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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20260027i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260027i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Standardization of Echocardiographic Assessment in an Era of New Therapies</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8728-4357</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Paiva</surname><given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Unifesp EPM</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Unifesp EPM, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital 9 de Julho</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital 9 de Julho, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Marcelo Goulart Paiva •</bold> Unifesp EPM. Rua Periquito, 210, 92B. Postal code: <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>mgpaiva123@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20260027</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has become the most common inherited myocardial disease, with an estimated global prevalence between 1:200 and 1:500. Despite its relatively high frequency in the general population, the disease remains significantly underdiagnosed. Only about 15% of affected individuals are clinically identified, due mainly to the wide variability of phenotypes and clinical manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Slightly more than half of patients may develop progressive symptoms or experience adverse events throughout their lifetime. Early identification, risk stratification, and cardiovascular therapies and interventions have reduced mortality rates to &lt; 1.0% per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>The pathophysiology of HCM is based on myocardial hypertrophy in the absence of secondary causes, associated with hypercontractility and diastolic dysfunction, resulting from abnormal myosin activation. Approximately 75% of patients present with left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction at rest or after provocative maneuvers. In the absence of an obstructive pattern, the disease course is usually favorable, oligosymptomatic, or asymptomatic, with a minority progressing to advanced stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is essential for diagnosing HCM. Suspicion should arise in the presence of diastolic myocardial thickness ≥ 15 mm in the absence of any conditions that justify hypertrophy in a non-dilated ventricle. In patients with a family history of HCM or genetic mutation, diastolic myocardial thickness ≥ 13 mm is considered sufficient. Other indications for performing TTE include systolic murmur suggestive of dynamic obstruction in the LVOT and suggestive symptoms, such as dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope, related to dehydration, exercise, and the postprandial period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>When HCM is suspected, TTE should contain the relevant information for case management, including the following: indexed left atrial volume; myocardial thickness of the septum and posterior wall; location of the segment with the greatest increase in thickness; left ventricular ejection fraction; global longitudinal strain; analysis of diastolic function; description of apical aneurysm when present; description of the presence and location of intraventricular gradient; description of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve; mitral valve apparatus abnormalities; and mitral regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Given the labile nature of LVOT gradients, the absence of obstruction at rest does not exclude latent obstructive HCM. Provocative maneuvers such as the Valsalva maneuver or rapid squat-to-stand maneuver should be routinely used to unmask gradients. Furthermore, postprandial echocardiography has emerged as a powerful tool, as mesenteric vasodilation and the adrenergic response after a meal can significantly elevate gradients in more than a third of patients who would be erroneously classified as non-obstructive when fasting. Whenever resting maneuvers are inconclusive, exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) remains the gold standard for assessing the functional relevance of the obstruction and should be performed after a meal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Recent studies have demonstrated the relevance of hemodynamic assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy under different physiological conditions, including rest, physical exertion, fasting, and the postprandial period. After food intake, even at rest, the presence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and an increased left ventricular outflow tract gradient were observed, findings that became more pronounced during postprandial exertion. This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive use of the available diagnostic tools for characterizing obstruction, as such an approach contributes to therapeutic optimization and to guiding lifestyle measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Using TTE and postprandial ESE to study 252 patients with HCM, Massera et al. identified a LVOT gradient ≥ 50 mmHg in 35.7% of patients without obstruction under baseline conditions, including 15.1% on the postprandial physical stress phase alone. More than 50% of patients undergoing invasive treatment or myosin inhibitors had a LVOT gradient ≥ 50 mmHg only on postprandial assessment (TTE and ESE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Accordingly, clinical routines should incorporate echocardiography with specific protocols for HCM, including provocative maneuvers and postprandial assessment. However, there is still a lack of standardization regarding the type of diet and the interval between the meal and echocardiographic assessment.</p>
</body>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260027</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Editorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica: Padronização da Avaliação Ecocardiográfica na Era das Novas Terapias</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8728-4357</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Paiva</surname><given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Unifesp EPM, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital 9 de Julho, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Marcelo Goulart Paiva •</bold> Unifesp EPM. Rua Periquito, 210, 92B. CEP: <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>mgpaiva123@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Obstrução da Via de Saída Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) consolidou-se como a doença miocárdica hereditária mais comum, com uma prevalência global estimada entre 1:200 e 1:500. Apesar da frequência relativamente elevada na população geral, a doença permanece significativamente subdiagnosticada. Apenas cerca de 15% dos indivíduos afetados são identificados clinicamente, o que se deve principalmente à grande variabilidade de fenótipos e manifestações clínicas apresentadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes podem evoluir com sintomas progressivos ou apresentar eventos adversos ao longo da vida. A identificação precoce, a estratificação de risco e o emprego de terapias e intervenções cardiovasculares reduziram as taxas de mortalidade para &lt; 1,0% ao ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>A fisiopatologia da CMH baseia-se em hipertrofia miocárdica na ausência de causas secundárias, associada à hipercontratilidade e disfunção diastólica, decorrentes da ativação anormal da miosina. Cerca de 75% dos pacientes apresentam obstrução do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) em repouso ou após manobras provocativas. Na ausência do padrão obstrutivo, a evolução é habitualmente favorável, oligossintomática ou assintomática, com minoria progredindo para quadros avançados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) é fundamental para o diagnóstico de CMH. A suspeita se faz na presença de espessura miocárdica diastólica ≥ 15 mm na ausência de quaisquer condições que justifiquem a hipertrofia em um ventrículo não dilatado. Em pacientes com história familiar de CMH ou mutação genética, uma espessura miocárdica diastólica ≥ 13 mm é considerada suficiente. Outras indicações para a realização do ETT seriam a presença de sopro sistólico sugestivo de obstrução dinâmica na VSVE e sintomas sugestivos, como dispneia, dor torácica e síncope, relacionados à desidratação, ao exercício e ao período pós-prandial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>Na suspeita de CMH, o ETT deve conter informações relevantes na condução do caso, como: volume indexado do átrio esquerdo; espessura miocárdica do septo e parede posterior; localização do segmento de maior aumento da espessura; fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global; análise da função diastólica; descrição de aneurisma apical quando presente; descrição da presença e localização de gradiente intraventricular; descrição da presença de movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral; anormalidades do aparelho valvar mitral; e insuficiência mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Dada a natureza lábil dos gradientes na VSVE, a ausência de obstrução em repouso não exclui a CMH obstrutiva latente. Manobras provocativas como a manobra de Valsalva ou de agachamento-levante rápido devem ser usadas de rotina para desmascarar gradientes. Além disso, o ecocardiograma pós-prandial emergiu como uma ferramenta poderosa; a vasodilatação mesentérica e a resposta adrenérgica após uma refeição podem elevar significativamente os gradientes em mais de um terço dos pacientes que seriam erroneamente classificados como não obstrutivos em jejum. Quando as manobras em repouso são inconclusivas, o ecocardiograma de estresse com esforço físico (ESF) continua sendo o padrão-ouro para avaliar a relevância funcional da obstrução, devendo inclusive ser realizado após alimentação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a relevância da avaliação hemodinâmica na cardiomiopatia hipertrófica em diferentes condições fisiológicas, incluindo repouso, esforço físico, jejum e período pós-prandial. Após a alimentação, mesmo em repouso, observou-se a presença de movimento anterior sistólico da valva mitral e elevação do gradiente na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo, achados que se intensificaram durante o esforço pós-prandial. Esse caso reforça a importância da utilização abrangente das ferramentas diagnósticas disponíveis para caracterização da obstrução, uma vez que tal abordagem contribui para a otimização terapêutica e para a orientação de medidas de estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Estudando 252 indivíduos com CMH, Massera et al., ao utilizarem ETT e ESF pós-prandial, identificaram gradiente na VSVE ≥ 50 mmHg em 35,7% dos pacientes sem obstrução em condições basais, sendo 15,1% apenas na fase de estresse físico pós-prandial. Mais de 50% dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento invasivo ou inibidores de miosina apresentavam gradiente na VSVE ≥ 50 mmHg apenas na avaliação pós-prandial (ETT e ESF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Assim, a realização de ecocardiograma com protocolos específicos para CMH, que incluam manobras provocativas e avaliação pós-prandial, deve ser uma rotina. Entretanto, ainda carecem de padronização quanto ao tipo de dieta e o tempo entre a refeição e a avaliação ecocardiográfica.</p>
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