﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260008i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Short Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Functional Mitral Regurgitation of Atrial Origin: Search for Diagnostic Criteria</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romano</surname>
						<given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Minna Moreira Dias Romano</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Rua Carlos Rateb Cury, 697. Postal code: <postal-code>14110-000</postal-code>. Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>minna@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260008</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Identifying the various mechanisms of Mitral Regurgitation (MR) is essential for understanding the disease, prognosis, and planning structural therapeutic approaches. Recently, several studies on valvular heart disease have recognized functional MR. This condition is associated with the impact of cardiac geometry on mitral valve function, rather than primary valvular injury such as rheumatic, degenerative, infectious (endocarditis), or congenital diseases.</p>
		<p>Furthermore, within the group of patients with functional MR, a subgroup has been identified that does not present Left Ventricular (LV) dilation or dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this subgroup, the likely mechanism of MR is chronic enlargement of the Left Atrium (LA) and the mitral annulus, commonly associated with atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Preliminary studies suggest associated left atrial dysfunction, which can be measured through tissue mechanics analysis. These factors likely contribute to the reduction of the coaptation surface of the mitral leaflet edges.</p>
		<p>Echocardiographic assessment of valve function, and not only of the pathological characteristics of the mitral valve components and annulus, is essential for suspecting MR, although in some cases the diagnosis remains subjective and based on the exclusion of other causes. Echocardiography (ECHO), even in its two-dimensional form, can evaluate LA dimensions and atrial function using the Speckle Tracking technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, a more detailed analysis of valve anatomy, particularly of the annulus, requires more advanced assessments, such as two-dimensional transesophageal ECHO or three-dimensional (3D) imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the availability of 3D ECHO is still limited by equipment cost and the need for adequate training of echocardiographers.</p>
		<p>The study published in this edition presents a diagnostic proposal for atrial MR using a variable derived from two-dimensional transesophageal ECHO. This variable is not merely the linear diameter of the mitral annulus, but its value indexed to body surface area. Importantly, the researchers did not restrict their evaluation to the diagnostic capacity of a single parameter, but rather to the combination of key parameters, including age, presence of atrial fibrillation, and comorbidities such as systemic arterial hypertension, together with ECHO parameters such as LV ejection fraction and indexed LA volume, associated with the indexed annular diameter. Using multivariate analyses and logistic regression, and comparing model performance with the consensus clinical diagnosis of two observers, the study demonstrated good performance of the model incorporating all variables.</p>
		<p>Thus, there is a proposed predictive diagnostic model for atrial MR based on the combination of clinical variables and two-dimensional ECHO parameters. The results presented represent an initial proposal, which may in the future be tested against the performance of validated 3D ECHO variables for this diagnosis. It is necessary to evaluate functional MR using different diagnostic techniques in order to identify this subgroup of atrial MR, which is peculiar when compared with MR of left ventricular origin.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>Short editorial referring to the article:</label>
				<p>Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<label>1</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zoghbi</surname>
							<given-names>WA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Levine</surname>
							<given-names>RA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Flachskampf</surname>
							<given-names>F</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grayburn</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gillam</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leipsic</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: A JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Expert Panel Viewpoint</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2022</year>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>11</issue>
					<fpage>1870</fpage>
					<lpage>1882</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.08.016</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>1 Zoghbi WA, Levine RA, Flachskampf F, Grayburn P, Gillam L, Leipsic J, et al. Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: A JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Expert Panel Viewpoint. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(11):1870-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.08.016.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<label>2</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Muraru</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guta</surname>
							<given-names>AC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ochoa-Jimenez</surname>
							<given-names>RC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bartos</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aruta</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mihaila</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Functional Regurgitation of Atrioventricular Valves and Atrial Fibrillation: An Elusive Pathophysiological Link Deserving Further Attention</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>42</fpage>
					<lpage>53</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2019.08.016</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>2 Muraru D, Guta AC, Ochoa-Jimenez RC, Bartos D, Aruta P, Mihaila S, et al. Functional Regurgitation of Atrioventricular Valves and Atrial Fibrillation: An Elusive Pathophysiological Link Deserving Further Attention. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(1):42-53. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.08.016.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<label>3</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tang</surname>
							<given-names>Z</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fan</surname>
							<given-names>YT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jin</surname>
							<given-names>CN</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kwok</surname>
							<given-names>KW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>AP</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mitral Annular and Left Ventricular Dynamics in Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: A Three-Dimensional and Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic Study</article-title>
					<source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
					<year>2019</year>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>503</fpage>
					<lpage>513</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2018.11.009</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>3 Tang Z, Fan YT, Wang Y, Jin CN, Kwok KW, Lee AP. Mitral Annular and Left Ventricular Dynamics in Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: A Three-Dimensional and Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(4):503-13. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2018.11.009.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<label>4</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kagiyama</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mondillo</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yoshida</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mandoli</surname>
							<given-names>GE</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cameli</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Subtypes of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights Into Their Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications</article-title>
					<source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>820</fpage>
					<lpage>835</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.040</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>4 Kagiyama N, Mondillo S, Yoshida K, Mandoli GE, Cameli M. Subtypes of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights Into Their Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(3):820-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.040.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<label>5</label>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ito</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abe</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Takahashi</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shimada</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fukumoto</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Matsumura</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal/>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Mechanism of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Study Using Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography</article-title>
					<source>J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2017</year>
					<volume>70</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>584</fpage>
					<lpage>590</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.03.013</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
				<mixed-citation>5 Ito K, Abe Y, Takahashi Y, Shimada Y, Fukumoto H, Matsumura Y, et al. Mechanism of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Study Using Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography. J Cardiol. 2017;70(6):584-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.03.013.</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Minieditorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Regurgitação Mitral Funcional de Causa Atrial: Busca por Critérios Diagnósticos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2526-0656</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Romano</surname>
						<given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Ribeirão Preto</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Minna Moreira Dias Romano</bold> • Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Rua Carlos Rateb Cury, 697. CEP: <postal-code>14110-000</postal-code>. Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>minna@fmrp.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Fibrilação Atrial</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Identificar os diversos mecanismos de Regurgitação Mitral (RM) é essencial para a compreensão da doença, do prognóstico e do planejamento de abordagens terapêuticas estruturais. Recentemente, diversos estudos sobre valvopatias têm reconhecido a RM funcional. Essa estaria associada a repercussões da geometria cardíaca sobre o funcionamento da valva mitral, e não exatamente a agressões valvares primárias, como doenças reumáticas, degenerativas, endocardite ou congênitas.</p>
			<p>Ainda, no grupo de pacientes com RM funcional, identifica-se um subgrupo que não apresenta dilatação nem disfunção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse subgrupo, o provável mecanismo da RM é o aumento crônico do Átrio Esquerdo (AE) e do anel valvar mitral, comumente associado à fibrilação atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estudos preliminares sugerem disfunção atrial esquerda associada, que pode ser mensurada pela análise da mecânica tecidual. Esses fatores provavelmente contribuem para a redução da superfície de coaptação dos bordos dos folhetos mitrais.</p>
			<p>A avaliação ecocardiográfica do funcionamento, e não só das características patológicas dos componentes e do anel da valva mitral é essencial para a suspeita da RM, embora, em algumas vezes, o diagnóstico ainda seja subjetivo e por exclusão de outras causas. A Ecocardiografia (ECO), mesmo bidimensional, pode avaliar as dimensões do AE e a função atrial pela técnica de <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Porém, uma análise mais detalhada da anatomia valvar, principalmente do anel, requer avaliações mais avançadas, como a ECO bidimensional com imagens transesofágicas ou com imagens tridimensionais (3D).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, a disponibilidade da ECO 3D ainda é limitada pelo custo do equipamento e de treinamento adequado de ecocardiografistas.</p>
			<p>O estudo publicado nesta edição apresenta uma proposta de diagnóstico de RM atrial utilizando uma variável oriunda da ECO bidimensional, transesofágica. Essa não seria apenas o diâmetro linear do anel mitral, mas seu valor indexado pela superfície corporal. Porém, os pesquisadores não se limitaram a avaliar a capacidade diagnóstica de um único parâmetro, mas à combinação dos principais parâmetros, incluindo idade, presença de fibrilação atrial e de comorbidades como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, associados a parâmetros da ECO, como a fração de ejeção do VE e o volume indexado de AE, associado ao diâmetro indexado do anel. Com o uso de análises multivariadas e regressão logística, comparando-se o desempenho de modelos com o diagnóstico clínico consensual entre dois observadores, observou-se um bom desempenho do modelo que compõe todas as variáveis.</p>
			<p>Assim, há uma proposta de modelo preditivo diagnóstico da RM atrial com base na combinação de variáveis clínicas e de ECO bidimensional. Os resultados apresentados representam uma proposta inicial, que futuramente poderá ser testada frente ao desempenho de variáveis da ECO 3D já validadas para esse diagnóstico. É preciso avaliar as RMs funcionais por meio de técnicas diagnósticas diversas a fim de se identificar esse subgrupo de RM atrial, peculiar quando comparada a RM de causa ventricular esquerda.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
					<label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
					<p>Desenvolvimento e Validação de um Modelo Preditivo para Insuficiência Mitral Funcional Atrial</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>