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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20260019i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260019i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Phenotyping of Congestion in Decompensated Heart Failure: Life-Saving Accuracy</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7443-5029</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fernandes</surname><given-names>Amanda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Amanda Fernandes •</bold> Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves. Rua Etelvina Macedo de Mendonça, 531. Postal code: <postal-code>58040-530</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>amandadantasff@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20260019</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrasound</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Diagnosing heart failure (HF) in patients with multiple comorbidities continues to pose a challenge, especially when overlaps with pulmonary disease, obesity, or atypical clinical presentation. In this context, complementary diagnostic tools, such as NT-proBNP and venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score, enable earlier and more accurate assessment of congestion, reducing adverse effects and fostering timely implementation of guideline-directed medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>Management of decompensated HF becomes even more complex when there is subclinical fluid retention, a frequently underestimated condition that is associated with higher rates of hospital readmission and a comparable mortality risk to that observed in patients with clinically evident edema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In these scenarios, VExUS has become a central tool in the diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal, both in differentiating the etiology of dyspnea and in managing patients with overt congestion and cardiorenal syndrome, by allowing for safer and more individualized management of diuresis, minimizing the risk of kidney injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A growing body of evidence has supported this role. Anastasiou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> demonstrated that the VExUS score outperformed other isolated markers of congestion, such as the inferior vena cava diameter, in predicting in-hospital mortality, reinforcing its prognostic value. Furthermore, a randomized clinical trial showed that VExUS-guided diuresis doubled the likelihood of achieving euvolemia in only 2 days when compared to standard care,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> consolidating bedside ultrasound not only as a diagnostic tool, but as a natural extension of contemporary physical examination.</p>
<p>The role of natriuretic peptides, especially BNP and NT-proBNP, has been well established since the early 2000s. Values within the normal range have sensitivity greater than 90% for excluding HF diagnosis, whereas elevated levels have consistently been associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes and higher mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The integration of biomarkers and ultrasound assessment of congestion, therefore, achieves strategic relevance by adding objectivity to risk stratification and allowing for earlier and more informed clinical decisions.</p>
<p>That notwithstanding, regional disparities and the need for specific training in VExUS still represent challenges to the widespread dissemination of this technology. In contrast, NT-proBNP is a widely available biomarker that is financially viable in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and relatively simple to interpret. Nevertheless, studies directly correlating NT-proBNP levels with VExUS scores remain scarce, and this gap limits a truly integrated approach to congestion.</p>
<p>The pioneering study by Flores et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> stands out by correlating NT-proBNP levels with VExUS score during the first 24 hours of hospitalization for decompensated HF. The majority of the sample was composed of elderly patients (median age of 79 years), and the proportion of female patients was greater than 45%, thus reflecting a population that is frequently underrepresented in clinical studies. They observed that patients with moderate to severe venous congestion (VExUS 2 to 3) had median NT-proBNP levels between 5,430 and 13,200 pg/mL, suggesting that values above 5,430 pg/mL in elderly patients are associated with significant systemic congestion and require immediate clinical attention.</p>
<p>Future studies that stratify these findings by age group, sex, and specific comorbidities, such as chronic kidney disease, congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular disease, are needed to further refine this approach. In a setting where early decisions directly impact the morbidity, mortality, and quality of life of patients with HF, the integration of biomarkers and functional imaging is not merely a diagnostic innovation, but a clinical imperative.</p>
<p>In patients with HF, identifying congestion before its clinical expression does not mean merely anticipating diagnosis; it involves intervening while it is still possible to alter the outcome.</p>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1"><p><bold><italic>Short editorial related to the article: Correlation Between Venous Excess Ultrasound and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</italic></bold></p></fn>
</fn-group>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260019</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Fenotipagem da Congestão na Insuficiência Cardíaca Descompensada: Acurácia que Salva Vidas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7443-5029</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Fernandes</surname><given-names>Amanda</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Amanda Fernandes •</bold> Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves. Rua Etelvina Macedo de Mendonça, 531. CEP: <postal-code>58040-530</postal-code>. João Pessoa, PB – Brasil E-mail: <email>amandadantasff@gmail.com</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<related-article related-article-type="letter" id="r2" xlink:href="10.36660/abcimg.20260018" ext-link-type="doi"/>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Peptídeos Natriuréticos</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrassom</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>O diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) permanece desafiador em pacientes com múltiplas comorbidades, particularmente quando há sobreposição com doenças pulmonares, obesidade ou apresentações clínicas atípicas. Nesse contexto, a integração de ferramentas diagnósticas complementares, como o NT-proBNP e o escore de ultrassonografia de excesso venoso (VExUS, do inglês <italic>venous excess ultrasound</italic>), permite uma avaliação mais precoce e acurada da congestão, reduzindo efeitos adversos e favorecendo a implementação oportuna da terapia médica direcionada por diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<p>O manejo da IC descompensada torna-se ainda mais complexo diante da retenção hídrica subclínica — condição frequentemente subestimada, mas associada a maiores taxas de readmissão hospitalar e risco de mortalidade comparável ao observado em pacientes com edema clinicamente evidente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesses cenários, o VExUS consolida-se como uma ferramenta central no armamentário diagnóstico e terapêutico, seja na diferenciação da etiologia da dispneia, seja na condução de pacientes com congestão franca e síndrome cardiorrenal, ao permitir o direcionamento da diurese de forma mais segura e individualizada, minimizando o risco de lesão renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Evidências crescentes sustentam esse papel. Anastasiou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> demonstraram que o escore VExUS supera outros marcadores isolados de congestão — como o diâmetro da veia cava inferior — na predição de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, reforçando seu valor prognóstico. Ademais, um ensaio clínico randomizado mostrou que a diurese guiada pelo VExUS duplicou a probabilidade de alcançar euvolemia em apenas 2 dias quando comparada ao cuidado padrão,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> consolidando o ultrassom à beira do leito não apenas como ferramenta diagnóstica, mas como uma extensão natural do exame físico contemporâneo.</p>
<p>Os peptídeos natriuréticos, especialmente o BNP e o NT-proBNP, têm papel bem estabelecido desde o início dos anos 2000. Valores dentro da normalidade apresentam sensibilidade superior a 90% para exclusão do diagnóstico de IC, enquanto níveis elevados associam-se de forma consistente a piores desfechos cardiovasculares e maior mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A integração de biomarcadores e avaliação ultrassonográfica da congestão assume, portanto, relevância estratégica ao agregar objetividade à estratificação de risco e permitir decisões clínicas mais precoces e fundamentadas.</p>
<p>Não obstante, disparidades regionais e a necessidade de treinamento específico em VExUS ainda representam desafios à ampla disseminação dessa tecnologia. Em contrapartida, o NT-proBNP configura-se como um biomarcador amplamente disponível, financeiramente viável no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e de interpretação relativamente simples. Apesar disso, permanecem escassos os estudos que correlacionam diretamente os níveis de NT-proBNP com os escores do VExUS, lacuna que limita uma abordagem verdadeiramente integrada da congestão.</p>
<p>O estudo de Flores et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> destaca-se como um dos pioneiros ao correlacionar níveis de NT-proBNP com o escore VExUS nas primeiras 24 horas de internação por IC descompensada. A amostra, composta majoritariamente por idosos (idade mediana de 79 anos) e com proporção feminina superior a 45%, reflete uma população frequentemente sub-representada em estudos clínicos. Observou-se que pacientes com congestão venosa moderada a grave (VExUS 2–3) apresentaram medianas de NT-proBNP entre 5.430 e 13.200 pg/mL, sugerindo que valores acima de 5.430 pg/mL, em idosos, associam-se a congestão sistêmica significativa e demandam atenção clínica imediata.</p>
<p>Estudos futuros que estratifiquem esses achados por faixa etária, sexo e comorbidades específicas — como doença renal crônica, cardiopatias congênitas, hipertensão pulmonar e doença valvar — são necessários para refinar ainda mais essa abordagem. Em um cenário no qual decisões precoces impactam diretamente a morbimortalidade e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com IC, integrar biomarcadores e imagem funcional não é apenas uma inovação diagnóstica, mas um imperativo clínico.</p>
<p>Na IC, identificar a congestão antes de sua expressão clínica não é apenas antecipar o diagnóstico — é intervir no momento em que ainda é possível alterar o desfecho.</p>
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<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><p><bold><italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Correlação Entre o Venous Excess Ultrasound e os Níveis de Fragmento N-terminal do Pró-Peptídeo Natriurético Tipo B em Pacientes Com Insuficiência Cardíaca Agudamente Descompensada</italic></bold></p></fn>
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