphofunctional assessment allows the echocardiographer to rapidly integrate patterns of hypertrophy, LA size, ventricular geometry, mitral annular motion, signs of pulmonary hypertension, and the overall visual impression of ventricular compliance. This approach enables the clinician to position the patient within a probable phenotype: low, intermediate, or high likelihood of increased filling pressures.</p>
				<p>This initial impression does not replace the algorithm; rather, it prevents both the mechanical application of numerical thresholds and conclusions drawn without objective criteria. It serves as a conceptual framework that guides interpretation and may be refined or corrected by the structured model.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Strategy overview: two steps, one clinical question</title>
				<p>The assessment should be structured to answer a simple and clinically meaningful question: Is there consistent evidence of increased LV filling pressures? <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the parameters used for this evaluation.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Reference parameters for the assessment of LV filling pressures</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="33%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal threshold</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical interpretation/Action</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Septal e′ velocity</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 6 cm/s</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Decreased values suggest impaired relaxation; should be interpreted alongside other parameters.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Lateral e′ velocity</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 7 cm/s</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Same interpretation as septal e′; should be interpreted alongside other parameters.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E/A ratio</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 0.8 or ≥ 2.0</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">E/A &lt; 0.8 suggests impaired relaxation; E/A ≥ 2.0 suggests a restrictive filling pattern (should be interpreted alongside other parameters).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Average E/e′ ratio</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">≥ 14</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Supports the presence of increased filling pressures.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">PASP/TR velocity</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">≥ 35 mmHg / ≥ 2.8 m/s</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">When increased, supports increased filling pressures in the absence of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LASr</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 18%</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Decreased values favor increased filling pressures; primary tie-breaking parameter.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LASct</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 8%</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Marked decrease supports sustained increase of filling pressures; normal values may help exclude increased pressures (particularly when LASct &gt; 14% and GLS ≥ 18%).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IVRT</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 70 ms</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Shortened IVRT suggests increased filling pressures.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">S/D ratio (pulmonary vein)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 0.67</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic predominance supports increased filling pressures; stronger association in decreased LVEF.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ar-A difference (pulmonary vein)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 30 ms</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Suggests increased filling pressures, particularly in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and MR.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LAVI</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Indicates chronic exposure to increased filling pressures; not diagnostic in isolation.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic stress echocardiography</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Exercise E/e′ &gt; 14;TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Indicated when resting echocardiography does not explain symptoms; supports dynamic increase of filling pressures.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">LUS/VExUS (adjunctive)</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IVC &gt; 2 cm; reversed hepatic/portal flow; B-line grading 0-3</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Complementary assessment when clinical and imaging findings are discordant and resting echocardiography is inconclusive.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>GLS: global longitudinal strain; IVC: inferior vena cava; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LASct: left atrial contractile strain; LASr: left atrial reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LUS: lung ultrasound; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; VExUS: venous excess ultrasound score; MR: mitral regurgitation.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 1: initial screening</title>
					<p>Updated guidelines emphasize that aging is associated with a physiological decline in myocardial relaxation. As a result, values considered abnormal in younger individuals may be expected in older people. Therefore, an isolated reduction in e′, particularly in older people, should not be automatically interpreted as indicative of increased filling pressures. Age-adjusted reference values are essential to support this interpretation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<list list-type="roman-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>e’ velocity: relaxation with age adjustment</italic></bold></p>
							<p>Both septal and lateral e′ velocities should be routinely assessed. A decreased e′ suggests impaired relaxation but does not necessarily indicate increased filling pressures, particularly in older individuals, in whom lower values are common and may occur in the presence of normal pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Thus, e′ is highly informative for characterizing relaxation but must be interpreted in conjunction with other parameters.</p>
							<p>New/current concept: the 2025 guideline refines normal reference thresholds and acknowledges that septal e′ ≤ 6 cm/s or lateral e′ ≤ 7 cm/s is frequently observed in individuals aged &gt; 60-70 years and, in isolation, does not define increased filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>E/e′ ratio: useful but not definitive</italic></bold></p>
							<p>The E/e′ ratio remains a cornerstone parameter due to its practicality; however, it should be interpreted as supportive evidence rather than a standalone determinant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
							<p>New/current concept: an average E/e′ ≥ 14 supports the presence of increased filling pressures, whereas lower values make this less likely. However, an intermediate &quot;gray zone&quot; (particularly 8-14) is common and, according to the 2025 guideline, requires further refinement using additional parameters. Limitations must also be recognized in the presence of significant mitral valve disease, irregular rhythms without adequate beat averaging, and ventricles with preserved ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV): a link to pulmonary hemodynamics</italic></bold></p>
							<p>When adequately measured, TRV provides an indirect estimate of pulmonary pressure and may support the presence of increased LV filling pressures (post-capillary), provided that primary pulmonary disease (pre-capillary) is excluded. The cutoff of ≥ 2.8 m/s remains consistent across recent guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
							<p>New/current concept: the ASE update also considers an estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) ≥ 35 mmHg as suggestive of increased filling pressures, provided that right atrial pressure estimation based on inferior vena cava parameters is technically reliable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Step 2: refinement — where the recent updates have truly shifted practice</title>
					<p>Step 2 focuses on the assessment of LA/LV remodeling markers and indicators of increased filling pressures.</p>
					<list list-type="roman-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>E/A ratio and deceleration time (DT): the mitral pattern still matters</italic></bold></p>
							<p>The E/A ratio remains a central physiological marker of transmitral filling, guiding the distinction between impaired relaxation and decreased compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> An E/A ratio ≤ 0.8 suggests impaired relaxation (common with aging), whereas E/A ≥ 2.0 combined with DT &lt; 160 ms (particularly in patients with decreased LVEF) indicates a restrictive filling pattern and increased pressures.</p>
							<p>The main limitation is pseudonormalization (E/A 0.8-2.0 in the presence of increased pressures), which underscores that E/A should never be interpreted in isolation.</p>
							<p>New/current concept: the 2016 guideline emphasized its role in grading diastolic dysfunction, and the 2025 update preserves its physiological relevance while prioritizing a more objective and reproducible decision-making framework.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Left atrial volume index (LAVI): a marker of chronic exposure rather than current pressure</italic></bold></p>
							<p>LAVI &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> is a well-established marker of chronic LA exposure to increased filling pressures, with important diagnostic and prognostic value in HF, AF, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
							<p>New/current concept: in the 2025 update, LAVI is no longer a central parameter but assumes a supportive role since it reflects chronic remodeling rather than current hemodynamic status. Therefore, it should be interpreted alongside markers that are less influenced by transient changes.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Left atrial strain (LAS) (reservoir and contractile): the key contemporary tie-breaker</italic></bold></p>
							<p>Recent studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between LAS and invasive measures of filling pressure, establishing left atrial reservoir strain (LASr) as a marker of increased pressures and left atrial contractile strain (LASct) as a tool to exclude them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
							<p>New/current concept: atrial strain represents the most relevant practical innovation in current guidelines since it captures both LA function and hemodynamic history. LASr &lt; 18% (particularly &lt; 16%) suggests increased filling pressures by reflecting decreased atrial compliance, whereas LASct &gt; 14% in patients with preserved EF effectively excludes increased pressures, even in the presence of borderline E/e′ values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Technical acquisition: LAS should be measured in apical four- and two-chamber views, with the R-R interval defining the cardiac cycle. Adequate frame rates (&gt; 60 fps), appropriate depth, and optimized image acquisition are essential. Speckle-tracking analysis should exclude pulmonary veins and the LA appendage. The average of both views should be reported (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f3">Video 1</xref>).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT): useful in discordant or challenging scenarios</italic></bold></p>
							<p>IVRT corresponds to the interval between aortic valve closure and mitral valve opening, reflecting early active ventricular relaxation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
							<p>New/current concept: initially described as an auxiliary parameter in the 2009 guidelines and maintained as a complementary measure in 2016, IVRT has regained relevance as a refinement tool in discordant cases. Although not part of the primary decision-making core, a shortened IVRT (≤ 70 ms) suggests increased filling pressures, particularly when associated with a restrictive filling pattern or decreased atrial strain. It is especially useful when tissue Doppler measurements are unreliable, such as in AF or mitral annular calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Pulmonary venous flow (S/D and Ar-A): when additional confirmation is needed</italic></bold></p>
							<p>Pulmonary venous flow assessment can be technically challenging but provides valuable information when adequately acquired. A diastolic predominance (S/D ≤ 0.67) supports increased filling pressures. However, patients with preserved LVEF may exhibit S/D &gt; 0.67 despite increased pressures, requiring confirmation with additional parameters.</p>
							<p>An Ar-A duration difference &gt; 30 ms may be useful in selected conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation (MR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Additional supplementary parameters</italic></bold></p>
							<p>When primary and refinement parameters are unavailable or unreliable, additional measures may support clinical interpretation. These include: peak diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity ≥ 2 m/s; pulmonary artery diastolic pressure ≥ 16 mmHg; mitral inflow L-wave velocity ≥ 50 cm/s; Ar-A duration &gt; 30 ms; ≥ 50% reduction in mitral E/A during the Valsalva maneuver; E/Vp ≥ 2.5; A-wave transit time ≤ 45 ms; and IVRT/TE e′ &lt; 2.</p>
							<p>In addition, an LV mass index &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> in women or &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> in men may indicate structural remodeling consistent with diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Role of LAS in refining the assessment of LV filling pressure. Assessment of LA deformation using speckle-tracking echocardiography. A) LASr, LAScd, and LASct measurements in a normal subject, with values of 49%, −36%, and −12%, respectively; B) corresponding strain curves from a patient with increased filling pressures, showing values of 15%, −5.1%, and −9.8%, respectively. LA: left atrium; LAS: LA strain; LAScd: LA conduit strain; LASct: LA contractile strain; LASr: LA reservoir strain; LV: left ventricle.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<media id="f3" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m01.mp4">
						<label>Video 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>HFpEF with inconclusive resting assessment, clarified by LAS. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Interpretation and integration of parameters (algorithm-based approach)</title>
					<p>If all primary parameters assessed in Step 1 (e′, TRV, and E/e′) are within normal limits, LV filling pressures are considered normal. Conversely, if all three parameters are abnormal, increased filling pressures are present.</p>
					<p>When e′ is decreased (based on age-adjusted reference values) and the E/A ratio is ≤ 0.8, this pattern is consistent with grade I diastolic dysfunction and normal filling pressures.</p>
					<p>Diagnostic uncertainty arises in intermediate or discordant scenarios, including cases in which only e′ is decreased with E/A &gt; 0.8, isolated increase of TRV/PASP or E/e′, or when any two primary variables are abnormal. In these situations, refinement using Step 2 parameters becomes essential.</p>
					<p>These include LASr, IVRT, S/D, LAVI, and additional supplementary parameters. If one or more of these refinement markers are abnormal, increased filling pressures are confirmed. An E/A ratio &lt; 2 supports the classification of grade II diastolic dysfunction, whereas E/A ≥ 2 indicates grade III diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> shows the application of the algorithm.</p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Decision algorithm for estimating LV filling pressures. Practical flowchart based on the 2025 ASE guideline. Step 1 relies on core parameters of myocardial relaxation and filling pressure assessment. In cases of discordance (e.g., a single abnormal parameter or borderline values), Step 2 is applied, prioritizing LASr and IVRT. Integration of these findings allows both grading of diastolic dysfunction and definitive classification of LV filling pressure status. ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LASr: left atrial reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricle; LVMI: LV mass index; PADP: pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Special situations</title>
					<p>The 2025 guideline reinforces that a &quot;one-size-fits-all&quot; approach is not applicable. Specific clinical scenarios require adaptation of both acquisition and interpretation strategies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clinical conditions requiring adaptation of the standard diastolic function algorithm</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical condition</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Key considerations for assessing LV filling pressure</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">AF</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Average 5-10 consecutive beats at a controlled heart rate. Consider E ≥ 100 cm/s, septal E/e′ ≥ 11, TR velocity ≥ 2.8 m/s, and DT ≤ 160 ms. LASr &lt; 18% supports increased filling pressures. LA volume alone is not diagnostic.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral stenosis</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e′ should not be used. Prioritize IVRT, TE-e′ ratio, and mitral A-wave velocity. Filling pressures should be interpreted cautiously due to transmitral obstruction.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">MR</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">The E wave is often increased due to volume overload rather than increased pressure. E/e′ may overestimate filling pressures. Ar-A duration and IVRT may provide supportive information.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral annular calcification</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Mechanical restriction reduces the reliability of e′. Greater emphasis should be placed on IVRT and the overall filling pattern rather than E/e′ alone.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac amyloidosis</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Markedly decreased annular velocities (&quot;5-5-5&quot; sign: s′, e′, a′ &lt; 5 cm/s) combined with a restrictive transmitral pattern. Apical sparing on longitudinal strain supports the diagnosis.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus tachycardia/high-output states</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Increased transmitral velocities may reflect increased cardiac output rather than increased filling pressures. IVRT and E/e′ should be interpreted within the clinical context.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Heart transplantation</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Altered atrial geometry, denervation, and frequent sinus tachycardia modify Doppler patterns. Early diastolic predominance may be physiological, particularly in younger donors.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">LVAD</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Continuous-flow physiology alters conventional Doppler indices. E/A, E/e′, and pulmonary pressures should be interpreted in the context of device settings and clinical status.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Restrictive cardiomyopathy vs constrictive pericarditis</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Preserved or increased medial e′ (&gt; 8 cm/s) favors constriction, whereas decreased e′ (&lt; 6 cm/s) supports restrictive cardiomyopathy. Assess for annulus reversus and respiratory variation.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">LVOT obstruction and significant mitral regurgitation may increase LA pressure. Ar-A duration, LAVI, and TR velocity should be integrated into the assessment.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Septal E/e′ may be misleading in RV pressure overload. Prefer lateral e′ and LAS to differentiate pre- vs post-capillary mechanisms.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Conduction abnormalities (LBBB, RV pacing, CRT)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal septal motion reduces the reliability of e′ and E/e′. Greater weight should be given to TR velocity, LA size, and LAS.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Athlete's heart</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Physiological chamber enlargement and increased diastolic volume may mimic diastolic dysfunction. Emphasize absence of symptoms, normal natriuretic peptides, and preserved LAS. Avoid automatic grading.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; DT: deceleration time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LA: left atrium; LAS: LA strain; LASct: LA contractile strain; LASr: LA reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; RV: right ventricle; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; AF: atrial fibrillation; MR: mitral regurgitation.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<list list-type="roman-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>AF</italic></bold></p>
							<p>Beat-to-beat variability increases the risk of measurement error; therefore, averaging multiple cardiac cycles is essential. Ideally, measurements should be obtained at a controlled heart rate &lt; 100 bpm. Patients with decreased variability in mitral inflow tend to have increased filling pressures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
							<p>My Approach to AF: the assessment follows a two-step framework. In Step 1, the following parameters are considered: E ≥ 100 cm/s, septal E/e′ ≥ 11, TRV &gt; 2.8 m/s or PASP &gt; 35 mmHg, and DT ≤ 160 ms.</p>
							<p>If none or only one parameter is abnormal, filling pressures are considered normal. If ≥ three parameters are abnormal, filling pressures are increased. If two parameters are abnormal, refinement is required using Step 2 markers, including LASr &lt; 18% and S/D &lt; 1. BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> further supports the diagnosis of HFpEF.</p>
							<p>An average of 5-10 cardiac cycles should be used. If none of the parameters are abnormal, filling pressures are normal. If two of the three refinement parameters are abnormal, increased filling pressures are present. If only one parameter is abnormal or data are unavailable, the result should be considered indeterminate.</p>
							<p>Caution: LASct is not present in AF; however, LASr remains informative. Very low values (&lt; 16%) indicate decreased atrial compliance and increased filling pressures (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f6">Video 2</xref>).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Mitral valve disease</italic></bold></p>
							<p>In mitral stenosis, the E/e′ ratio should not be used. In significant MR, the E-wave may be increased due to volume overload rather than increased filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
							<p>My Approach to mitral valve disease: in MR, greater emphasis should be placed on pulmonary venous flow patterns and IVRT. LAS should be interpreted cautiously, as regurgitant volume may artificially increase LASr.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Cardiac amyloidosis</italic></bold></p>
							<p>In this setting, isolated numerical values may fail to capture the underlying pathophysiology; the two-dimensional phenotype and overall functional pattern are key determinants. The presence of increased LV wall thickness associated with an &quot;apical sparing&quot; pattern on longitudinal strain should prompt evaluation for a restrictive diastolic filling pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
							<p>My Approach to cardiac amyloidosis: a characteristic dissociation is often observed, with markedly decreased e′ velocities (septal and lateral &lt; 5 cm/s) in contrast to a high mitral E-wave and shortened DT. This classic restrictive pattern strongly supports the presence of increased filling pressures, often obviating the need for complex algorithmic assessment.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Pulmonary hypertension</italic></bold></p>
							<p>The E/e′ ratio, particularly the septal measurement, may be misleading in pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. In such cases, greater emphasis should be placed on the lateral E/e′ and on LAS, especially when distinguishing pre- from post-capillary mechanisms in borderline scenarios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f7">Video 3</xref>).</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Algorithm for estimating mean LA in AF. Initial assessment is based on four parameters: mitral E velocity ≥ 100 cm/s, septal E/e′ &gt; 11, TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s (or PASP &gt; 35 mmHg), and DT ≤ 160 ms. The presence of none or only one abnormal parameter suggests normal LAP. When two parameters are abnormal, additional markers, including LASr &lt; 18%, S/D &lt; 1, and BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, are used to refine classification as normal, increased, or indeterminate LAP. BMI: body mass index; DT: deceleration time; LA: left atrium; LAP: LA pressure; LASr: LA reservoir strain; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<media id="f6" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m02.mp4">
						<label>Video 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>AF: importance of beat averaging and the use of IVRT and LAS for refinement. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
					<media id="f7" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m03.mp4">
						<label>Video 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension with borderline parameters and preserved LAS. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>The role of diastolic stress testing and invasive hemodynamic assessment</title>
				<p>In patients with exertional dyspnea (New York Heart Association classes II and III) and a resting echocardiography that is normal or indeterminate, even after incorporation of LAS, evaluation should not be discontinued.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diastolic stress echocardiography using a supine bicycle or treadmill is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Maneuvers that increase LV preload, such as passive leg raising, may also help unmask increased filling pressures in patients with decreased ventricular compliance. These approaches may serve as alternatives when formal exercise testing is unavailable, although a negative result does not exclude clinically significant diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Some studies have also proposed handgrip stress to increase afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In selected cases, stress echocardiography may be combined with simultaneous invasive hemodynamic assessment to confirm dynamic increases in pulmonary capillary pressure, thereby supporting the diagnosis of HFpEF when noninvasive findings are inconclusive.</p>
				<p>My Approach to stress testing: I assess changes in the E/e′ ratio and TRV at peak exercise. An increase in average E/e′ &gt; 14 or TRV &gt; 2.8 m/s (or &gt; 3.2 m/s in some studies to improve specificity) during exertion indicates dynamic increase of filling pressures and supports the diagnosis of HFpEF not evident at rest (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f8">Video 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f9">Video 5</xref>).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Indications for diastolic stress testing and invasive hemodynamic assessment</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="50%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical condition</th>
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Indication/Purpose</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Dyspnea with indeterminate HF despite baseline refinement</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Clarify LV filling pressure behavior under stress conditions</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Exercise intolerance (NYHA class II/III) with normal or inconclusive resting echocardiography</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Detect dynamic elevation of LV filling pressures</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent symptoms after mitral valve repair or TEER</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Evaluate residual or exercise-induced increase of filling pressures</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Subtle clinical findings discordant with a &quot;normal&quot; resting echocardiography</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Reproduce symptoms and assess hemodynamic response under stress</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">When to consider invasive hemodynamic assessment</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Purpose</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Indeterminate echocardiographic findings with high pre-test probability</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Confirm diagnosis through cardiac catheterization</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent clinical suspicion despite noninvasive testing</td>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Document dynamic increase of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>HF: heart failure; LV: left ventricle; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TEER: transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<media id="f8" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m04.mp4">
					<label>Video 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Passive leg raising demonstrating increased filling pressures in a patient with exertional dyspnea. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
				<media id="f9" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m05.mp4">
					<label>Video 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Diastolic stress testing with handgrip confirming increased filling pressures in unexplained dyspnea. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Lung ultrasound (LUS) and venous excess ultrasound</title>
				<p>LUS and the venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score have emerged as complementary tools for the assessment of congestion. LUS identifies B-lines as markers of interstitial edema, whereas VExUS integrates inferior vena cava assessment with Doppler interrogation of intra-abdominal veins to characterize systemic venous congestion.</p>
				<p>Although these methods do not replace diastolic function analysis, they expand bedside hemodynamic evaluation and may reinforce the suspicion of increased filling pressures in complex clinical scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Artificial intelligence (AI) in the assessment of LV diastolic function</title>
				<p>AI has emerged as a promising tool in the assessment of diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF, particularly due to its ability to integrate multiple echocardiographic and clinical variables into predictive models that outperform isolated parameters.</p>
				<p>Machine learning algorithms can identify subtle phenotypic patterns, reduce the rate of indeterminate cases, and improve the estimation of filling pressures. Although still undergoing broad validation, AI is expected to function primarily as a decision-support tool, refining traditional algorithms without replacing the clinical judgment of the echocardiographer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>What should be included in the report?</title>
				<p>The echocardiographic report of diastolic function should address a clear clinical question rather than simply reproduce an algorithm. Classification as grade I, II, III, or indeterminate is insufficient on its own; it is essential to explicitly state whether there is consistent evidence of increased filling pressures and to describe the reasoning underlying this conclusion.</p>
				<p>The echocardiographer should integrate available parameters and clearly articulate the interpretative logic, presenting key data alongside a direct and accountable conclusion. A high-quality report is one that informs clinical management: technical rigor has value only when it translates into clarity and actionable insight.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The assessment of LV filling pressures has evolved from a rigid, algorithm-driven exercise to an integrated physiological interpretation. The 2025 ASE update provides greater flexibility, allowing adaptation of the assessment according to age and comorbidities.</p>
			<p>Rather than representing a purely mechanical application of predefined criteria, this evaluation should be understood as the structured integration of physiological data in support of clinical decision-making. We measure velocities and deformation, but our ultimate goal is to understand the hemodynamic mechanisms underlying symptoms.</p>
			<p>When performed with technical rigor and contextualized interpretation, echocardiography not only estimates filling pressures but also elucidates underlying mechanisms. This ability to translate quantitative data into clinically meaningful insight underpins its central role in contemporary cardiology practice.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to improve the readability and language quality of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260026</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço a Avaliação Ecocardiográfica das Pressões de Enchimento do Ventrículo Esquerdo: Da Ambiguidade à Precisão com Novas Diretrizes</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0794-7339</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3403-7528</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vosgerau</surname>
						<given-names>Larissa Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4244-9444</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Dreckmann</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo Vitola</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7386-1619</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martins</surname>
						<given-names>Roberto D´Ávila</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0415-6008</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zanlorensi</surname>
						<given-names>Cláudia Biondo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5539-3823</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bonotto</surname>
						<given-names>Eduardo Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">SEMEC, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</bold> • Universidade Federal do Paraná. RUA Mateus Leme, 3945, apt 504, 2. CEP: <postal-code>82200-000</postal-code>. Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: <email>mslalves@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A estimativa ecocardiográfica das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) é um pilar na avaliação da insuficiência cardíaca, particularmente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). O algoritmo da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE)/<italic>European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> (EACVI) de 2016 padronizou essa avaliação utilizando variáveis-chave, mas uma proporção substancial de casos permaneceu indeterminada na prática clínica. A atualização recente da diretriz americana reorganizou a abordagem em um modelo hierárquico, incorporando ajustes relacionados à idade e formalizando o papel do <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo (SAE) como parâmetro de desempate, além de fornecer uma caracterização mais detalhada de cenários clínicos especiais. Em paralelo, a diretriz de 2024 da <italic>British Society of Echocardiography</italic> enfatiza a interpretação fisiopatológica do enchimento ventricular, complementando o modelo operacional proposto pelo documento americano. Estudos multicêntricos com validação invasiva sustentam essas atualizações, estabelecendo o SAE como um marcador robusto de pressões de enchimento elevadas. Neste artigo, apresentamos Como Eu Faço a avaliação ecocardiográfica das pressões de enchimento do VE, baseada em uma avaliação morfofuncional inicial, seguida por uma triagem estruturada (Etapa 1) e refinamento adicional (Etapa 2), incorporando o SAE e parâmetros adicionais. Também apresentamos uma comparação entre diretrizes, discutimos armadilhas comuns e limitações dos algoritmos, e incluímos vídeos baseados em casos para aplicação prática.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Função Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A avaliação ecocardiográfica das pressões de enchimento do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) evoluiu de uma abordagem centrada no Doppler mitral para um modelo integrado que incorpora parâmetros morfológicos e funcionais, apoiado por algoritmos cada vez mais estruturados. A diretriz de 2016 da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE)/<italic>European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> (EACVI) para avaliação da função diastólica do VE por ecocardiografia marcou um passo fundamental nessa transição ao propor um modelo simplificado baseado em quatro variáveis centrais;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> no entanto, uma proporção substancial dos exames permaneceu indeterminada quanto à estimativa das pressões de enchimento. Isso limita a acurácia diagnóstica, particularmente em condições como a insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp).</p>
				<p>Além disso, condições clínicas específicas (p. ex., fibrilação atrial [FA], hipertensão pulmonar e doença valvar) continuam a representar desafios para a aplicabilidade e interpretação desses parâmetros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Atualizações recentes avançaram esse campo em duas direções complementares. A diretriz de 2024 da <italic>British Society of Echocardiography</italic> para avaliação da função diastólica do VE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reforça a base fisiopatológica do enchimento ventricular e formaliza o <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo (SAE) como ferramenta de refinamento. Em paralelo, a atualização da ASE de 2025 reorganiza o processo de tomada de decisão, incorpora ajustes relacionados à idade e integra o <italic>strain</italic> atrial de forma semelhante,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sustentada por estudos multicêntricos com validação invasiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabela 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparação entre diretrizes e evidências recentes</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup width="20%">
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
								<th align="left" valign="middle">Domínio</th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">ASE/EACVI (2016)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">ASE (2025)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">BSE (2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></th>
								<th align="center" valign="middle">Como Eu Faço a integração na prática</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Objetivo</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Padronização e simplificação</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Redução de discordâncias e casos indeterminados; modelo hierárquico</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Ênfase na fisiopatologia e interpretação</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Integração do modelo de 2025 com os princípios fisiológicos da BSE, utilizando o modelo de 2016 como base</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">SAE</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Não incluído formalmente</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Formalizado como parâmetro de refinamento</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Formalizado como parâmetro de refinamento</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Principal parâmetro de desempate</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Ajuste para idade</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Limitado</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Incorporação explícita</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Reconhecido</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Evitar sobrediagnóstico em pacientes idosos</td>
							</tr>
							<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
								<td align="left" valign="middle">IVAE</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Parâmetro central</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Parâmetro de suporte; marcador de cronicidade</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Parâmetro estrutural</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Suporte contextual; não utilizado isoladamente</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="middle">Zona cinzenta</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Frequente</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Estratégia estruturada de resolução</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Interpretação fisiológica</td>
								<td align="center" valign="middle">Refinamento na Etapa 2<break/> (SAE, TRIV, fluxo venoso pulmonar)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; BSE: British Society of Echocardiography; EACVI: European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging; IVAE: índice de volume do átrio esquerdo; SAE: strain atrial esquerdo; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico; VP: veia pulmonar.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Este artigo traduz esses avanços para a prática clínica diária por meio de Como Eu Faço a avaliação ecocardiográfica das pressões de enchimento do VE, uma abordagem desenvolvida para ser prática, reprodutível e clinicamente relevante, preservando uma base fisiológica robusta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f10">
					<caption>
						<title>Integração e aplicação hierárquica de parâmetros e técnicas para a avaliação das pressões de enchimento do VE. A estratégia inicia-se com a avaliação morfofuncional e triagem estruturada, seguida por refinamento direcionado em casos indeterminados ou discordantes (Etapa 2), nos quais o SAE e parâmetros complementares desempenham papel decisivo na classificação diagnóstica final. DF: diástole final; FA: fibrilação atrial; FC: frequência cardíaca; IVAE: índice de volume atrial esquerdo; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo; SAEcd: <italic>strain</italic> de condução atrial esquerdo; SAEct: <italic>strain</italic> contrátil atrial esquerdo; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório atrial esquerdo; TD: tempo de desaceleração; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VRT: velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<sec>
					<title>Antes do algoritmo: a visão integrada do ecocardiografista</title>
					<p>A avaliação da função diastólica deve sempre começar com a contextualização clínica (p. ex., idade, sintomas, ritmo cardíaco, doença valvar e estado hemodinâmico), pois o algoritmo responde a uma questão clínica específica e não deve ser aplicado de forma indiscriminada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Antes da aplicação de qualquer fluxograma, uma avaliação morfofuncional bidimensional permite ao ecocardiografista integrar rapidamente padrões de hipertrofia, tamanho do átrio esquerdo (AE), geometria ventricular, movimento do anel mitral, sinais de hipertensão pulmonar e a impressão visual global da complacência ventricular. Essa abordagem possibilita posicionar o paciente dentro de um fenótipo provável: baixa, intermediária ou alta probabilidade de pressões de enchimento elevadas.</p>
					<p>Essa impressão inicial não substitui o algoritmo; ao contrário, evita tanto a aplicação mecânica de limiares numéricos quanto conclusões baseadas apenas em julgamento subjetivo. Ela funciona como um arcabouço conceitual que orienta a interpretação e pode ser refinado ou corrigido pelo modelo estruturado.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Visão geral da estratégia: duas etapas, uma pergunta clínica</title>
					<p>A avaliação deve ser estruturada para responder a uma pergunta simples e clinicamente significativa: há evidência consistente de pressões de enchimento do VE elevadas? A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> resume os parâmetros utilizados nessa avaliação.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Parâmetros de referência para a avaliação das pressões de enchimento do VE</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="33%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Parâmetro</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Limite anormal</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Interpretação clínica/Ação</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade e′ septal</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 6 cm/s</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Valores reduzidos sugerem relaxamento prejudicado; devem ser interpretados em conjunto com outros parâmetros.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade e′ lateral</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 7 cm/s</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Mesma interpretação da e′ septal; deve ser interpretada em conjunto com outros parâmetros.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Relação E/A</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">≤ 0,8 ou ≥ 2,0</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">E/A &lt; 0,8 sugere relaxamento prejudicado; E/A ≥ 2,0 sugere padrão restritivo de enchimento (deve ser interpretada em conjunto com outros parâmetros).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Relação E/e′ média</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">≥ 14</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Apoia a presença de pressões de enchimento elevadas.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP/velocidade de RT</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">≥ 35 mmHg / ≥ 2,8 m/s</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Quando aumentada, apoia pressões de enchimento elevadas na ausência de hipertensão pulmonar pré-capilar.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">SAEr</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 18%</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Valores reduzidos favorecem pressões de enchimento elevadas; principal parâmetro de desempate.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">SAEct</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 8%</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Redução acentuada apoia aumento sustentado das pressões de enchimento; valores normais podem ajudar a excluí-las (particularmente quando SAEct &gt; 14% e SLG ≥ 18%).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 70 ms</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV reduzido sugere pressões de enchimento elevadas.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Relação S/D (veia pulmonar)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 0,67</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Predominância diastólica apoia pressões de enchimento elevadas; associação mais forte em FEVE reduzida.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Diferença Ar-A (veia pulmonar)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 30 ms</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Sugere pressões de enchimento elevadas, particularmente em cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e RM.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">IVAE</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Indica exposição crônica a pressões de enchimento elevadas; não é diagnóstico isoladamente.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Ecocardiografia de estresse diastólico</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e′ no exercício &gt; 14; velocidade de RT &gt; 2,8 m/s</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Indicada quando a ecocardiografia de repouso não explica os sintomas; apoia aumento dinâmico das pressões de enchimento.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">USP/VExUS (adjunto)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">VCI &gt; 2 cm; fluxo hepático/portal reverso; graduação de linhas B 0-3</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliação complementar quando há discordância entre achados clínicos e de imagem e a ecocardiografia de repouso é inconclusivo.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>IVAE: índice de volume do átrio esquerdo; IVRT: tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico; SAEct: strain contrátil do átrio esquerdo; SAEr: strain de reservatório do átrio esquerdo; SLG: strain longitudinal global; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; RT: regurgitação tricúspide; USP: ultrassonografia pulmonar; VExUS: escore de ultrassonografia de excesso venoso; VCI: veia cava inferior; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; RM: regurgitação mitral.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<sec>
						<title>Etapa 1: triagem inicial</title>
						<p>As diretrizes atualizadas enfatizam que o envelhecimento está associado a um declínio fisiológico do relaxamento miocárdico. Como resultado, valores considerados anormais em indivíduos mais jovens podem ser esperados em pessoas mais velhas. Portanto, uma redução isolada de e′, particularmente em pessoas mais velhas, não deve ser automaticamente interpretada como indicativa de pressões de enchimento elevadas. Valores de referência ajustados para a idade são essenciais para apoiar essa interpretação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
						<list list-type="roman-lower">
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Velocidade e′: relaxamento com ajuste para a idade</italic></bold></p>
								<p>As velocidades e′ septal e lateral devem ser avaliadas rotineiramente. Uma e′ reduzida sugere relaxamento comprometido, mas não indica necessariamente pressões de enchimento elevadas, particularmente em indivíduos mais velhos, nos quais valores mais baixos são comuns e podem ocorrer na presença de pressões normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Assim, a e′ é altamente informativa para caracterizar o relaxamento, mas deve ser interpretada em conjunto com outros parâmetros.</p>
								<p>Conceito novo/atual: a diretriz de 2025 refina os limiares de referência normais e reconhece que e′ septal ≤ 6 cm/s ou e′ lateral ≤ 7 cm/s é frequentemente observada em indivíduos com idade &gt; 60-70 anos e, isoladamente, não define pressões de enchimento elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Relação E/e′: útil, mas não definitiva</italic></bold></p>
								<p>A relação E/e′ permanece um parâmetro central devido à sua praticidade; no entanto, deve ser interpretada como evidência de apoio, e não como determinante isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
								<p>Conceito novo/atual: uma E/e′ média ≥ 14 apoia a presença de pressões de enchimento elevadas, enquanto valores mais baixos tornam essa possibilidade menos provável. No entanto, uma &quot;zona cinzenta&quot; intermediária (particularmente 8-14) é comum e, de acordo com a diretriz de 2025, requer refinamento adicional com parâmetros complementares. As limitações também devem ser reconhecidas na presença de doença mitral significativa, ritmos irregulares sem média adequada dos batimentos e ventrículos com fração de ejeção preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Velocidade de regurgitação tricúspide (VRT): uma ligação com a hemodinâmica pulmonar</italic></bold></p>
								<p>Quando adequadamente medida, a VRT fornece uma estimativa indireta da pressão pulmonar e pode apoiar a presença de pressões de enchimento do VE elevadas (pós-capilares), desde que doença pulmonar primária (pré-capilar) seja excluída. O ponto de corte de ≥ 2,8 m/s permanece consistente entre as diretrizes recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
								<p>Conceito novo/atual: a atualização da ASE também considera uma pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) estimada ≥ 35 mmHg como sugestiva de pressões de enchimento elevadas, desde que a estimativa da pressão atrial direita baseada nos parâmetros da veia cava inferior seja tecnicamente confiável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Etapa 2: refinamento — onde as atualizações recentes realmente modificaram a prática</title>
						<p>A Etapa 2 concentra-se na avaliação de marcadores de remodelamento AE/VE e indicadores de pressões de enchimento elevadas.</p>
						<list list-type="roman-lower">
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Relação E/A e tempo de desaceleração (TD): o padrão mitral ainda importa</italic></bold></p>
								<p>A relação E/A permanece um marcador fisiológico central do enchimento transmitral, orientando a distinção entre relaxamento prejudicado e complacência reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma relação E/A ≤ 0,8 sugere relaxamento prejudicado (comum com o envelhecimento), enquanto E/A ≥ 2,0 combinada com TD &lt; 160 ms (particularmente em pacientes com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo [FEVE] reduzida) indica padrão restritivo de enchimento e pressões elevadas.</p>
								<p>A principal limitação é a pseudonormalização (E/A entre 0,8-2,0 na presença de pressões elevadas), o que reforça que a E/A nunca deve ser interpretada isoladamente.</p>
								<p>Conceito novo/atual: a diretriz de 2016 enfatizava seu papel na graduação da disfunção diastólica, e a atualização de 2025 preserva sua relevância fisiológica enquanto prioriza um modelo de tomada de decisão mais objetivo e reprodutível.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Índice de volume atrial esquerdo (IVAE): marcador de exposição crônica, não de pressão atual</italic></bold></p>
								<p>O IVAE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> é um marcador bem estabelecido de exposição crônica do AE a pressões de enchimento elevadas, com importante valor diagnóstico e prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca, FA, doença valvar e cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
								<p>Conceito novo/atual: na atualização de 2025, o IVAE deixa de ser um parâmetro central e assume papel de suporte, uma vez que reflete remodelamento crônico e não o estado hemodinâmico atual. Portanto, deve ser interpretado em conjunto com marcadores menos influenciados por alterações transitórias.</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>SAE (reservatório e contrátil): o principal critério de desempate contemporâneo</italic></bold></p>
								<p>Estudos recentes demonstraram forte correlação entre o SAE e medidas invasivas de pressão de enchimento, estabelecendo o <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do AE (SAEr) como marcador de pressões elevadas e o <italic>strain</italic> contrátil do AE (SAEct) como ferramenta para excluí-las.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
								<p>Conceito novo/atual: o <italic>strain</italic> atrial representa a inovação prática mais relevante nas diretrizes atuais, pois integra função atrial e histórico hemodinâmico. SAEr &lt; 18% (especialmente &lt; 16%) sugere pressões de enchimento elevadas ao refletir redução da complacência atrial, enquanto SAEct &gt; 14% em pacientes com fração de ejeção preservada exclui de forma eficaz pressões elevadas, mesmo na presença de valores limítrofes de E/e′.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
								<p>Aquisição técnica: o SAE deve ser medido nas janelas apicais de quatro e duas câmaras, com o intervalo R-R definindo o ciclo cardíaco. Taxas de quadros adequadas (&gt; 60 fps), profundidade apropriada e aquisição otimizada da imagem são essenciais. A análise por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> deve excluir as veias pulmonares e o apêndice do AE. A média das duas janelas deve ser reportada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f12">Vídeo 1</xref>).</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV): útil em cenários discordantes ou desafiadores</italic></bold></p>
								<p>O TRIV corresponde ao intervalo entre o fechamento da valva aórtica e a abertura da valva mitral, refletindo o relaxamento ventricular ativo precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
								<p>Conceito novo/atual: inicialmente descrito como parâmetro auxiliar nas diretrizes de 2009 e mantido como medida complementar em 2016, o TRIV recupera relevância como ferramenta de refinamento em casos discordantes. Embora não faça parte do núcleo primário de decisão, um TRIV reduzido (≤ 70 ms) sugere pressões de enchimento elevadas, especialmente quando associado a padrão restritivo de enchimento ou redução do <italic>strain</italic> atrial. É particularmente útil quando as medidas de Doppler tecidual são pouco confiáveis, como na FA ou na calcificação do anel mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Fluxo venoso pulmonar (S/D e Ar-A): quando confirmação adicional é necessária</italic></bold></p>
								<p>A avaliação do fluxo venoso pulmonar pode ser tecnicamente desafiadora, mas fornece informações valiosas quando adequadamente obtida. A predominância diastólica (S/D ≤ 0,67) apoia pressões de enchimento elevadas. No entanto, pacientes com FEVE preservada podem apresentar S/D &gt; 0,67 mesmo com pressões elevadas, exigindo confirmação com parâmetros adicionais.</p>
								<p>Uma diferença de duração Ar-A &gt; 30 ms pode ser útil em condições selecionadas, como cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e regurgitação mitral (RM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p><bold><italic>Parâmetros suplementares adicionais</italic></bold></p>
								<p>Quando os parâmetros principais e de refinamento não estão disponíveis ou são pouco confiáveis, medidas adicionais podem apoiar a interpretação clínica. Entre elas: velocidade de regurgitação pulmonar diastólica de pico ≥ 2 m/s; pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar ≥ 16 mmHg; velocidade da onda L do fluxo mitral ≥ 50 cm/s; duração Ar-A &gt; 30 ms; redução ≥ 50% da relação E/A mitral durante a manobra de Valsalva; E/Vp ≥ 2,5; tempo de trânsito da onda A ≤ 45 ms; e TRIV/TE e′ &lt; 2.</p>
								<p>Além disso, um índice de massa do VE &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres ou &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens pode indicar remodelamento estrutural compatível com disfunção diastólica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
						<fig id="f11">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Papel do SAE no refinamento da avaliação das pressões de enchimento do VE. Avaliação da deformação do AE por meio da ecocardiografia com <italic>speckle tracking</italic>. A) Medidas de SAEr, SAEcd e SAEct em um indivíduo normal, com valores de 49%, −36% e −12%, respectivamente; B) curvas de <italic>strain</italic> correspondentes de um paciente com pressões de enchimento elevadas, mostrando valores de 15%, −5,1% e −9,8%, respectivamente.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
						<media id="f12" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m01-pt.mp4">
							<label>Vídeo 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>ICFEp com avaliação de repouso inconclusiva, esclarecida pelo SAE. Vídeo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</sec>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Interpretação e integração dos parâmetros (abordagem baseada em algoritmo)</title>
					<p>Se todos os parâmetros primários avaliados na Etapa 1 (e′, VRT e E/e′) estiverem dentro dos limites normais, as pressões de enchimento do VE são consideradas normais. Por outro lado, se os três parâmetros estiverem alterados, há presença de pressões de enchimento elevadas.</p>
					<p>Quando o e′ está reduzido (com base em valores de referência ajustados para a idade) e a relação E/A é ≤ 0,8, esse padrão é compatível com disfunção diastólica grau I e pressões de enchimento normais.</p>
					<p>A incerteza diagnóstica surge em cenários intermediários ou discordantes, incluindo casos em que apenas o e′ está reduzido com E/A &gt; 0,8, aumento isolado da VRT/PSAP ou da E/e′, ou quando quaisquer duas variáveis primárias estão alteradas. Nessas situações, o refinamento com os parâmetros da Etapa 2 torna-se essencial.</p>
					<p>Esses incluem SAEr, TRIV, S/D, IVAE e parâmetros suplementares adicionais. Se um ou mais desses marcadores de refinamento estiverem alterados, confirmam-se pressões de enchimento elevadas. Uma relação E/A &lt; 2 apoia a classificação de disfunção diastólica grau II, enquanto E/A ≥ 2indica disfunção diastólica grau III.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 2</xref> demonstra a aplicação do algoritmo.</p>
					<fig id="f13">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Algoritmo de decisão para estimativa das pressões de enchimento do VE. Fluxograma prático baseado na diretriz da ASE de 2025. A Etapa 1 baseia-se em parâmetros centrais de relaxamento miocárdico e avaliação das pressões de enchimento. Em casos de discordância (por exemplo, um único parâmetro alterado ou valores limítrofes), aplica-se a Etapa 2, priorizando SAEr e TRIV. A integração desses achados permite tanto a graduação da disfunção diastólica quanto a classificação definitiva do estado das pressões de enchimento do VE. ASE: <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>; IMVE: índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo; IVAE: índice de volume do átrio esquerdo; PADP: pressão diastólica da artéria pulmonar; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do átrio esquerdo; TR: regurgitação tricúspide; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Situações especiais</title>
					<p>A diretriz de 2025 reforça que uma abordagem &quot;tamanho único&quot; não é aplicável. Cenários clínicos específicos exigem adaptação tanto das estratégias de aquisição quanto de interpretação (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Condições clínicas que exigem adaptação do algoritmo padrão de função diastólica</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Condição clínica</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Considerações-chave para a avaliação das pressões de enchimento do VE</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">FA</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Média de 5-10 batimentos consecutivos com frequência cardíaca controlada. Considerar E ≥ 100 cm/s, E/e′ septal ≥ 11, velocidade de RT ≥ 2,8 m/s e TD ≤ 160 ms. SAEr &lt; 18% apoia pressões elevadas. O volume do AE isoladamente não é diagnóstico.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Estenose mitral</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">A relação E/e′ não deve ser utilizada. Priorizar TRIV, relação TE-e′ e velocidade da onda A mitral. As pressões de enchimento devem ser interpretadas com cautela devido à obstrução transmitral.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">RM</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">A onda E frequentemente está aumentada por sobrecarga de volume, e não por aumento de pressão. E/e′ pode superestimar as pressões. Duração Ar-A e TRIV podem fornecer informações complementares.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Calcificação do anel mitral</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Restrição mecânica reduz a confiabilidade do e′. Deve-se dar maior ênfase ao TRIV e ao padrão global de enchimento, em vez de E/e′ isoladamente.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Amiloidose cardíaca</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidades anulares marcadamente reduzidas (&quot;sinal 5-5-5&quot;: s′, e′, a′ &lt; 5 cm/s) associadas a padrão transmitral restritivo. Apical sparing no strain longitudinal apoia o diagnóstico.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Taquicardia sinusal/estados de alto débito</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidades transmitrais aumentadas podem refletir aumento do débito cardíaco e não das pressões de enchimento. TRIV e E/e′ devem ser interpretados no contexto clínico.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Transplante cardíaco</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Geometria atrial alterada, desnervação e taquicardia sinusal frequente modificam os padrões Doppler. Predominância diastólica precoce pode ser fisiológica, especialmente em doadores jovens.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">DAVE</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">A fisiologia de fluxo contínuo altera os índices Doppler convencionais. E/A, E/e′ e pressões pulmonares devem ser interpretados conforme os parâmetros do dispositivo e o estado clínico.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiomiopatia restritiva vs pericardite constritiva</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">e′ medial preservado ou aumentado (&gt; 8 cm/s) favorece constrição, enquanto e′ reduzido (&lt; 6 cm/s) apoia cardiomiopatia restritiva. Avaliar annulus reversus e variação respiratória.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Obstrução da VSVE e regurgitação mitral significativa podem aumentar a pressão do AE. Duração Ar-A, IVAE e velocidade de RT devem ser integradas à avaliação.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertensão pulmonar</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">E/e′ septal pode ser enganoso na sobrecarga de pressão do VD. Preferir e′ lateral e SAE para diferenciar mecanismos pré e pós-capilares.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Alterações de condução (BRE, estimulação de VD, TRC)</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Movimento septal anormal reduz a confiabilidade de e′ e E/e′. Maior peso deve ser dado à velocidade de RT, tamanho do AE e SAE.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Coração de atleta</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento fisiológico das câmaras e do volume diastólico pode simular disfunção diastólica. Valorizar ausência de sintomas, peptídeos natriuréticos normais e SAE preservado. Evitar classificação automática.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>AE: átrio esquerdo; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; DAVE: dispositivo de assistência ventricular esquerda; IVAE: índice de volume do AE; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> do AE; SAEct: <italic>strain</italic> contrátil do AE; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do AE; TR: regurgitação tricúspide; TRC: terapia de ressincronização cardíaca; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico; VD: ventrículo direito; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo; FA: fibrilação atrial; RM: regurgitação mitral.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<list list-type="roman-lower">
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>FA</italic></bold></p>
							<p>A variabilidade batimento a batimento aumenta o risco de erro de medida; portanto, a média de múltiplos ciclos cardíacos é essencial. Idealmente, as medidas devem ser obtidas com frequência cardíaca controlada &lt; 100 bpm. Pacientes com menor variabilidade no fluxo mitral tendem a apresentar pressões de enchimento elevadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Como Eu Faço na FA: a avaliação segue um modelo em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1, consideram-se os seguintes parâmetros: E ≥ 100 cm/s, E/e′ septal ≥ 11, VRT &gt; 2,8 m/s ou PSAP &gt; 35 mmHg, e TD ≤ 160 ms.</p>
							<p>Se nenhum ou apenas um parâmetro estiver alterado, as pressões de enchimento são consideradas normais. Se ≥ três parâmetros estiverem alterados, há pressões de enchimento elevadas. Se dois parâmetros estiverem alterados, é necessário refinamento utilizando marcadores da Etapa 2, incluindo SAEr &lt; 18% e S/D &lt; 1. IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> reforça o diagnóstico de ICFEp.</p>
							<p>Deve-se utilizar a média de 5-10 ciclos cardíacos. Se nenhum dos parâmetros estiver alterado, as pressões são normais. Se dois dos três parâmetros de refinamento estiverem alterados, há pressões de enchimento elevadas. Se apenas um parâmetro estiver alterado ou os dados não estiverem disponíveis, o resultado deve ser considerado indeterminado.</p>
							<p>Cuidado: SAEct não está presente na FA; no entanto, o SAEr permanece informativo. Valores muito baixos (&lt; 16%) indicam redução da complacência atrial e pressões de enchimento elevadas (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f15">Vídeo 2</xref>).</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Doença valvar mitral</italic></bold></p>
							<p>Na estenose mitral, a relação E/e′ não deve ser utilizada. Na RM significativa, a onda E pode estar aumentada devido à sobrecarga de volume, e não necessariamente por aumento das pressões de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Como Eu Faço na doença valvar mitral: na RM, maior ênfase deve ser dada aos padrões de fluxo venoso pulmonar e ao TRIV. O SAE deve ser interpretado com cautela, pois o volume regurgitante pode aumentar artificialmente o SAEr.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Amiloidose cardíaca</italic></bold></p>
							<p>Nesse contexto, valores numéricos isolados podem não refletir adequadamente a fisiopatologia subjacente; o fenótipo bidimensional e o padrão funcional global são determinantes centrais. A presença de aumento da espessura da parede do VE associada a padrão de <italic>apical sparing</italic> no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal deve motivar a avaliação de um padrão restritivo de enchimento diastólico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
							<p>Como Eu Faço na amiloidose cardíaca: frequentemente observa-se uma dissociação característica, com velocidades e′ marcadamente reduzidas (septal e lateral &lt; 5 cm/s) em contraste com onda E mitral elevada e TD reduzido. Esse padrão restritivo clássico apoia fortemente a presença de pressões de enchimento elevadas, muitas vezes dispensando avaliação algorítmica complexa.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p><bold><italic>Hipertensão pulmonar</italic></bold></p>
							<p>A relação E/e′, particularmente a medida septal, pode ser enganosa na hipertensão pulmonar pré-capilar. Nesses casos, deve-se dar maior ênfase ao E/e′ lateral e ao SAE, especialmente na distinção entre mecanismos pré e pós-capilares em cenários limítrofes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f16">Vídeo 3</xref>).</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
					<fig id="f14">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Algoritmo para estimativa da pressão média do AE na FA. A avaliação inicial baseia-se em quatro parâmetros: velocidade E mitral ≥ 100 cm/s, E/e′ septal &gt; 11, velocidade de RT &gt; 2,8 m/s (ou PASP &gt; 35 mmHg) e TD ≤ 160 ms. A ausência de parâmetros alterados ou a presença de apenas um parâmetro anormal sugere pressão atrial esquerda normal. Quando dois parâmetros estão alterados, marcadores adicionais, incluindo SAEr &lt; 18%, S/D &lt; 1 e IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, são utilizados para refinar a classificação como PAE normal, elevada ou indeterminada. AE: átrio esquerdo; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IMC: índice de massa corporal; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> do AE; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservatório do AE; TD: tempo de desaceleração; TR: regurgitação tricúspide; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; PAE: pressão do AE.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<media id="f15" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m02-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>FA: importância da média de batimentos e do uso do TRIV e do SAE para refinamento. Vídeo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
					<media id="f16" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m03-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Hipertensão pulmonar pré-capilar com parâmetros limítrofes e SAE preservado. Vídeo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>O papel do teste de estresse diastólico e da avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva</title>
					<p>Em pacientes com dispneia aos esforços (classes II e III da classificação funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>) e ecocardiografia de repouso normal ou indeterminado, mesmo após a incorporação do SAE, a avaliação não deve ser interrompida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A ecocardiografia de estresse diastólico com bicicleta ergométrica em posição supina ou esteira é recomendada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Manobras que aumentam a pré-carga do VE, como elevação passiva dos membros inferiores, também podem ajudar a evidenciar pressões de enchimento elevadas em pacientes com complacência ventricular reduzida. Essas abordagens podem servir como alternativas quando o teste de exercício formal não está disponível, embora um resultado negativo não exclua disfunção diastólica clinicamente relevante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Alguns estudos também propuseram o <italic>handgrip</italic> para aumentar a pós-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em casos selecionados, a ecocardiografia de estresse pode ser combinada com avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva simultânea para confirmar aumentos dinâmicos da pressão capilar pulmonar, apoiando o diagnóstico de ICFEp quando os achados não invasivos são inconclusivos.</p>
					<p>Como Eu Faço no teste de estresse: avalio as alterações na relação E/e′ e na VRT no pico do exercício. Um aumento da E/e′ média &gt; 14 ou da VRT &gt; 2,8 m/s (ou &gt; 3,2 m/s em alguns estudos para aumentar a especificidade) durante o esforço indica aumento dinâmico das pressões de enchimento e apoia o diagnóstico de ICFEp não evidente em repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f17">Vídeo 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f18">Vídeo 5</xref>).</p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicações para teste de estresse diastólico e avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Condição clínica</th>
									<th align="left" valign="middle">Indicação/Objetivo</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Dispneia com IC indeterminada, apesar do refinamento basal</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Esclarecer o comportamento das pressões de enchimento do VE sob condições de estresse</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Intolerância ao exercício (classes II/III da NYHA) com ecocardiografia de repouso normal ou inconclusivo</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Detectar elevação dinâmica das pressões de enchimento do VE</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Sintomas persistentes após reparo valvar mitral ou RBBT</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliar aumento residual ou induzido pelo exercício das pressões de enchimento</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Achados clínicos sutis discordantes com ecocardiografia de repouso &quot;normal&quot;</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliar aumento residual ou induzido pelo exercício das pressões de enchimento</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Quando considerar avaliação hemodinâmica invasiva</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Objetivo</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Achados ecocardiográficos indeterminados com alta probabilidade pré-teste</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Confirmar o diagnóstico por meio de cateterismo cardíaco</td>
								</tr>
								<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Suspeita clínica persistente apesar de testes não invasivos</td>
									<td align="left" valign="middle">Documentar aumento dinâmico da pressão capilar pulmonar</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>IC: insuficiência cardíaca; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RBBT: reparo borda a borda transcateter; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<media id="f17" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m04-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Elevação passiva dos membros inferiores demonstrando aumento das pressões de enchimento em paciente com dispneia aos esforços. Vídeo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
					<media id="f18" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-m05-pt.mp4">
						<label>Vídeo 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Teste de estresse diastólico com handgrip confirmando aumento das pressões de enchimento em dispneia sem causa definida. Vídeo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4</ext-link>
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					<title>Ultrassonografia pulmonar (USP) e ultrassonografia de excesso venoso</title>
					<p>A USP e o escore de ultrassonografia de excesso venoso (VExUS) emergiram como ferramentas complementares para a avaliação de congestão. A USP identifica linhas B como marcadores de edema intersticial, enquanto o VExUS integra a avaliação da veia cava inferior com a análise Doppler de veias intra-abdominais para caracterizar a congestão venosa sistêmica.</p>
					<p>Embora esses métodos não substituam a análise da função diastólica, eles ampliam a avaliação hemodinâmica à beira do leito e podem reforçar a suspeita de pressões de enchimento elevadas em cenários clínicos complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
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					<title>Inteligência artificial (IA) na avaliação da função diastólica do VE</title>
					<p>A IA tem emergido como uma ferramenta promissora na avaliação da disfunção diastólica e da ICFEp, particularmente por sua capacidade de integrar múltiplas variáveis ecocardiográficas e clínicas em modelos preditivos que superam parâmetros isolados.</p>
					<p>Algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina podem identificar padrões fenotípicos sutis, reduzir a taxa de casos indeterminados e melhorar a estimativa das pressões de enchimento. Embora ainda em processo de validação ampla, espera-se que a IA atue principalmente como ferramenta de suporte à decisão, refinando algoritmos tradicionais sem substituir o julgamento clínico do ecocardiografista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
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					<title>O que deve ser incluído no laudo?</title>
					<p>O laudo ecocardiográfico da função diastólica deve responder a uma pergunta clínica clara, em vez de apenas reproduzir um algoritmo. A classificação como grau I, II, III ou indeterminado, isoladamente, é insuficiente; é essencial declarar explicitamente se há evidência consistente de pressões de enchimento elevadas e descrever o raciocínio que fundamenta essa conclusão.</p>
					<p>O ecocardiografista deve integrar os parâmetros disponíveis e explicitar claramente a lógica interpretativa, apresentando os dados-chave juntamente com uma conclusão direta e responsável. Um laudo de alta qualidade é aquele que orienta a conduta clínica: o rigor técnico só tem valor quando se traduz em clareza e aplicabilidade prática.</p>
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				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A avaliação das pressões de enchimento do VE evoluiu de um exercício rígido, baseado em algoritmos, para uma interpretação fisiológica integrada. A atualização da ASE de 2025 oferece maior flexibilidade, permitindo adaptar a avaliação conforme idade e comorbidades.</p>
				<p>Mais do que a aplicação mecânica de critérios predefinidos, essa avaliação deve ser compreendida como a integração estruturada de dados fisiológicos para apoiar a tomada de decisão clínica. Medimos velocidades e deformação, mas o objetivo final é compreender os mecanismos hemodinâmicos subjacentes aos sintomas.</p>
				<p>Quando realizada com rigor técnico e interpretação contextualizada, a ecocardiografia não apenas estima as pressões de enchimento, mas também elucida os mecanismos subjacentes. Essa capacidade de traduzir dados quantitativos em informação clinicamente relevante fundamenta seu papel central na prática cardiológica contemporânea.</p>
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					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
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					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
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					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Durante a preparação deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para melhorar a legibilidade e a qualidade da linguagem do manuscrito. O autor revisou e editou o conteúdo conforme necessário e assume total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado. Após o uso desta ferramenta/serviço, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p>
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				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
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