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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">02202</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250111i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>TAV-in-TAV for Acute Failure of a Transcatheter Aortic Valve in a High Surgical Risk Octogenarian Patient</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7839-3965</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research:</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>obtaining financing</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>angiography images</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0807-4107</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Fernanda Miranda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>obtaining financing</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2434-2561</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guérios</surname>
						<given-names>Enio Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8491-3841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calegari</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research:</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>reference review</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0415-6008</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zanlorensi</surname>
						<given-names>Cláudia Biondo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>echocardiogram images</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4347-0200</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Botelho</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>echocardiogram images</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9909-6756</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Erbano</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna O.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>reference review</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0539-729X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vaz</surname>
						<given-names>Vinícius D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>reference review</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">CHC UFPR</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">CHC UFPR, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina, Curitiba, PR – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Anis Rassi Heart Hospital</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Anis Rassi Heart Hospital, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gustavo Carvalho</bold> • CHC UFPR. Dionira M Klemtz, 201, casa 107. Postal code: <postal-code>81320-390</postal-code>. Bairro Fazendinha, Curitiba, PR – Brazil E-mail: <email>gustavocarvalho1975@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Maria Otto</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>22</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250111</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>An 82-year-old patient with severe aortic valve stenosis and high risk for conventional surgery due to chronic renal dysfunction and restrictive lung disease underwent transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) using a self-expanding Navitor<sup>®</sup> prosthesis (Abbott). Immediately after implantation, valve dysfunction was observed, characterized by inversion of the right coronary leaflet, resulting in severe acute prosthetic regurgitation and hemodynamic instability. Therefore, a 21.5 mm balloon-expandable Myval<sup>®</sup> prosthesis was also implanted (TAV-in-TAV). The critical condition was resolved with immediate hemodynamic recovery. This case demonstrates the efficacy and safety of TAV-in-TAV as a bailout intervention in acute prosthetic failure.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Prostheses and Implants</kwd>
				<kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="16"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Degenerative aortic stenosis is the most prevalent valvular heart disease in older patients and is often associated with high mortality when untreated. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The standard treatment is valve replacement; however, the surgical risk is elevated in older patients and in those with significant comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a safe and effective alternative in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Although immediate mechanical complications (e.g., acute prosthetic dysfunction) are rare, they may be potentially fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Immediate malfunction of Navitor<sup>®</sup> prostheses has recently been reported, possibly related to manufacturing defects or adverse anatomical interactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This report describes a case of immediate dysfunction of a self-expanding prosthesis (Navitor<sup>®</sup>), successfully corrected using an emergent transcatheter aortic valve–in–transcatheter aortic valve (TAV-in-TAV) along with a balloon-expandable prosthesis (Myval<sup>®</sup>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>An 82-year-old female patient presented severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class III), chronic renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate of 28 mL/min/1.73 m²), and chronic restrictive lung disease. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons score indicated a high risk for open valve replacement surgery. After discussion, the team chose to treat using TAVI.</p>
			<p>The valve annulus area and perimeter were 325 mm² and 64 mm, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Considering the symmetrical structural pattern and the degree and distribution of calcifications, a self-expanding prosthesis (Navitor<sup>®</sup>) was chosen.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Structural characteristics of the aortic valve to be addressed. A – The valve annulus has few irregularities, with symmetrical calcifications of the cusps without extension to the left ventricular outflow tract (area 325 mm<sup>2</sup> and perimeter 64 mm). B – Wide sinuses of Valsalva with symmetrical points of calcification. C and D – Adequate heights of the left and right coronary arteries, respectively. E – Significant coronary artery calcifications, moderate to significant in the aortic valve, and discrete calcifications in the ascending and descending thoracic aorta.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20250111-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The procedure was performed under sedation and local anesthesia, with access through the right femoral artery. After valvuloplasty with an 18x40 mm balloon, a 25 mm Navitor<sup>®</sup> self-expanding prosthesis (Abbott) was implanted. Delivery was uneventful. However, immediately after, angiography showed severe aortic insufficiency. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography revealed severe prosthetic insufficiency resulting from the inversion of the right coronary leaflet of the prosthesis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The patient developed significant hemodynamic instability, requiring inotropic support and advanced airway management.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Echocardiogram and fluoroscopy images. A and B – Echocardiogram showing the damaged NAVITOR prosthesis leaflet (arrow), with significant regurgitation (arrow). C and D – Myval prosthesis implanted inside the NAVITOR prosthesis, functioning normally on echocardiogram. E – Angiography of the native aortic valve with significant stenosis and slight regurgitation. F – NAVITOR prosthesis implanted with significant regurgitation. G – (*) Stent positioned in the left main coronary artery. G and H - Positioning of the Myval prosthesis (arrow) and after its implantation inside the NAVITOR prosthesis (arrow), functioning normally.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20250111-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>The team attempted to correct the complication using Pigtail and Simon catheters to adjust the inverted leaflet, as well as a post-dilation with a 20 x 40 mm balloon; both attempts were ineffective. Therefore, an emergency TAV-in-TAV implantation was performed. Since the origin of the left coronary artery was relatively low (11 mm) and the sinotubular junction was narrow (24 x 25 mm), the implantation of a new self-expanding prosthesis could potentially cause coronary occlusion or sequestration of the coronary sinus. Therefore, a balloon-expandable prosthesis (Myval<sup>®</sup> 21.5 mm; Meril) was implanted, along with a drug-eluting stent in the left main coronary artery for protection. The procedure was guided simultaneously by fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography and achieved technical success, with immediate correction of valvular insufficiency, restoration of hemodynamic stability, and absence of limited coronary perfusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The mean trans prosthetic gradient after the procedure was 6 mmHg, without evidence of paravalvular leak.</p>
			<p>The patient remained hemodynamically stable and was discharged after four days. At the 30-, 60-, and 90-day follow-up appointments, she remained in functional class I (NYHA), without additional complaints.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Acute malfunction of a percutaneous aortic prosthesis is a rare complication, usually associated with freezing of one of the prosthesis leaflets, which may be corrected with catheters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In contrast, the prosthetic dysfunction in this case was due to the inversion of one of the leaflets of the newly implanted prosthesis, which did not respond to manipulation. In the literature, only one similar case was found, in which the authors attributed the complication to unfavorable anatomy leading to asymmetrical under-expansion of the prosthesis and leaflet failure, which was also successfully treated by implanting a second balloon-expandable prosthesis within the initial prosthesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Acute malfunction of transcatheter prostheses should not be attributed only to device defects or failures in the preparation and handling of the delivery system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Anatomy plays a determining role in the immediate performance and adequate expansion and coaptation of the leaflets, especially in self-expanding valves. Elliptical or markedly asymmetrical annuli, intense and heterogeneous calcification, calcium protrusion into the left ventricular outflow tract or into the sinuses of Valsalva, and irregular distribution of radial forces along the annulus may hinder proper prosthesis positioning, potentially causing underexpansion, malposition, structural stent distortion, and immediate valve dysfunction; these features did not occur in this case. These aspects reinforce the importance of a tomographic preprocedural evaluation, with detailed three-dimensional analysis of the ring geometry and calcification pattern, and the need for an individualized implant strategy and selection of the prosthesis type, particularly in challenging anatomies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> On the other hand, the present case raises discussion about the quality control and traceability of transcatheter prostheses, as subtle manufacturing defects may only be identified at implantation, as also reported in recent studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The literature supports that transcatheter reintervention in previously implanted valves is a safe and effective alternative to reoperation, especially in high-risk patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the TAV-in-TAV in acute cases and reinforces the importance of complete preprocedural planning to guide the emergency selection of a second prosthesis and to determine techniques to avoid additional complications, such as acute coronary occlusion secondary to the second implant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Coronary occlusion, particularly of the left main coronary artery, is one of the most feared complications during valve-in-valve (ViV) and TAV-in-TAV procedures, especially in anatomies with small sinuses of Valsalva, low coronary ostia height, and prosthetic leaflets at risk of displacement towards the coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In this study, a prophylactic strategy was chosen, with a stent prepositioned in the left main coronary artery, ready for immediate release in case of limited coronary flow after ViV prosthesis implantation. Given adequate flow preservation and the absence of angiographic or hemodynamic evidence of coronary obstruction, a &quot;chimney&quot; technique was not required, and the stent was safely removed. This approach illustrates a staged, individualized strategy that mitigates risk in potentially unfavorable anatomies, avoiding unnecessary additional interventions in the absence of actual coronary compromise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Although conventional surgery is viable for treating transcatheter prosthesis failures, this procedure is associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality, especially in older and high-risk patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In this study, due to the age of the patient and comorbidities, the team chose an emergency transcatheter approach, resulting in an immediate hemodynamic recovery and avoiding a high-risk reoperation.</p>
			<p>The literature on transcatheter ViV implantation in dysfunctional bioprostheses mainly describes the use of balloon-expandable prostheses from the Edwards SAPIEN family, particularly in the initial series and multicenter registries that established the feasibility and safety of the technique. However, growing evidence suggests that the TAV-in-TAV may be successfully applied using different transcatheter platforms, provided that anatomical and technical criteria are met.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In this study, the immediate availability of a Myval<sup>®</sup> balloon-expandable prosthesis (Meril) enabled a rescue TAV-in-TAV, with rapid restoration of valve competence and clinical stabilization. This outcome reinforces that, in critical scenarios, prompt therapeutic decision-making and versatility in the use of different transcatheter devices may determine the success of the procedure, increasing the applicability of the ViV beyond the devices most widely described in the literature, particularly when surgery is prohibitive.</p>
			<p>Immediate hemodynamic recovery and sustained clinical stability illustrate the importance of advanced training of the multidisciplinary team and the strict application of the techniques described in current guidelines and contemporary TAV-in-TAV series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>This case illustrated a rare yet critical immediate dysfunction of a self-expanding prosthesis during transcatheter aortic valve implantation, which was successfully corrected with TAV-in-TAV using a balloon-expandable prosthesis. This technique may represent an immediate, effective, and potentially lifesaving alternative, especially in patients with high surgical risk; however, its success depends on an experienced team, detailed prior anatomical planning, and multiple device options.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná under the protocol number 93429725.9.0000.0096. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suri</surname>
							<given-names>RM</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>5-Year Follow-Up from the PARTNER 2 Aortic Valve-in-Valve Registry for Degenerated Aortic Surgical Bioprostheses</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>698</fpage>
					<lpage>708</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2022.02.014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>16 Hahn RT, Webb J, Pibarot P, Ternacle J, Herrmann HC, Suri RM, et al. 5-Year Follow-Up from the PARTNER 2 Aortic Valve-in-Valve Registry for Degenerated Aortic Surgical Bioprostheses. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;15(7):698-708. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2022.02.014.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250111</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>TAV-in-TAV de Resgate na Falha Aguda de Prótese Valvar Aórtica em Paciente Octogenária de Alto Risco Cirúrgico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7839-3965</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>imagens da angiografia</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-0807-4107</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Fernanda Miranda</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2434-2561</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guérios</surname>
						<given-names>Enio Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-8491-3841</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calegari</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão das referências</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0415-6008</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Zanlorensi</surname>
						<given-names>Cláudia Biondo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>imagens do ecocardiograma</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4347-0200</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Botelho</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>imagens do ecocardiograma</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9909-6756</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Erbano</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna O.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão das referências</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0539-729X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vaz</surname>
						<given-names>Vinícius D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão das referências</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">CHC UFPR, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Positivo Curso de Medicina, Curitiba, PR – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Anis Rassi Heart Hospital, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Gustavo Carvalho</bold> • CHC UFPR. Dionira M Klemtz, 201, casa 107. CEP: <postal-code>81320-390</postal-code>. Bairro Fazendinha, Curitiba, PR – Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavocarvalho1975@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Maria Otto</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>Paciente octogenária, portadora de estenose valvar aórtica grave e com alto risco para cirurgia convencional, devido a disfunção renal crônica e pneumopatia restritiva. Foi submetida a implante percutâneo de prótese valvar aórtica transcateter via femoral direita, utilizando prótese autoexpansível Navitor® (Abbott). Após o procedimento, observou-se disfunção instantânea da prótese decorrente da inversão do folheto coronariano direito, o que provocou insuficiência protética aguda grave com instabilidade hemodinâmica. Diante do quadro crítico, foi realizado implante emergencial de prótese balão-expansível Myval<sup>®</sup> 21,5 mm no interior da prótese disfuncionante (<italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic>). A intervenção solucionou a condição crítica e possibilitou recuperação hemodinâmica imediata. Esse caso demonstrou a eficácia e a segurança da <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic> como estratégia de resgate em situações de falha protética aguda.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Estenose da Valva Aórtica</kwd>
				<kwd>Próteses e Implantes</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Aórtica</kwd>
				<kwd>Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A estenose aórtica degenerativa é a valvopatia mais prevalente em idosos e é frequentemente associada a elevada mortalidade quando não tratada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O tratamento padrão é a substituição valvar cirúrgica; contudo, em pacientes idosos e com comorbidades significativas, o risco cirúrgico é alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em casos assim, o implante transcateter de válvula aórtica (TAVI) se mostra uma alternativa segura e eficaz,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mas esse procedimento pode desencadear complicações mecânicas imediatas — como disfunção protética aguda —, que, apesar de serem raras, são potencialmente fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente, foram descritos casos de mau funcionamento instantâneo de prótese Navitor<sup>®</sup>, possivelmente associados a defeitos de fabricação ou interação anatômica adversa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O presente relato descreve um caso de disfunção de prótese autoexpansível (Navitor<sup>®</sup>), corrigida com sucesso por meio de uma estratégia emergencial de <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic> com prótese balão-expansível (Myval<sup>®</sup>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato do caso</title>
				<p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 82 anos, com estenose aórtica grave sintomática (classe funcional III NYHA), disfunção renal crônica (TFG estimada em 28 ml/min/1,73 m²) e pneumopatia crônica restritiva. O escore STS indicava alto risco para cirurgia aberta de troca valvar. Após discussão pelo <italic>Heart Team</italic>, decidiu-se por tratamento via TAVI.</p>
				<p>As características estruturais da valva aórtica eram: área do anel valvar de 325 mm<sup>2</sup> e perímetro do anel valvar de 64 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). O padrão estrutural simétrico assim como o grau e a distribuição de calcificações permitiram a seleção de uma prótese autoexpansível.</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características estruturais da valva aórtica a ser abordada. A – Anel valvar com poucas irregularidades, com calcificações simétricas de cúspides sem extensão para via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (área de 325 mm<sup>2</sup> e perímetro 64 mm). B – Seios de Valsalva amplos com pontos simétricos de calcificação. C – Altura adequada da coronária esquerda. D – Altura adequada da coronária direita. E – Calcificações de moderadas a importantes em coronárias na valva aórtica e discretas na aorta ascendente e descendente torácica.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20250111-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>O procedimento foi realizado sob sedação e anestesia local, com acesso pela artéria femoral direita. Após valvoplastia com balão 18x40 mm, foi implantada prótese autoexpansível Navitor<sup>®</sup> 25 mm (Abbott). A liberação ocorreu sem intercorrências, porém, logo após o implante, a angiografia apontou insuficiência aórtica severa. O ecocardiograma transesofágico intraoperatório revelou insuficiência protética grave consequente de uma inversão do folheto coronariano direito da prótese (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). A paciente passou a apresentar instabilidade hemodinâmica importante, exigindo suporte inotrópico e controle avançado da via aérea.</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Imagens do ecocardiograma e da fluoroscopia. A e B – ecocardiograma demonstrando o folheto da prótese Navitor danificado (seta), com refluxo importante (seta). C e D – Prótese Myval implantada no interior da prótese Navitor, normofuncionante no ecocardiograma. E – Angiografia da valva aórtica nativa com estenose importante e refluxo discreto. F – Prótese Navitor implantada com refluxo importante. G – (*) Stent posicionado no tronco da coronária esquerda. G e H – Posicionamento da prótese Myval (seta) e após seu implante no interior da prótese Navitor (seta), normofuncionante.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20250111-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Tentou-se corrigir a complicação pela manipulação do folheto invertido com cateteres Pigtail e Simon e com pós-dilatação por balão 20x40 mm, entretanto todas as intervenções foram ineficazes. Assim, optou-se pelo implante emergencial de uma segunda prótese valvar no interior da prótese disfuncionante (<italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic>). Como a origem da coronária esquerda era relativamente baixa (11 mm) e a junção sinotubular era relativamente estreita (24x25 mm), havia risco significativo de oclusão coronariana ou sequestro de seio coronariano caso fosse implantada uma nova prótese autoexpansível. Por isso, foi colocada uma prótese balão-expansível disponibilizada para aquela ocasião (Myval<sup>®</sup> 21,5 mm — Meril) e, ao mesmo tempo, posicionou-se um stent farmacológico no tronco da coronária esquerda para proteção. O procedimento foi guiado simultaneamente por fluoroscopia e ecocardiografia transesofágica, obtendo-se sucesso técnico, que foi evidenciado pela pronta correção da insuficiência valvar, pelo restabelecimento da estabilidade hemodinâmica e pela ausência de comprometimento da perfusão coronariana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). O gradiente médio transprotético detectado após o procedimento foi de 6 mmHg, sem evidências de leak paravalvar.</p>
				<p>A paciente permaneceu hemodinamicamente estável e recebeu alta hospitalar após quatro dias. Nos seguimentos de 30, 60 e 90 dias, a paciente se manteve em classe funcional I (NYHA), sem outras queixas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O mau funcionamento agudo de uma prótese aórtica percutânea é uma complicação rara, normalmente associada ao congelamento de um dos folhetos da prótese, e que pode ser corrigido pela manipulação do folheto disfuncionante com cateteres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Todavia, a disfunção protética relatada no presente caso deveu-se à inversão de um dos folhetos da prótese recém-implantada, que não respondeu à sua manipulação. Na literatura internacional, foi encontrado apenas um caso semelhante, em que os autores atribuíram a complicação a condições anatômicas desfavoráveis, levando a uma subexpansão assimétrica da prótese e falha de folheto. A intercorrência também foi tratada com sucesso pelo implante de uma segunda prótese balão-expansível dentro da prótese inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O mau funcionamento agudo de próteses transcateter não deve ser atribuído exclusivamente a possíveis defeitos do dispositivo ou falhas no preparo e manuseio do sistema de liberação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Fatores anatômicos do paciente exercem papel determinante no desempenho imediato e na adequada expansão e coaptação dos folhetos, especialmente em válvulas autoexpansíveis. Além disso, anéis valvares elípticos ou marcadamente assimétricos, calcificação intensa e heterogênea, protrusão de cálcio para o trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo ou para os seios de Valsalva e distribuição irregular das forças radiais ao longo do anel podem comprometer o correto assentamento da prótese. Essas condições favorecem má expansão, malposição, distorção estrutural do stent e disfunção valvar imediata, situações que não ocorreram no caso apresentado. Tais aspectos reforçam a importância de uma avaliação tomográfica minuciosa antes do procedimento — com análise tridimensional detalhada da geometria do anel e do padrão de calcificação — e a necessidade de planejamento individualizado da estratégia de implante e da seleção do tipo de prótese, sobretudo em anatomias desafiadoras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o presente caso suscita discussão acerca do controle de qualidade e da rastreabilidade de próteses transcateter, visto que defeitos sutis de fabricação só podem ser identificados no momento do implante, conforme evidenciado também por relatos recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A literatura reforça que a reintervenção transcateter em válvulas previamente implantadas é uma alternativa segura e eficaz à reoperação cirúrgica, principalmente para pacientes de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, este relato demonstra a eficácia da estratégia <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic> em casos agudos e reforça a importância do planejamento prévio completo do procedimento, tanto para direcionar a escolha emergencial de uma segunda prótese quanto para determinar as técnicas necessárias para evitar complicações adicionais, como uma oclusão coronariana aguda secundária ao segundo implante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A oclusão coronariana, particularmente do tronco da coronária esquerda, é uma das complicações mais temidas durante procedimentos de <italic>valve-in-valve</italic> (ViV) e <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic>, especialmente em anatomias com seios de Valsalva pequenos, baixa altura de óstios coronarianos e folhetos protéticos com risco de deslocamento em direção às coronárias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No presente caso, optou-se por uma estratégia de proteção coronariana profilática por meio do pré-posicionamento de stent no interior do tronco da coronária esquerda, mantendo-o montado e preparado para eventual liberação imediata em caso de comprometimento do fluxo coronariano após o implante da prótese ViV. Diante da preservação do fluxo adequado e da ausência de evidências angiográficas ou hemodinâmicas de obstrução coronariana após o implante da segunda prótese transcateter, não houve necessidade de realização da técnica de &quot;chaminé&quot;, e o stent foi removido de forma segura ao final do procedimento. Essa abordagem ilustra uma estratégia escalonada e individualizada de proteção coronariana que permite mitigar riscos em anatomias potencialmente desfavoráveis, evitando intervenções adicionais desnecessárias quando não há comprometimento coronariano efetivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Apesar de a abordagem cirúrgica convencional ser uma alternativa viável para o tratamento de falhas de próteses transcateter, ela está associada a elevada morbimortalidade perioperatória, principalmente em pacientes idosos ou com alto risco cirúrgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No caso apresentado, a idade avançada e as comorbidades da paciente tornaram a abordagem cirúrgica aberta uma estratégia de risco elevado. Diante disso, e considerando a experiência da equipe intervencionista, adotou-se uma abordagem transcateter emergencial. O procedimento de resgate resultou em recuperação hemodinâmica instantânea, evitando a necessidade de reoperação cirúrgica de alto risco.</p>
				<p>No que tange à temática de implante transcateter ViV em biopróteses disfuncionantes, a literatura clássica descreve majoritariamente o uso de próteses balão-expansíveis da família Edwards SAPIEN, especialmente nas séries iniciais e nos registros multicêntricos que fundamentaram a viabilidade e a segurança da técnica. Por outro lado, há evidências crescentes de que o princípio do <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic> pode ser aplicado com sucesso utilizando diferentes plataformas transcateter, desde que respeitados critérios anatômicos e técnicos adequados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No presente caso, diante de falha aguda e grave de uma prótese autoexpansível durante o implante, em um contexto de instabilidade hemodinâmica, a disponibilidade imediata de uma prótese balão-expansível Myval<sup>®</sup> (Meril) permitiu a realização de um <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic> de resgate, com restauração rápida da competência valvar e estabilização clínica da paciente. Esse desfecho reforça que, em cenários críticos, a pronta decisão terapêutica e a versatilidade na utilização de diferentes dispositivos transcateter podem ser determinantes para o sucesso do procedimento, ampliando a aplicabilidade do conceito de ViV para além dos dispositivos mais amplamente descritos na literatura, sobretudo quando a alternativa cirúrgica é proibitiva.</p>
				<p>O resultado positivo do procedimento/da intervenção evidencia a importância do treinamento avançado da equipe multidisciplinar e da aplicação rigorosa dos princípios técnicos descritos nas diretrizes atuais e nas séries contemporâneas de <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Este caso ilustra uma rara, porém crítica, disfunção imediata de prótese autoexpansível durante implante transcateter de valva aórtica, corrigida com sucesso por meio da técnica <italic>TAV-in-TAV</italic> com prótese balão-expansível. Com uma equipe experiente, planejamento anatômico prévio detalhado e disponibilidade de múltiplas opções de dispositivos, a estratégia pode representar uma alternativa terapêutica rápida, eficaz e potencialmente salvadora, especialmente em pacientes com alto risco cirúrgico.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do(a) Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná sob o número de protocolo 93429725.9.0000.0096. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>