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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260018i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20260018i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Original Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Correlation Between Venous Excess Ultrasound and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9558-4156</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Flores</surname><given-names>Marcella Pereira</given-names></name>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names></name>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2980-8754</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cavalcante</surname><given-names>Lívia Rodrigues Sampaio</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6454-3535</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barroso</surname><given-names>Natália Duarte</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6067-1324</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Raisa Mainarte Franco</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-0893-387X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lobo</surname><given-names>Clara Talita Silva</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4634-8187</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>Adriano Chaves de</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Rafael</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Marcella Pereira Flores</bold> • Hospital São Rafael. Avenida São Rafael, 2152. Postal code: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. São Marcos, Salvador, BA – Brazil E-mail: marcellapflavigne@gmail.com</corresp>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20260018</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>13</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>23</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background:</title>
<p>The Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) score has been proposed as an ultrasonographic method for assessing systemic venous congestion in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, the relationship between VExUS and the biomarker N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) remains unclear in literature.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objectives:</title>
<p>To evaluate the correlation between the VExUS score and serum NT-proBNP levels in patients with ADHF.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods:</title>
<p>This retrospective observational study included 117 patients hospitalized with ADHF. Systemic venous congestion was assessed using the VExUS score, and serum NT-proBNP levels were obtained from laboratory records. Comparisons between groups were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn&apos;s test for multiple comparisons. The strength of association between variables was analyzed using Spearman&apos;s correlation coefficient.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results:</title>
<p>NT-proBNP levels increased progressively with increasing VExUS severity, with median values of 2,890 pg/mL (VExUS 0), 4,700 pg/mL (VExUS 1), 5,430 pg/mL (VExUS 2), and 13,200 pg/mL (VExUS 3). Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference between groups (Kruskal-Wallis: χ<sup>2</sup> = 39.18; p &lt; 0.0001). Dunn&apos;s test indicated that patients with VExUS 3 had significantly higher NT-proBNP levels compared with the other groups (p &lt; 0.01). A moderate positive correlation was observed between the variables (Spearman&apos;s coefficient ρ = 0.567; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion:</title>
<p>The results indicate that the VExUS score is associated with NT-proBNP levels and may be integrated into clinical reasoning when assessing venous congestion in patients with ADHF.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrasonics</kwd>
<kwd>Inpatients</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="23"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide, affecting more than 64 million people and associated with significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Over the past decades, a continuous increase has been observed in both the incidence and the clinical complexity of HF, accompanied by a higher number of hospitalizations and worse outcomes across different populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Recurrent hospitalizations after episodes of decompensation are common, occurring in approximately half of patients during early follow-up, which increases the demand for specialized care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Early recognition of signs of hypervolemia is essential in the management of acute decompensated HF (ADHF), particularly in emergency departments and specialized cardiology care units. Accurate identification of congestion allows timely therapeutic interventions, reduces the risk of hemodynamic deterioration, and is associated with better clinical outcomes. In the hospital setting, systematic assessment of volume status is crucial to guide decisions related to the use of diuretics, adjustment of perfusion-guided therapies, and the need for advanced support, contributing to greater safety and effectiveness of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Among the complementary tests used in the evaluation of ADHF, the N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plays a relevant role in the characterization of congestion and prognostic stratification. Elevated levels of this biomarker are associated with greater clinical severity, increased risk of adverse events, and higher probability of rehospitalization, which reinforces its usefulness in monitoring patients during hospitalization and at the time of discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<caption>
<title>Correlation Between Venous Excess Ultrasound and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. ADHF: acutely decompensated heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a complementary tool in the assessment of congestion in patients with ADHF, as it allows direct analysis of venous structures and provides additional information to clinical examination and laboratory markers. The Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) score was proposed as a structured method to quantify systemic venous congestion, integrating findings from the inferior vena cava and patterns of hepatic, portal, and renal venous flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Recent studies have demonstrated that VExUS may assist in identifying residual congestion and contribute to therapeutic decision-making during hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, POCUS shows satisfactory interobserver agreement in the evaluation of venous parameters, which reinforces its usefulness in emergency departments and cardiology units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Despite advances in the use of POCUS and the growing application of the VExUS score in the assessment of systemic venous congestion, the relationship between this method and laboratory markers widely used in clinical practice, such as NT-proBNP, remains poorly explored. Understanding this potential association may contribute to improving the characterization of volume status in patients with ADHF. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the VExUS score and serum NT-proBNP levels in patients hospitalized with ADHF.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methods</title>
<sec>
<title>Study design and population</title>
<p>This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted with patients admitted with ADHF. The sample included 117 hospitalized patients, all evaluated for systemic venous congestion using the VExUS score and undergoing serum measurement of the NT-proBNP biomarker.</p>
<p>Ultrasound assessment and laboratory sampling were performed within the first 24 hours after admission to the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, between November 2023 and December 2024.</p>
<p>Patients without complete records of the ultrasound examination required for VExUS score determination, without available NT-proBNP measurement within the established period, or with a diagnosis of advanced liver disease were excluded because of the potential interference with the venous parameters analyzed. After applying these criteria, the final sample consisted of 117 patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Clinical assessment and definition of variables</title>
<p>Clinical data were obtained through review of medical records, including age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and hemodynamic profile at admission according to the Stevenson classification. Other clinical and laboratory variables were used to characterize the sample.</p>
<p>The main exposure variable was the VExUS score, considered in four categories (0, 1, 2, and 3), corresponding to the grading of systemic venous congestion. The main outcome variable was the serum NT-proBNP level (pg/mL), analyzed as a continuous variable.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Ultrasound assessment and Venous Excess Ultrasound score</title>
<p>Systemic venous congestion was assessed by POCUS using a Vivid™ iq Ultrasound System (GE HealthCare, USA). Different transducers were used according to the evaluation window: a sector transducer for cardiac windows and a convex transducer for evaluation of the abdominal and retroperitoneal venous system.</p>
<p>Examinations were performed with the patient in the supine position, with the head of the bed elevated to approximately 30°. During acquisition of venous flow signals, brief periods of apnea were attempted whenever clinically feasible to reduce respiratory artifacts and improve the definition of Doppler waveforms, particularly in smaller vessels such as the renal interlobar veins.</p>
<p>During evaluation of hepatic venous flow, simultaneous electrocardiographic recording was used, allowing more precise identification of the S (systolic) and D (diastolic) waves and ensuring greater uniformity in the interpretation of flow patterns.</p>
<p>The ultrasound windows analyzed included the inferior vena cava, hepatic venous flow, portal flow, and renal venous flow, according to the VExUS score protocol. The diameter of the inferior vena cava and the venous flow patterns in the three abdominal territories were recorded and classified according to the criteria established for the VExUS system. Based on these findings, patients were classified into VExUS scores 0, 1, 2, or 3, representing increasing degrees of systemic venous congestion.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Measurement of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</title>
<p>Serum NT-proBNP levels were obtained from laboratory tests performed during hospitalization for ADHF, according to the institutional routine of the service. Measurements were performed using standardized immunometric methods in the local laboratory.</p>
<p>Values were expressed in pg/mL and used in the statistical analyses without additional transformation in the original protocol.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Initially, patients were stratified into four groups according to the VExUS score (0, 1, 2, and 3). Comparison of NT-proBNP levels between groups was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn&apos;s test for multiple pairwise comparisons.</p>
<p>The strength of association between the VExUS score and NT-proBNP levels was evaluated using Spearman&apos;s correlation coefficient (ρ), considering the ordinal nature of VExUS and the expected asymmetric distribution of NT-proBNP values.</p>
<p>To model the relationship between the VExUS score and NT-proBNP, a Gamma regression model with a logarithmic link function was used, with NT-proBNP as the dependent variable and the VExUS score as the explanatory variable. Model fit was evaluated using McFadden&apos;s pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.</p>
<p>Continuous variables were assessed for distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Given the asymmetry observed in most variables, results were presented as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute frequencies and proportions.</p>
<p>The significance level adopted was 5% (p &lt; 0.05). All analyses were performed using R software, version 4.4.3.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<sec>
<title>Sample characteristics</title>
<p>In the present study, 117 patients hospitalized with ADHF were evaluated. The median age was 79 years. Of the total, 53 patients were female (45.3%) and 64 were male (54.7%).</p>
<p>Regarding left ventricular function, 68 patients had LVEF &lt; 50%, whereas 49 had LVEF ≥ 50%. Concerning the hemodynamic profile at admission, profile B (warm and wet) was observed in 110 patients (94.0%), while profile C (cold and wet) was identified in seven patients (6.0%).</p>
<p>All patients included in the study had a complete ultrasound assessment required for VExUS score classification and serum NT-proBNP measurement performed within the first 24 hours after hospital admission.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Distribution of the Venous Excess Ultrasound score</title>
<p>Patients were stratified into four groups according to the VExUS score: VExUS 0 (n = 21), VExUS 1 (n = 35), VExUS 2 (n = 31), and VExUS 3 (n = 30). This distribution allowed comparison of serum NT-proBNP levels across different degrees of systemic venous congestion assessed by the score.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels according to the Venous Excess Ultrasound score</title>
<p>A progressive increase in the median NT-proBNP levels was observed as the VExUS score increased. The medians were 2,890 pg/mL in the VExUS 0 group, 4,700 pg/mL in the VExUS 1 group, 5,430 pg/mL in the VExUS 2 group, and 13,200 pg/mL in the VExUS 3 group.</p>
<p>Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test demonstrated a significant difference between groups (χ<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 39.18; p &lt; 0.0001). In the multiple comparisons performed with Dunn&apos;s test, statistically significant differences were observed in comparisons involving the VExUS 3 group (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Correlation between the Venous Excess Ultrasound score and the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</title>
<p>Correlation analysis between the VExUS score and serum NT-proBNP levels demonstrated a moderate positive correlation, with a Spearman coefficient of 0.567 (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
<p>In the Gamma regression model with a logarithmic link function, the VExUS score showed a β coefficient of 0.584 (p &lt; 0.0001). The McFadden pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> obtained was 0.024.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>Using POCUS in the assessment of systemic venous congestion has expanded in the context of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in ADHF. The analysis of hepatic, portal, and renal venous flow patterns, integrated with measurements of the inferior vena cava, has been recognized as an approach that complements clinical examination and provides a more comprehensive assessment of the patient&apos;s hemodynamic status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The VExUS score emerged as a structured method to synthesize ultrasound findings related to venous overload, with increasing application in different clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Recent reviews indicate that this tool provides a standardized and reproducible evaluation of systemic venous congestion, contributing to the understanding of the hemodynamic impact of increased venous pressures in different clinical conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>NT-proBNP values showed progressively higher distribution across the categories of the VExUS score, as illustrated in the boxplot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). A gradual increase in medians was observed between groups, accompanied by a greater interquartile range at higher score levels. In the VExUS 3 group, greater variability was observed, with the presence of values higher than those seen in the other categories. This graphical pattern demonstrates an upward trend in the distribution of the biomarker as the degree of systemic venous congestion estimated by VExUS increases, complementing the results obtained in the statistical analyses (Central Illustration).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Distribution of NT-proBNP levels according to VExUS score categories. NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Graphical analysis also demonstrated an ascending distribution of NT-proBNP values across the categories of the VExUS score. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> presents the scatter plot with the line fitted by Spearman correlation, showing a positive linear trend consistent with the observed coefficient (ρ = 0.567). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> illustrates the curve estimated by the Gamma regression model with a logarithmic link function, in which a progressive increase in predicted NT-proBNP values is observed across the different levels of the VExUS score.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Correlation between NT-proBNP levels and the VExUS score NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Relationship between NT-proBNP and the VExUS score estimated by a Gamma regression model. NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Using Gamma regression with a logarithmic link function allowed appropriate modeling of the asymmetric distribution of NT-proBNP, characterized by wide dispersion and the presence of extreme values at higher levels of congestion. This model captured the exponential relationship between increasing VExUS score and rising biomarker levels, demonstrating a progressive intensification of NT-proBNP values as systemic venous congestion worsens. This approach complements the Spearman analysis by showing that the observed correlation, of moderate magnitude, accompanies the gradual increase in NT-proBNP levels as the VExUS score increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>This pattern suggests that the VExUS score, by quantifying the hemodynamic impact of increased venous pressures, objectively reflects the severity of volume decompensation, which is physiologically translated into the release of NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Consistent with the prognostic value of isolated congestion markers, the VExUS 3 score has been associated in other cohorts with more unfavorable clinical outcomes, including higher risk of worsening renal function, reduced natriuretic response, and resistance to diuretic therapy, in addition to worse overall prognosis. The ability of VExUS to dynamically monitor systemic venous congestion makes it potentially useful for guiding diuretic therapy, particularly in cases of cardiorenal syndrome, in which higher scores may support continuation of the diuretic strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>NT-proBNP predominantly reflects myocardial stress and increased cardiac filling pressures, whereas the VExUS score expresses the hemodynamic consequences of systemic venous congestion by integrating ultrasound signs related to elevated venous pressure and the risk of organ dysfunction. Thus, both methods assess distinct and complementary pathophysiological dimensions of congestion in heart failure and may contribute to a more comprehensive and individualized clinical approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Limitations of the study</title>
<p>This study has some limitations. It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a single center, with a final sample of 117 patients. The cross-sectional design limits the ability to infer causal relationships or to evaluate dynamic changes in venous congestion and NT-proBNP levels during hospitalization.</p>
<p>Although a strategy was adopted to reduce temporal bias, with both VExUS score assessment and NT-proBNP measurement performed within the first 24 hours after hospital admission, this time window, although short, represents a potential limitation considering the dynamic nature of ADHF and the therapeutic interventions initiated during this period.</p>
<p>The application of the VExUS score also has limitations inherent to its components and the clinical context in which it is used. Interpretation of hepatic vein Doppler may be influenced by the presence of significant tricuspid regurgitation and atrial fibrillation, conditions that may alter the venous flow pattern independently of the degree of congestion. Similarly, pulsatility of portal flow may be observed in young and healthy individuals, whereas its reduction may occur in parenchymal liver diseases. For this reason, patients with relevant structural liver disease were excluded from the analysis. Although integration of different venous territories in the VExUS score reduces dependence on a single parameter, these limitations should be considered when interpreting the findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Future studies, preferably with a longitudinal design, will be necessary to evaluate the dynamic evolution of the VExUS score during hospitalization and its relationship with the therapeutic strategies used. This type of approach may provide a more precise understanding of the role of systemic venous congestion assessed by VExUS in the clinical management of patients with ADHF.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The results of this study indicate that the VExUS score is associated with NT-proBNP levels, reinforcing its potential as a complementary tool in the evaluation of systemic venous congestion in patients with ADHF.</p>
<p>The integration of VExUS into clinical reasoning and biomarker interpretation may provide a more comprehensive perspective on volume status, contributing to a more individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approach.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of CONEP under the protocol number 84674724.7.0000.0048.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260018</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Correlação Entre o Venous Excess <italic>Ultrasound</italic> e os Níveis de Fragmento N-terminal do Pró-Peptídeo Natriurético Tipo B em Pacientes Com Insuficiência Cardíaca Agudamente Descompensada</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9558-4156</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Flores</surname><given-names>Marcella Pereira</given-names></name>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names></name>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados e análise estatística</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Melo</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2980-8754</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Cavalcante</surname><given-names>Lívia Rodrigues Sampaio</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6454-3535</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barroso</surname><given-names>Natália Duarte</given-names></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6067-1324</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Raisa Mainarte Franco</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-0893-387X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lobo</surname><given-names>Clara Talita Silva</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4634-8187</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>Adriano Chaves de</given-names><suffix>Filho</suffix></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Marcella Pereira Flores</bold> • Hospital São Rafael. Avenida São Rafael, 2152. CEP: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. São Marcos, Salvador, BA – Brasil E-mail: <email>marcellapflavigne@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Marcelo Tavares</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento:</title>
<p>O escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic> (VExUS) tem sido proposto como um método ultrassonográfico para avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca aguda descompensada (ICAD). Entretanto, a relação entre o VExUS e o biomarcador fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B (NT-proBNP) ainda não está claramente estabelecida na literatura.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Objetivos:</title>
<p>Avaliar a correlação entre o escore VExUS e os níveis séricos de NT-proBNP em pacientes com ICAD.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Métodos:</title>
<p>Estudo observacional retrospectivo que incluiu 117 pacientes hospitalizados por ICAD. A congestão venosa sistêmica foi avaliada por meio do escore VExUS, e os níveis séricos de NT-proBNP foram obtidos a partir de registros laboratoriais. A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunn para comparações múltiplas. A força de associação entre as variáveis foi analisada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Resultados:</title>
<p>Houve aumento progressivo dos níveis de NT-proBNP conforme a gravidade do VExUS aumentava, com medianas de 2.890 pg/ml (VExUS 0), 4.700 pg/ml (VExUS 1), 5.430 pg/ml (VExUS 2) e 13.200 pg/ml (VExUS 3). A análise estatística demonstrou diferença significativa entre os grupos (Kruskal-Wallis: χ<sup>2</sup> = 39.18; p &lt; 0.0001). O teste de Dunn indicou que pacientes com VExUS 3 apresentaram níveis de NT-proBNP significativamente mais elevados em comparação aos demais grupos (p &lt; 0.01). Observou-se correlação moderada e positiva entre as variáveis (coeficiente de Spearman ρ = 0.567; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusão:</title>
<p>Os resultados indicam que o escore VExUS apresenta associação com os níveis de NT-proBNP e pode ser integrado ao raciocínio clínico na avaliação da congestão venosa em pacientes com ICAD.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd>Insuficiência Cardíaca</kwd>
<kwd>Ultrassom</kwd>
<kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<fig id="f8">
<caption>
<title>Correlação Entre o Venous Excess Ultrasound e os Níveis de Peptídeo Natriurético Tipo B N-Terminal em Pacientes Com Insuficiência Cardíaca Agudamente Descompensada. FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; ICAD: insuficiência cardíaca agudamente descompensada; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma condição altamente prevalente em todo o mundo, afetando mais de 64 milhões de pessoas e associada a impacto significativo na morbidade, na mortalidade e nos custos em saúde.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nas últimas décadas, observou-se aumento contínuo tanto na incidência quanto na complexidade clínica da IC, acompanhado por maior número de hospitalizações e piores desfechos em diferentes populações.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A recorrência de hospitalizações após episódios de descompensação é frequente, ocorrendo em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes durante o seguimento inicial, o que amplia a demanda por acompanhamento especializado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>O reconhecimento precoce de sinais de hipervolemia é fundamental no manejo da IC agudamente descompensada (ICAD), especialmente em serviços de emergência e em unidades cardiológicas de cuidados especializados. A identificação precisa da congestão permite intervenções terapêuticas oportunas, reduz o risco de deterioração hemodinâmica e está associada a melhores desfechos clínicos. No ambiente hospitalar, a avaliação sistemática do estado volêmico é determinante para orientar decisões relacionadas ao uso de diuréticos, ao ajuste de terapias guiadas por perfusão e à necessidade de suporte avançado, contribuindo para maior segurança e efetividade do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Entre os exames complementares utilizados na avaliação da ICAD, o fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B (NT-proBNP) desempenha papel relevante na caracterização da congestão e na estratificação prognóstica. Níveis elevados desse biomarcador estão associados à maior gravidade clínica, ao aumento do risco de eventos adversos e à maior probabilidade de re-hospitalização, o que reforça sua utilidade no acompanhamento de pacientes durante a internação e no momento da alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
<p>O ultrassom <italic>point-of-care</italic> (POCUS, em inglês) tem se destacado como ferramenta complementar na avaliação da congestão em pacientes com ICAD, pois permite a análise direta de estruturas venosas e fornece informações adicionais ao exame clínico e aos marcadores laboratoriais. Nesse contexto, o escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic> (VExUS) foi proposto como método estruturado para quantificar a congestão venosa sistêmica, integrando achados da veia cava inferior e dos padrões de fluxo venoso hepático, portal e renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos recentes demonstram que o VExUS pode auxiliar na identificação de congestão residual e contribuir para decisões terapêuticas durante a internação.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, o POCUS apresenta concordância interobservador satisfatória na avaliação de parâmetros venosos, o que reforça sua utilidade em serviços de emergência e em unidades cardiológicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
<p>Apesar dos avanços no uso do POCUS e da crescente aplicação do escore VExUS na avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica, a relação entre esse método e marcadores laboratoriais amplamente utilizados na prática clínica, como o NT-proBNP, ainda é pouco explorada. A compreensão dessa possível associação pode contribuir para aprimorar a caracterização do estado volêmico em pacientes com ICAD. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a correlação entre o escore VExUS e os níveis séricos de NT-proBNP em pacientes internados por ICAD.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Métodos</title>
<sec>
<title>Desenho do estudo e população</title>
<p>Estudo observacional de corte transversal conduzido com pacientes admitidos por ICAD. A amostra incluiu 117 pacientes hospitalizados, todos avaliados quanto à congestão venosa sistêmica por meio do escore VExUS e submetidos à dosagem sérica do biomarcador NT-proBNP.</p>
<p>A avaliação ultrassonográfica e a coleta laboratorial foram realizadas nas primeiras 24 horas após a admissão no pronto-socorro de um hospital terciário de referência na cidade de Salvador, estado da Bahia, no período de novembro de 2023 a dezembro de 2024.</p>
<p>Foram excluídos pacientes sem registro completo do exame ultrassonográfico necessário para determinação do escore VExUS, sem dosagem disponível de NT-proBNP no período estabelecido ou com diagnóstico de doença hepática avançada, devido ao potencial de interferência nos parâmetros venosos analisados. Após aplicação desses critérios, a amostra final foi composta por 117 pacientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação clínica e definição de variáveis</title>
<p>Os dados clínicos foram obtidos por meio de revisão de prontuários, incluindo idade, sexo, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) e perfil hemodinâmico na admissão, de acordo com a classificação de Stevenson. As demais variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais foram utilizadas para caracterização da amostra.</p>
<p>A principal variável de exposição foi o escore VExUS, considerado em quatro categorias (0, 1, 2 e 3), correspondentes à graduação da congestão venosa sistêmica. A variável de desfecho principal foi o nível sérico de NT-proBNP (pg/ml), analisado como variável contínua.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Avaliação ultrassonográfica e escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic></title>
<p>A avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica foi realizada por POCUS utilizando o Vivid™ iq Ultrasound System (GE HealthCare, EUA). Foram utilizados transdutores distintos conforme a janela de avaliação: transdutor setorial para janelas cardíacas e transdutor convexo para avaliação do sistema venoso abdominal e retroperitoneal.</p>
<p>Os exames foram realizados com o paciente em decúbito dorsal, com cabeceira elevada a aproximadamente 30°. Durante a aquisição dos fluxos venosos, buscou-se realizar breves períodos de apneia sempre que clinicamente possível, com o objetivo de reduzir artefatos respiratórios e melhorar a definição das curvas Doppler, especialmente em vasos de menor calibre, como as veias interlobares renais.</p>
<p>Na avaliação do fluxo venoso hepático, utilizou-se o registro simultâneo da eletrocardiografia, permitindo identificar com maior precisão as ondas S (sistólica) e D (diastólica) e garantindo maior uniformidade na interpretação dos padrões de fluxo.</p>
<p>As janelas ultrassonográficas analisadas incluíram a veia cava inferior, o fluxo venoso hepático, o fluxo portal e o fluxo venoso renal, conforme o protocolo do escore VExUS. O diâmetro da veia cava inferior e os padrões de fluxo venoso nos três territórios abdominais foram registrados e classificados de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos para o sistema VExUS. Com base nesses achados, os pacientes foram classificados nos escores VExUS 0, 1, 2 ou 3, representando gradação crescente de congestão venosa sistêmica.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Dosagem de fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B</title>
<p>Os níveis séricos de NT-proBNP foram obtidos a partir de exames laboratoriais realizados durante a internação por ICAD, conforme a rotina institucional do serviço. As dosagens foram realizadas por métodos imunométricos padronizados no laboratório local.</p>
<p>Os valores foram expressos em pg/ml e utilizados nas análises estatísticas sem transformação adicional no protocolo original.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Análise estatística</title>
<p>Inicialmente, os pacientes foram estratificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o escore VExUS (0, 1, 2 e 3). A comparação dos níveis de NT-proBNP entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunn para comparações múltiplas entre pares de grupos.</p>
<p>A força de associação entre o escore VExUS e os níveis de NT-proBNP foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (ρ), considerando a natureza ordinal do VExUS e a distribuição assimétrica esperada dos valores de NT-proBNP.</p>
<p>Para modelar a relação entre o escore VExUS e o NT-proBNP, foi empregado um modelo de regressão Gamma com função de ligação logarítmica, tendo o NT-proBNP como variável dependente e o escore VExUS como variável explanatória. A qualidade de ajuste do modelo foi avaliada por meio do pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de McFadden.</p>
<p>As variáveis contínuas foram avaliadas quanto à distribuição pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Dada a assimetria observada na maior parte das variáveis, os resultados foram apresentados como mediana e intervalo interquartil. As variáveis categóricas foram expressas como frequências absolutas e proporções.</p>
<p>O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). Todas as análises foram realizadas no software R, versão 4.4.3.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Resultados</title>
<sec>
<title>Características da amostra</title>
<p>No presente estudo, foram avaliados 117 pacientes internados por ICAD. A mediana de idade foi de 79 anos. Do total, 53 pacientes eram do sexo feminino (45,3%) e 64 do sexo masculino (54,7%).</p>
<p>Em relação à função do ventrículo esquerdo, 68 pacientes apresentavam FEVE &lt; 50%, enquanto 49 apresentavam FEVE ≥ 50%. Quanto ao perfil hemodinâmico na admissão, o perfil B (quente e úmido) foi observado em 110 pacientes (94,0%), enquanto o perfil C (frio e úmido) foi identificado em sete pacientes (6,0%).</p>
<p>Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo possuíam avaliação ultrassonográfica completa necessária para classificação do escore VExUS e dosagem sérica de NT-proBNP realizada nas primeiras 24 horas após a admissão hospitalar.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Distribuição do escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic></title>
<p>Os pacientes foram estratificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o escore VExUS: VExUS 0 (n = 21), VExUS 1 (n = 35), VExUS 2 (n = 31) e VExUS 3 (n = 30). Essa distribuição permitiu comparar os níveis séricos de NT-proBNP entre diferentes graus de congestão venosa sistêmica avaliados pelo escore.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Níveis de fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B de acordo com o escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic></title>
<p>Observou-se aumento progressivo da mediana dos níveis de NT-proBNP conforme a elevação do escore VExUS. As medianas foram de 2.890 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 0, 4.700 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 1, 5.430 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 2 e 13.200 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 3.</p>
<p>A análise estatística por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis demonstrou diferença significativa entre os grupos (χ<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 39,18; p &lt; 0,0001). Nas comparações múltiplas realizadas pelo teste de Dunn, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas comparações envolvendo o grupo VExUS 3 (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Correlação entre o escore Venous Excess Ultrasound e o fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B</title>
<p>A análise de correlação entre o escore VExUS e os níveis séricos de NT-proBNP demonstrou correlação moderada e positiva, com coeficiente de Spearman igual a 0,567 (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
<p>No modelo de regressão Gamma com função de ligação logarítmica, o escore VExUS apresentou coeficiente β de 0,584 (p &lt; 0,0001). O pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de McFadden obtido foi de 0,024.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>O uso do POCUS na avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica tem se expandido no contexto das doenças cardiovasculares, especialmente na ICAD. A análise dos padrões de fluxo venoso hepático, portal e renal, integrada às medidas da veia cava inferior, tem sido reconhecida como abordagem que complementa o exame clínico e oferece uma avaliação mais abrangente do estado hemodinâmico do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nesse cenário, o escore VExUS surgiu como um método estruturado para sintetizar achados ultrassonográficos relacionados à sobrecarga venosa, com aplicação crescente em diferentes contextos clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Revisões recentes indicam que essa ferramenta fornece uma avaliação padronizada e reprodutível da congestão venosa sistêmica, contribuindo para compreender o impacto hemodinâmico do aumento das pressões venosas em diferentes condições clínicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os valores de NT-proBNP apresentaram distribuição progressivamente mais elevada ao longo das categorias do escore VExUS, conforme ilustrado no <italic>boxplot</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Observou-se aumento gradual das medianas entre os grupos, acompanhado por maior amplitude interquartil nos níveis mais elevados do escore. No grupo VExUS 3, verificou-se maior variabilidade, com presença de valores superiores aos observados nas demais categorias. Esse padrão gráfico evidencia uma tendência ascendente na distribuição do biomarcador à medida que aumenta o grau de congestão venosa sistêmica estimado pelo VExUS, complementando os resultados obtidos nas análises estatísticas (Figura Central).</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Distribuição dos níveis de NT-proBNP de acordo com as categorias do escore VExUS. NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A análise gráfica também demonstrou distribuição ascendente dos valores de NT-proBNP ao longo das categorias do escore VExUS. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref> apresenta o diagrama de dispersão com a reta ajustada pela correlação de Spearman, evidenciando tendência linear positiva compatível com o coeficiente observado (ρ = 0,567). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref> ilustra a curva estimada pelo modelo de regressão Gamma com função de ligação logarítmica, na qual se observa aumento progressivo das predições de NT-proBNP associado aos diferentes níveis do escore VExUS.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Correlação entre os níveis de NT-proBNP e o escore VExUS. NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Relação entre NT-proBNP e o escore VExUS estimada por modelo de regressão Gamma. NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B; VExUS: <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic>.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>A utilização da regressão Gamma com função de ligação logarítmica permitiu modelar adequadamente a distribuição assimétrica do NT-proBNP, caracterizada por ampla dispersão e pela presença de valores extremos em níveis mais elevados de congestão. Esse modelo capturou a relação exponencial entre o aumento do escore VExUS e a elevação do biomarcador, evidenciando intensificação progressiva dos valores de NT-proBNP à medida que a congestão venosa sistêmica se agrava. Essa abordagem complementa a análise de Spearman ao demonstrar que a correlação observada, de magnitude moderada, acompanha a elevação gradual dos níveis de NT-proBNP conforme aumentam os valores do escore VExUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
<p>Esse padrão sugere que o escore VExUS, ao quantificar o impacto hemodinâmico do aumento das pressões venosas, reflete de forma objetiva a gravidade da descompensação volêmica, que é fisiologicamente traduzida pela liberação de NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
<p>Em consonância com o valor prognóstico de marcadores isolados de congestão, o escore VExUS 3 tem sido associado, em outras coortes, a desfechos clínicos mais desfavoráveis, incluindo maior risco de piora da função renal, redução da resposta natriurética e resistência ao tratamento diurético, além de pior prognóstico global. A capacidade do VExUS de monitorar dinamicamente a congestão venosa sistêmica o torna potencialmente útil para orientar a terapia diurética, especialmente em casos de síndrome cardiorrenal, nos quais escores mais elevados podem apoiar a continuidade da estratégia diurética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
<p>O NT-proBNP reflete predominantemente o estresse miocárdico e o aumento das pressões de enchimento cardíacas, enquanto o escore VExUS expressa a repercussão hemodinâmica da congestão venosa sistêmica, integrando sinais ultrassonográficos relacionados ao aumento da pressão venosa e ao risco de disfunção orgânica. Dessa forma, ambos os métodos avaliam dimensões fisiopatológicas distintas e complementares da congestão na insuficiência cardíaca, podendo contribuir para uma abordagem clínica mais abrangente e individualizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>&#x2013;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
<sec>
<title>Limitações do estudo</title>
<p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limitações. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de corte transversal realizado em um único centro, com amostra final de 117 pacientes. O delineamento transversal limita a capacidade de inferir relações causais ou de avaliar mudanças dinâmicas na congestão venosa e nos níveis de NT-proBNP ao longo da internação.</p>
<p>Embora tenha sido adotada estratégia para reduzir viés temporal, com realização tanto da avaliação pelo escore VExUS quanto da dosagem de NT-proBNP dentro das primeiras 24 horas após a admissão hospitalar, essa janela de tempo, ainda que curta, representa uma limitação potencial, considerando a natureza dinâmica da ICAD e as intervenções terapêuticas iniciadas nesse período.</p>
<p>A aplicação do escore VExUS também apresenta limitações inerentes aos seus componentes e ao contexto clínico em que é utilizado. A interpretação do Doppler da veia hepática pode ser influenciada pela presença de regurgitação tricúspide significativa e pela fibrilação atrial, condições que podem alterar o padrão de fluxo venoso independentemente do grau de congestão. De forma semelhante, a pulsatilidade do fluxo portal pode ser observada em indivíduos jovens e saudáveis, enquanto sua redução pode ocorrer em doenças hepáticas parenquimatosas. Por esse motivo, pacientes com doença hepática estrutural relevante foram excluídos da análise. Embora a integração dos diferentes territórios venosos no escore VExUS reduza a dependência de um único parâmetro, essas limitações devem ser consideradas na interpretação dos achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
<p>Estudos futuros, preferencialmente com delineamento longitudinal, serão necessários para avaliar a evolução dinâmica do escore VExUS ao longo da internação e sua relação com as estratégias terapêuticas utilizadas. Esse tipo de abordagem poderá fornecer compreensão mais precisa do papel da congestão venosa sistêmica, avaliada pelo VExUS, no manejo clínico de pacientes com ICAD.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o escore VExUS apresenta associação com os níveis de NT-proBNP, reforçando seu potencial como ferramenta complementar na avaliação da congestão venosa sistêmica em pacientes com ICAD.</p>
<p>A integração do VExUS ao raciocínio clínico e à interpretação de biomarcadores pode oferecer uma perspectiva mais abrangente do estado volêmico, contribuindo para uma abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica mais individualizada.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ética em Experimentação Animal do CONEP sob o número de protocolo 84674724.7.0000.0048.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
</sec>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>