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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20260009i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260009i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Echocardiography with Ultrasound Enhancement Agents and the Diagnostic Challenge of Cardiac Masses: Solid Evidence for a Complex Clinical Problem</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4154-3197</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Piveta</surname><given-names>Rafael Bonafim</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9083-8269</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Aguiar</surname><given-names>Miguel Osman Dias</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">BP</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">BP (Beneficência Portuguesa), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Einstein Hospital Israelita</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Einstein Hospital Israelita, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailling Address:</label> <bold>Rafael Bonafim Piveta</bold> • Einstein Hospital Israelita. Rua Albert Einstein, 701. Postal code: <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>. Morumbi, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>rafael.piveta@einstein.br</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>27</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year></pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20260009</elocation-id>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>contrast</kwd>
<kwd>cardiac masses</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="8"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>The proper characterization of intracardiac masses continues to be one of the most relevant challenges in contemporary cardiovascular imaging. Thrombi, benign tumors, and malignant neoplasms share some similar morphological characteristics in conventional echocardiography, but they entail radically different approaches, prognoses, and therapeutic urgencies. Despite significant advances in cardiovascular imaging diagnostic techniques, critical decisions, such as whether to anticoagulate or operate, investigate or observe, treat urgently or monitor, are still frequently challenging in clinical practice. Echocardiography, although indispensable as an initial method, often fails to differentiate thrombi, benign tumors, and malignant neoplasms in a significant number of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Given this scenario, it is legitimate to question: why does echocardiography with ultrasound enhancing agents (UEAs), available for decades, still play a secondary role in many diagnostic algorithms?</p>
<p>The meta-analysis, &quot;Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced echocardiography in differentiating cardiac masses&quot;, presents important arguments for this context. Using methodological rigor, aligned with PRISMA-DTA and Cochrane Handbook recommendations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> the authors demonstrate that echocardiography with UEAs has shown exceptional diagnostic performance in two of the most critical dilemmas in clinical practice: differentiating tumors from thrombi and distinguishing benign from malignant tumors.</p>
<p>The results presented are impressive. Echocardiography with UEAs has demonstrated combined sensitivity and specificity of 100% in differentiating between tumors and thrombi, with an AUC close to 1.0. This finding is pathophysiologically consistent, since thrombi are avascular structures, while tumors — whether benign or malignant — have some degree of perfusion detectable by intravascular microbubbles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This functional distinction gives echocardiography with UEAs a clear diagnostic advantage over conventional echocardiography, especially in clinical situations in which the decision between anticoagulation and invasive investigation needs to be made quickly and safely.</p>
<p>Even more relevant is the performance of echocardiography with UEAs in differentiating between benign and malignant tumors. The meta-analysis demonstrated a sensitivity of 94.3% and a specificity of 96.1%, with an AUC of 0.976, indicating high discriminatory capacity. These results reinforce previous observations that perfusion patterns, such as intense hyperperfusion, rapid filling, and perfusion heterogeneity, are heavily associated with malignancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, echocardiography with UEAs transcends the merely morphological role and consolidates itself as a functional tool for tissue characterization, a role traditionally reserved for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
<p>Given these data, another important question arises: Why do we continue to systematically refer patients to more expensive, less accessible, and often unavailable methods in a timely manner, before fully exploring the potential of echocardiography with UEAs? The answer seems to lie less in scientific evidence and more in cultural, logistical, and training barriers. Echocardiography with UEAs is still underused, often restricted to centers of excellence, despite its excellent safety profile, wide availability, and the possibility of being performed even at bedside in unstable patients or those with contraindications to more complex methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>However, some limitations deserve to be highlighted. The small number of studies included (five prospective cohorts, totaling 381 patients) reflects the scarcity of primary data suitable for diagnostic meta-analyses in this area. In addition, the QUADAS-2 assessment identified methodological concerns in some studies, particularly related to patient selection and the time flow between the index test and the reference standard. These factors limit the unrestricted generalization of the results and reinforce the need for more robust studies, with standardized protocols and greater population diversity.</p>
<p>Despite the significant increase in diagnostic accuracy provided by contrast-enhanced echocardiography in this scenario, the technique presents some pitfalls that require attention when used for this specific purpose. Recent thrombi, although avascular, may show some degree of enhancement with contrast, usually restricted to the periphery of the mass. In the study by Li et al., among the 36 patients diagnosed with thrombi, three showed marked enhancement, all corresponding to recent thrombi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This pattern can make differentiation from cardiac tumors difficult; however, it is important to emphasize that tumors, especially malignant ones, tend to show diffusely increased perfusion, involving both the central and peripheral regions of the mass, which helps in diagnostic distinction.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, the findings of this meta-analysis represent an important step in consolidating echocardiography with UEAs as a core method in the evaluation of cardiac masses. The consistency of the findings, the biological plausibility, and the magnitude of the observed effects indicate a solid scientific basis for expanding the use of contrast-enhanced echocardiography in the diagnostic workflow of routine practice. In a scenario where quick and accurate decisions directly impact clinical outcomes, underusing an accessible, safe, and highly accurate method is unreasonable.</p>
<p>In conclusion, the evidence presented in this study reinforces that echocardiography with UEAs not only represents a complementary technique, but also a strategic, accessible tool with high clinical impact. In a scenario where quick and accurate decisions are fundamental, establishing echocardiography with UEAs in the diagnostic algorithms for intracardiac masses, seems not only reasonable, but also necessary.</p>
</body>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260009</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Ecocardiografia com Agentes de Realce Ultrassonográfico e o Desafio Diagnóstico das Massas Cardíacas: Evidência Sólida para um Problema Clínico Complexo</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4154-3197</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Piveta</surname><given-names>Rafael Bonafim</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9083-8269</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Aguiar</surname><given-names>Miguel Osman Dias</given-names></name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">BP (Beneficência Portuguesa), São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Einstein Hospital Israelita, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Rafael Bonafim Piveta</bold> • Einstein Hospital Israelita. Rua Albert Einstein, 701. CEP: <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>. Morumbi, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>rafael.piveta@einstein.br</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>contraste</kwd>
<kwd>massas cardíacas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<p>A adequada caracterização das massas intracardíacas permanece um dos desafios mais relevantes da imagem cardiovascular contemporânea. Trombos, tumores benignos e neoplasias malignas compartilham algumas características morfológicas semelhantes na ecocardiografia convencional, mas acarretam condutas, prognósticos e urgências terapêuticas radicalmente distintos. Apesar dos importantes avanços nas técnicas de diagnóstico por imagem cardiovascular, decisões críticas, como anticoagular ou operar, investigar ou observar, tratar com urgência ou acompanhar, ainda são frequentemente desafiadoras na prática clínica. A ecocardiografia, embora indispensável como método inicial, frequentemente falha em diferenciar trombos, tumores benignos e neoplasias malignas em um número significativo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Diante disso, é legítimo questionar: por que a ecocardiografia com agentes de realce ultrassonográfico (ARUS), disponível há décadas, ainda desempenha um papel secundário em muitos algoritmos diagnósticos?</p>
<p>A metanálise &quot;Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced echocardiography in differentiating cardiac masses&quot; apresenta importantes argumentos para esse contexto. Utilizando rigor metodológico, alinhado às recomendações PRISMA-DTA e do Cochrane Handbook,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> os autores demonstram que a ecocardiografia com ARUS apresenta desempenho diagnóstico excepcional em dois dos dilemas mais críticos da prática clínica: diferenciar tumor de trombo e distinguir tumores benignos de malignos.</p>
<p>Os resultados apresentados são expressivos.</p>
<p>A ecocardiografia com ARUS demonstrou sensibilidade e especificidade combinadas de 100% na diferenciação entre tumores e trombos, com AUC próxima de 1,0. Esse achado é fisiopatologicamente coerente, uma vez que trombos são estruturas avasculares, enquanto tumores — benignos ou malignos — apresentam algum grau de perfusão detectável por microbolhas intravasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tal distinção funcional confere à ecocardiografia com ARUS uma vantagem diagnóstica clara em relação à ecocardiografia convencional, sobretudo em situações clínicas em que a decisão entre anticoagulação e investigação invasiva precisa ser tomada de forma rápida e segura.</p>
<p>Ainda mais relevante é o desempenho da ecocardiografia com ARUS na diferenciação entre tumores benignos e malignos. A metanálise demonstrou sensibilidade de 94,3% e especificidade de 96,1%, com área sob a curva (AUC, do inglês Area Under the Curve) de 0,976, indicando elevada capacidade discriminatória. Esses resultados reforçam observações prévias de que padrões de perfusão — como hiperperfusão intensa, enchimento rápido e heterogeneidade perfusional — estão fortemente associados à malignidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim, a ecocardiografia com ARUS transcende o papel meramente morfológico e se consolida como ferramenta funcional de caracterização tecidual, papel tradicionalmente reservado à ressonância magnética cardíaca.</p>
<p>Diante desses dados, surge uma importante pergunta: por que continuamos a encaminhar sistematicamente pacientes para métodos mais caros, menos acessíveis e, muitas vezes, indisponíveis em tempo hábil, antes de explorar plenamente o potencial da ecocardiografia com ARUS? A resposta parece residir menos na evidência científica e mais em barreiras culturais, logísticas e de treinamento. A ecocardiografia com ARUS ainda é subutilizada, muitas vezes restrita a centros de excelência, apesar de seu excelente perfil de segurança, ampla disponibilidade e possibilidade de ser realizada inclusive à beira do leito, em pacientes instáveis ou com contraindicações a métodos mais complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Entretanto, algumas limitações merecem destaque. O número reduzido de estudos incluídos (cinco coortes prospectivas, totalizando 381 pacientes) reflete a escassez de dados primários adequados para metanálises diagnósticas nessa área. Além disso, a avaliação pelo QUADAS-2 identificou preocupações metodológicas em alguns estudos, particularmente relacionadas à seleção de pacientes e ao fluxo temporal entre o teste índice e o padrão de referência. Esses fatores limitam a generalização irrestrita dos resultados e reforçam a necessidade de estudos mais robustos, com protocolos padronizados e maior diversidade populacional.</p>
<p>Apesar do significativo incremento na acurácia diagnóstica proporcionado pela ecocardiografia contrastada nesse cenário, a técnica apresenta algumas armadilhas que exigem atenção quando utilizada para essa finalidade específica. Trombos recentes, embora avasculares, podem apresentar algum grau de realce pelo contraste, geralmente restrito à periferia da massa. No estudo de Li et al., entre os 36 pacientes diagnosticados com trombo, três apresentaram realce acentuado, todos correspondendo a trombos recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esse padrão pode dificultar a diferenciação em relação aos tumores cardíacos; entretanto, é importante ressaltar que os tumores, especialmente os malignos, tendem a apresentar aumento da perfusão de forma difusa, envolvendo tanto as regiões centrais quanto as periféricas da massa, o que auxilia na distinção diagnóstica.</p>
<p>Ainda assim, os achados dessa metanálise representam um passo importante na consolidação da ecocardiografia com ARUS como método central na avaliação das massas cardíacas. A consistência dos achados, a plausibilidade biológica e a magnitude dos efeitos observados indicam uma base científica sólida para ampliar o uso da ecocardiografia contrastada no fluxo diagnóstico da rotina prática. Em um cenário no qual decisões rápidas e precisas impactam diretamente desfechos clínicos, subutilizar um método acessível, seguro e altamente acurado não é razoável.</p>
<p>Em conclusão, a evidência apresentada reforça que a ecocardiografia com ARUS não apenas representa uma técnica complementar, mas também uma ferramenta estratégica, acessível e de alto impacto clínico. Em um cenário no qual decisões rápidas e precisas são fundamentais, estabelecer a ecocardiografia com ARUS nos algoritmos diagnósticos das massas intracardíacas parece não apenas razoável, mas necessário.</p>
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