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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">01403</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260006i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Coronary Flow Assessment With Transthoracic Echocardiography</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2214-203X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Del Castillo</surname>
						<given-names>José Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8772-7954</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Shehadeh</surname>
						<given-names>Issam</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Cardiovision</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Esteio</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovision, Esteio, RS – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Issam Shehadeh ECOPE. Rua Solidônio Leite, 200. Postal code: 51111-130. Recife, PE – Brazil. E-mail: issam05@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20260006</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The assessment of coronary flow reserve is an extremely important step in stress echocardiography, both within and outside the context of coronary artery disease. For some, it is seen as an impossible parameter; for others, it is essential. In any case, everything begins with the proper visualization of the coronary arteries at rest. In this article, we will address theoretical and practical concepts for incorporating coronary flow study into the routine of the echocardiographer.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
				<kwd>Doppler Ultrasonography</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="19"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>My Approach to Coronary Flow Assessment With Transthoracic Echocardiography</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-gf03.tif"/>
						<attrib>Coronary flow (Q) is regulated by the relationship between perfusion pressure (P) and the resistance offered by the extramural arteries (R1), intramural arterioles (R2), and the compression exerted on the subendocardial arterioles caused by ventricular contraction on the blood inside the LV (R3). Since these resistances are lower during diastole, coronary flow is predominantly diastolic for the left coronary artery and balanced for the right coronary artery, where subendocardial compression is less pronounced</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The study of coronary flow by echocardiography is still considered, by many authors, a utopia. Practically speaking, we learn that coronary assessment is limited to the visualization of their ostia, often only through transesophageal study. However, identification of the flow in the Left Anterior Descending artery (LAD) at rest, in the mid-distal third, is possible in more than 90% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The incorporation of Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR) assessment into stress echocardiography adds important diagnostic and prognostic information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, coronary flow patterns, even at rest, can be very useful in diagnosing not only Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) but also other diseases.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Pathophysiology of Coronary Flow</title>
				<p>Coronary flow is biphasic, due to changes in resistance that the myocardial vascular system undergoes during the cardiac cycle. Coronary flow (Q) is regulated by the relationship between perfusion pressure (P) and the resistance offered by extramural arteries (R1), intramural arterioles R2), and compression of subendocardial arterioles caused by ventricular contraction on the blood inside the left ventricle. Since these resistances are lower during diastole, coronary flow is predominantly diastolic in the left coronary artery and more balanced in the right coronary artery, where subendocardial compression is less (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
				<p>Thus, two components of coronary flow can be distinguished: capacitance flow, which depends on the ventricular wall decompression of the left ventricle and the dilation of intramural arterioles (vascular tone), and conductance flow, which depends on the resistance to blood passage through the arteriolar-capillary system (vascular resistance). The more compliant the vascular bed, the greater the acceleration of conductance flow; and the lower the resistance to flow passage, the faster the deceleration of the conductance component (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Transthoracic Doppler of coronary flow showing a normal systo-diastolic pattern.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Coronary flow supplies oxygen to the myocardium according to demand. When oxygen demand increases – for example, during exercise – the coronary arteries increase flow through vasodilation, which leads to increased velocity, especially in epicardial and intramural arteries. The difference in velocity between the resting state and hyperemia (caused by the increased oxygen supply to the myocardium) allows estimation of the so-called CFR. The methods used to measure it, either through hemodynamic study or by obtaining coronary flow via ultrasound, are physical exercise or pharmacologically induced vasodilation (dipyridamole, adenosine, papaverine).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Absence of a specific preset</title>
				<p>Undoubtedly, the main limitation for the study of coronary flow is the absence of a specific preset. Some equipment already provides it by default. However, additional adjustments are often required. Since the coronary artery in the mid-distal third is a very subtle structure and the flow is of low velocity, in general, the following adjustments should be made to color and pulsed Doppler:</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup width="50%">
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Color Doppler</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Pulsed Doppler</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Frequency in the range of 2.5 to 2.9 MHz</td>
									<td align="center">Frequency in the range of 2.5 to 2.9 MHz</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PRF around 20 cm/s</td>
									<td align="center">Velocity scale around 50 cm/s</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High gain</td>
									<td align="center">Reduced low-velocity filter</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High persistence</td>
									<td align="center">Sample volume between 2 to 4 mm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High low-velocity filter</td>
									<td align="center">Low PRF deactivated</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>High frame rate</td>
									<td align="center">Side-by-side” layout</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sample volume about 1 mm</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Low tissue prioritization</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Although there are variations in these parameters among different devices, this is generally the conceptual approach. It is not mandatory to use a pediatric transducer, since current adult transducers operate across a wide frequency range. If available, the use of a higher-frequency transducer may facilitate coronary visualization.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Technique</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Left Anterior Descending artery in the mid-distal third</title>
					<p>The key point for visualizing the LAD is to identify the anterior interventricular groove. For this purpose, two approaches can be used:</p>
					<p>1. Modified short-axis view</p>
					<p>Starting from the parasternal short-axis view, approximately at the level of the papillary muscles, one should attempt to visualize the anterior interventricular groove, at the transition between the RV and LV, in the subepicardial region of the junction between the anteroseptal and anterior walls, where the mid portion of the LAD passes. Once the flow – predominantly diastolic—has been detected, the transducer can be slowly rotated clockwise to better align the ultrasound beam with the anterior interventricular groove, thereby allowing detection of larger segments of the artery.</p>
					<p>2. Modified parasternal long-axis view</p>
					<p>From the traditional parasternal long-axis view, the transducer is slid one or two intercostal spaces lower. Next, the ultrasound beam is angled anteriorly, pointing the transducer toward the patient’s left shoulder. This maneuver is crucial to remove part of the right ventricle from the image and expose the interventricular groove. If any portion of the right ventricle remains visible in this view, the transducer should be rotated clockwise until this chamber disappears. The resulting image will be a transitional view between the parasternal long-axis and the short-axis. The interventricular groove will then be exposed. Its location is quite superficial in the patient’s chest, which increases the success rate for visualizing the LAD compared with other coronary arteries.</p>
					<p>After this step, color Doppler should be activated. The LAD is visualized as a small tubular, pulsatile structure, with upward flow (red) and predominantly diastolic. If a circular structure with the same characteristics is identified, the transducer should be subtly rotated clockwise to open the vessel longitudinally (Video 1). It is extremely important, when studying coronary flow, to activate electrocardiographic monitoring.</p>
					<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m01.mp4">
						<label>Video 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Step-by-step visualization of the LAD. 1.Low parasternal view. 2. Direct the ultrasound beam toward the patient’s left shoulder. 3. Clockwise rotation to remove the RV from the image and identify the interventricular sulcus. 4. Color Doppler demonstrating a small vessel with diastolic flow. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
						<attrib>Fonte: consectetur adipiscing elit</attrib>
					</media>
					<p>It is often possible to perform a sweep of the LAD over a wide extension, both proximally and distally, which allows the study of flow at different points. It is not uncommon to find areas of aliasing on color Doppler, which may correspond to a stenotic segment.</p>
					<p>On pulsed Doppler, a biphasic flow is identified, with a predominant diastolic component and a trapezoidal appearance. Diastolic velocity is usually approximately twice the systolic velocity. Some authors, instead of evaluating only velocities, study the Velocity-Time Integral (VTI). From a practical standpoint, velocity analysis appears much simpler and faster, especially when used during stress echocardiography.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Posterior Descending Branch of the Right Coronary Artery</title>
			<p>The success rate for visualizing the Posterior Descending branch (PD) is between 60% and 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The view used is the modified apical two-chamber. From this plane, the transducer is rotated slightly counterclockwise and the ultrasound beam is directed posteriorly. This produces a transitional view between the two-chamber and three-chamber planes. Along the inferior wall, one should look for a pulsatile, diastolic, upward (red) flow. This flow can be visualized both at the basal level and more apically along the inferior wall. Therefore, it is important to carefully scan the wall in search of this vessel (Video 2). The pulsed Doppler characteristics are similar to those of the LAD, as previously described.</p>
			<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m02.mp4">
				<label>Video 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Step-by-step visualization of the PDA. 1. Standard two-chamber view. 2. Intermediate view between the two- and three-chamber views. 3. Posteriorly direct the ultrasound beam. 4. Color Doppler demonstrating a small vessel with diastolic flow in the inferior wall. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
					</title>
				</caption>
			</media>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Marginal Branch of the Circumflex Artery</title>
			<p>Among the three coronary arteries, this is technically the most difficult to study, with feasibility below 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The examination begins from the apical four-chamber view, rotating the transducer slightly clockwise to adequately expose the lateral wall. A practical tip is to keep the right ventricle widely open on the screen. Then, the ultrasound beam is directed posteriorly, as if studying the coronary sinus. The lateral wall should remain well exposed, even if the image appears out of plane (Video 3). It should be emphasized that these views are specific for studying the coronary arteries and not the left ventricle, which may initially seem unusual.</p>
			<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m03.mp4">
				<label>Video 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Step-by-step visualization of the Mg. 1. Standard four-chamber view. 2. Counterclockwise rotation to “open” the RV. 3. Posteriorly direct the ultrasound beam. 4. Color Doppler demonstrating small vessels with diastolic flow in the lateral wall. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4</ext-link>
					</title>
				</caption>
			</media>
			<p>Color Doppler will demonstrate one or more small vessels in the lateral wall, pulsatile, upward (red), and diastolic. Again, it is important to highlight that the study should always be performed with electrocardiographic monitoring. The pulsed Doppler characteristics are similar to those of the other coronary arteries, as previously described.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Pitfalls</title>
			<p>During coronary flow assessment, some structures may mimic the LAD. A vessel commonly found in a similar topographic location is the internal thoracic artery. However, its Doppler flow pattern is distinct: predominantly systolic and with higher velocity. Small pericardial effusions may present with a flow resembling that seen on color Doppler; however, pulsed Doppler does not reveal the predominant diastolic pattern. In certain situations, a blue (downward) flow may be identified in the interventricular groove, in contrast to the usual red flow. This may indicate LAD occlusion with retrograde flow or the presence of a septal branch of the LAD itself. The PD flow may be confused with the inflow tract of the right ventricle. Nevertheless, the pulsed Doppler pattern is quite different from the characteristic coronary flow.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Clinical Applications</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Rest</title>
				<p>In general, the diastolic velocity of coronary flow is below 40 cm/s. Obviously, this velocity is influenced by several factors. Hyperkinesia, tachycardia, hypertension, and anemia, for example, may increase it even in the absence of stenosis. The systolic component usually does not exceed 60% of the diastolic velocity.</p>
				<p>According to a recent study by Cortigiani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in patients with chronic coronary syndromes and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, a resting coronary flow velocity in the LAD equal to or greater than 32 cm/s was independently associated with worse survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The combination of this resting velocity with a reduced CFR represented the scenario with the poorest prognosis.</p>
				<p>In coronary artery disease, the simple identification of a patent distal LAD flow in a patient with wall motion abnormalities in the same territory adds important clinical information. It is not uncommon to directly visualize points of turbulent, high-velocity flow on Doppler. Some authors suggest a cutoff above 80 cm/s, while others propose above 1 m/s, for the detection of significant obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The identification of a “velocity jump” is an interesting parameter that raises the possibility of significant LAD stenosis. This occurs when the diastolic velocity doubles in different regions of the vessel under study (for example, proximal vs. distal). In addition, an increase in the systolic component of coronary flow velocity is another relevant finding. A diastolic-to-systolic velocity ratio below 1.5 shows a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 85.7% for the diagnosis of coronary stenosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (Video 4).</p>
				<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m04.mp4">
					<label>Video 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Identification of pathological LAD flow at rest and velocity step-up. 1. Laminar flow in the mid-distal segment of the LAD. 2. PW Doppler recording showing a diastolic velocity of 30 cm/s and systolic velocity of 24 cm/s, with a ratio of 1.25 (suggestive of stenosis). 3. Turbulent LAD flow when scanning the vessel more proximally. 4. PW Doppler recording showing a velocity of 70 cm/s (2.3-fold increase). Coronary angiography revealed a significant lesion in the left main coronary artery and proximal LAD. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
				<p>The coronary flow pattern with rapid diastolic deceleration, often accompanied by reversed systolic flow, is a strong indicator of the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Its pathophysiology lies in damage to the coronary microcirculation, such as endothelial injury and distal embolization, which prevent adequate filling of the vascular bed, increase distal pressure, and accelerate flow deceleration. Studies have shown that the deceleration times significantly shorter in these patients (152 ± 109 ms) compared with those without the phenomenon (395 ± 128 ms), indicating severe impairment of myocardial perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Similarly, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary Doppler also reveals an atypical flow pattern, characterized by reduction, absence, or inversion of systolic flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). This similarity to the pattern observed in no-reflow is attributed to the abnormal increase in intramyocardial pressure during systole, which results in compression of the small intramural vessels and elevation of coronary resistance. In addition, the detection of flow in the septal communicating arteries represents another relevant pattern, being a common finding and particularly prevalent in apical and mixed morphologies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conferring significant auxiliary value in the differential diagnosis of conditions that may mimic apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Video 5).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>LAD flow in a patient with HCM. Inversion of the systolic component is observed</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m05.mp4">
					<label>Video 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Flow in apical communicating branches (blue) in a patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Coronary Flow Reserve</title>
			<p>The incorporation of multiple parameters, in addition to wall motion assessment, transforms stress echocardiography into a powerful and highly versatile clinical tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Beyond enhancing its diagnostic power, it also provides relevant and non-redundant prognostic information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Several publications have demonstrated the importance of CFR evaluation in different clinical scenarios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and the European Society of Cardiology has recommended its routine use since the 2008 stress echocardiography guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The addition of coronary flow assessment to stress echocardiography, after adequate training, does not significantly increase the examination time. Its interpretation takes only a few seconds and is based on the ratio between coronary velocity during stress and at rest. The discriminatory value of 2.0 separates normal from pathological. All stress modalities allow CFR evaluation. The success rate is highest in studies with vasodilators (above 90%), followed by dobutamine (around 80%) and bicycle exercise (about 70%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Methodology with vasodilatator</title>
			<p>After acquiring all the baseline images, the diastolic velocity of the distal LAD is recorded as far as possible. Without removing the transducer from the patient’s chest, and maintaining continuous visualization of the coronary artery at the same point and angle, dipyridamole is administered at a dose of 0.84 mg/kg over four minutes. The maximum velocity is then recorded up to one minute after the end of the infusion (fifth minute of the test). Under normal conditions, the LAD velocity doubles within a few minutes after the start of the test.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Methodology with dobutamine</title>
			<p>Unlike the dipyridamole protocol, in which the LAD is continuously monitored, in the dobutamine test the LAD velocity is measured at rest and again after an increment of 50 beats compared with baseline heart rate and/or when 75% of the predicted maximum heart rate is reached, which usually occurs during the high-dose stages of the drug.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>zMethodology with supine bicycle exercise</title>
			<p>The evaluation of CFR during exercise is more challenging. As workload increases, trunk movement and hyperventilation impair the acoustic window and make visualization of the LAD more difficult.</p>
			<p>For less experienced operators, we recommend a strategy similar to the dipyridamole protocol: locate the LAD at rest with color Doppler and ensure its continuous visualization in the imaging sector from the beginning of the test. This approach favors velocity measurement always at the same point and with the same angulation. However, the main limitation of this strategy is the loss of two-dimensional recordings at low workload, which are particularly useful in studies performed with a cycle ergometer.</p>
			<p>Another approach, technically more demanding, is to begin LAD monitoring during exercise immediately after acquiring two-dimensional images at low workload, ensuring that velocity is measured at the same point and with the same angulation used at rest (Video 6).</p>
			<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m06.mp4">
				<label>Video 6</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– LAD CFR during exercise. 1. Flow at rest. 2. Diastolic velocity of 36 cm/s. 3. Flow during exercise (75 W). 4. Diastolic velocity of 92 cm/s. CFR of 2.55 (normal &gt; 2). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4</ext-link>
					</title>
				</caption>
			</media>
			<p>In healthy individuals, coronary velocity doubles already in the early stages of exercise (up to 75 watts). The same concepts applied in the dobutamine protocol regarding heart rate are used for CFR evaluation if this doubling does not occur promptly.</p>
			<p>It is worth noting that, although CFR assessment in the LAD is the most commonly used, it can also be performed in the other coronary arteries; however, the success rate tends to be lower.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>Coronary flow assessment by echocardiography is no longer a utopia and has already become a reality capable of transforming echocardiography laboratories. At rest or under stress, with vasodilators or during exercise, the possibilities are broad and the information obtained is highly relevant. It is possible to detect significant coronary obstructions at rest and anticipate stress-echo results even before ischemia appears.</p>
			<p>Identifying higher risk in patients with normal segmental wall motion but reduced CFR has a direct clinical impact. Echocardiography, therefore, should not be regarded as a mere adjunct, but rather as the main player.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como Eu Faço a Avaliação do Fluxo Coronariano ao Ecocardiograma Transtorácico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2214-203X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Del Castillo</surname>
						<given-names>José Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8772-7954</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Shehadeh</surname>
						<given-names>Issam</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco, Recife, PE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Cardiovision, Esteio, RS – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Issam Shehadeh • ECODE. Rua Solidônio Leite, 200. CEP: 51111-130. Recife, PE – Brasil. E-mail: issam05@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A avaliação da reserva de fluxo coronariano constitui uma etapa extremamente importante da ecocardiografia de estresse, dentro e fora do contexto da doença arterial coronariana. Para alguns, é vista como um parâmetro impossível; para outros, é essencial. De todo modo, tudo começa com a adequada visualização das artérias coronárias em repouso. Neste artigo, abordaremos conceitos teórico-práticos para a incorporação do estudo do fluxo coronariano à rotina do ecocardiografista.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Doença da Artéria Coronariana</kwd>
				<kwd>Ultrassonografia Doppler</kwd>
				<kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Como Eu Faço a Avaliação do Fluxo Coronariano ao Ecocardiograma Transtorácico</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>O fluxo coronariano (Q) é regulado pela relação pressão de perfusão (P) e resistência oferecida pelas artérias extramurais (R1), arteríolas intramurais (R2) e compressão sobre as arteríolas subendocárdicas provocada pela contração ventricular sobre o sangue no interior do VE (R3). Como estas resistências são menores na diástole, o fluxo coronário é predominantemente diastólico para a coronária esquerda e balanceado para a coronária direita, onde a compressão subendocárdica é menor</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>O estudo do fluxo coronariano pela ecocardiografia ainda é considerado, por muitos autores, uma utopia. De maneira prática, aprendemos que a avaliação das coronárias se limita à visualização de seus óstios, muitas vezes apenas ao estudo transesofágico. No entanto, a identificação do fluxo da Artéria Descendente Anterior (ADA) em repouso, no terço médio distal, é possível em mais de 90% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A incorporação do estudo da Reserva do Fluxo Coronariano (RFC) ao ecocardiograma de estresse adiciona importantes informações, tanto do ponto de vista diagnóstico quanto prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Além disso, os padrões de fluxo coronariano, mesmo que em repouso, podem ser de grande auxílio no diagnóstico não só da Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC), mas também de outras doenças.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Fisiopatologia do fluxo coronariano</title>
					<p>O fluxo coronariano é bifásico, devido às mudanças de resistência que sofre o sistema vascular miocárdico durante o ciclo cardíaco. O fluxo coronariano (Q) é regulado pela relação entre a pressão de perfusão (P) e a resistência oferecida pelas artérias extramurais (R1), arteríolas intramurais (R2) e pela compressão sobre as arteríolas subendocárdicas, provocada pela contração ventricular sobre o sangue no interior do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE) (R3). Como essas resistências são menores na diástole, o fluxo coronariano é predominantemente diastólico para a coronária esquerda e balanceado para a coronária direita, onde a compressão subendocárdica é menor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
					<p>Assim, distinguem-se dois componentes no fluxo coronariano: o fluxo de capacitância, que depende da descompressão parietal do VE e da dilatação das arteríolas intramurais (tônus vascular) e o fluxo de condutância, dependente da resistência oferecida à passagem do sangue pelo sistema arteriolar-capilar (resistência vascular). Quanto mais complacente for o leito vascular, maior a aceleração do fluxo de condutância; e quanto menor a resistência oferecida à passagem do fluxo, mais rápida a desaceleração do componente de condutância (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f01002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Doppler transtorácico de fluxo coronário com padrão sísto-diastólico normal.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O fluxo coronariano fornece oxigênio ao miocárdio por demanda. Quando há aumento da demanda de O2, durante o exercício por exemplo, as coronárias aumentam o fluxo por vasodilatação, o que provoca aumento da velocidade, principalmente nas artérias epicárdicas e intramurais. A diferença de velocidade entre o estado de repouso e a hiperemia (provocada pelo aumento da oferta de O2 para o miocárdio) permite estimar a denominada RFC. Os métodos empregados para medi-la por meio do estudo hemodinâmico ou pela obtenção do fluxo de coronárias pela ultrassonografia, são o esforço físico ou a vasodilatação induzida por fármacos (dipiridamol, adenosina, papaverina).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ajuste de Preset específico</title>
					<p>Sem dúvida, a principal limitação para o estudo do fluxo coronariano é a ausência de um preset específico. Alguns equipamentos já o disponibilizam de fábrica. No entanto, muitas vezes, são necessários ajustes adicionais. Como a coronária no terço médio distal é uma estrutura muito sutil e o fluxo é de baixa velocidade, de maneira geral, devemos realizar os seguintes ajustes ao Doppler colorido e pulsátil:</p>
					<p>Embora existam variações nesses parâmetros entre aparelhos, de forma geral, essa é a abordagem conceitual. Não é obrigatório utilizar transdutor pediátrico, já que os transdutores adultos atuais trabalham com uma ampla faixa de frequência. Se disponível, pode ser que o emprego de um transdutor com frequência mais elevada facilite a visualização das coronárias.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Doppler Colorido</th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal">Doppler Pulsátil</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Frequência na faixa de 2,5 a 2,9 MHz</td>
										<td align="center">Frequência na faixa de 2,5 a 2,9 MHz</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>PRF de cerca de 20 cm/s</td>
										<td align="center">Escala velocidade de cerca de 50 cm/s</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Ganho elevado</td>
										<td align="center">Filtro de baixa velocidade reduzido</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Persistência elevada</td>
										<td align="center">Volume de amostra entre 2 a 4 mm</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Filtro de baixa velocidade elevado</td>
										<td align="center">Low PRF desativado</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Velocidade de quadros elevada</td>
										<td align="center">Layout “lado a lado”</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Volume de amostra de cerca de 1 mm</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Priorização de tecido baixa</td>
										<td align="center"> </td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Técnica</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Artéria descendente anterior no terço médio distal</title>
						<p>O ponto chave para visualizar a ADA é identificar o sulco interventricular anterior. Para isso, duas abordagens podem ser utilizadas:</p>
						<p>1. Eixo curto modificado</p>
						<p>A partir do corte paraesternal de eixo menor, aproximadamente ao nível dos músculos papilares, procura-se visualizar o sulco interventricular anterior, na transição entre o VD e o VE, na região subepicárdica da junção entre as paredes anterosseptal e anterior, onde passa a porção média da artéria descendente anterior. Uma vez detectado o fluxo, predominantemente diastólico, pode-se girar o transdutor lentamente em sentido horário para melhor alinhar o feixe ultrassônico com o sulco interventricular anterior e, assim, detectar segmentos maiores da artéria.</p>
						<p>2. Corte paraesternal longitudinal modificado</p>
						<p>A partir do corte paraesternal longitudinal tradicional, desliza-se o transdutor um ou dois espaços intercostais abaixo. Em seguida, anterioriza-se o feixe de ultrassom, direcionando o transdutor em direção ao ombro esquerdo do paciente. Essa manobra é crucial para retirar parte do ventrículo direito da imagem e expor o sulco interventricular. Caso ainda permaneça parte do ventrículo direito nesse corte, deve-se girar o transdutor no sentido horário até que essa cavidade desapareça. O corte obtido será uma imagem de transição entre o eixo longo paraesternal e o eixo curto. Assim, o sulco interventricular será exposto. Sua localização é bastante superficial no tórax do paciente, o que aumenta a taxa de sucesso na visualização da ADA em comparação com as demais coronárias.</p>
						<p>Após esse passo, deve-se ativar o Doppler colorido. A ADA é visualizada como uma pequena estrutura tubular, pulsátil, com fluxo ascendente (vermelho) e predominantemente diastólico. Caso se identifique uma estrutura circular com as mesmas características descritas anteriormente, deve-se girar sutilmente o transdutor no sentido horário, para abrir longitudinalmente o vaso (Video 1). É de extrema importância, ao estudar o fluxo coronariano, ativar a monitorização eletrocardiográfica.</p>
						<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m01-pt.mp4">
							<label>Video 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Passo a passo da visualização da ADA. 1 Corte paraesternal rebaixado. 2 Direcionar o feixe de US ao ombro esquerdo do paciente. 3 Giro horário para retirar o VD da imagem e identificar o sulco interventricular. 4 Doppler colorido evidenciando pequeno vaso com fluxo diastólico. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
						<p>Muitas vezes é possível realizar uma varredura da ADA em ampla extensão, tanto proximal quanto distal, o que permite estudar o fluxo em diferentes pontos. Não é incomum encontrar áreas com <italic>aliasing</italic> ao Doppler colorido, o que pode corresponder a um segmento estenótico.</p>
						<p>Ao Doppler pulsátil, identifica-se um fluxo bifásico, com componente diastólico predominante, de aspecto trapezoidal. A velocidade diastólica costuma ser aproximadamente o dobro da velocidade sistólica. Alguns autores, em vez de avaliar apenas as velocidades, estudam o integral de velocidade. Do ponto de vista prático, a análise das velocidades parece muito mais simples e rápida, especialmente quando utilizada durante a ecocardiografia de estresse.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Ramo descendente posterior da artéria coronária direita</title>
						<p>A taxa de sucesso de visualização do ramo Descendente Posterior (DP) é de entre 60 e 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O corte utilizado é o apical duas câmaras modificado. A partir desse plano, o transdutor deve ser girado ligeiramente no sentido anti-horário e o feixe de ultrassom direcionado posteriormente. Trata-se de um plano de transição entre os cortes de duas câmaras e três câmaras. Ao longo da parede inferior, deve-se procurar um fluxo pulsátil, diastólico e ascendente (vermelho). Esse fluxo pode ser identificado tanto no nível basal quanto em regiões mais apicais da parede inferior. Por isso, é importante realizar uma varredura cuidadosa da parede em busca desse vaso (Video 2). As características observadas ao Doppler pulsátil são semelhantes às da ADA, conforme descrito anteriormente.</p>
						<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m02-pt.mp4">
							<label>Video 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Passo a passo da visualização da DP. 1 Corte duas câmaras tradicional. 2 Corte intermediário entre duas e três câmaras. 3 Posteriorizar o feixe de ultrassom. 4 Doppler colorido evidenciando pequeno vaso com fluxo diastólico na parede inferior. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Ramo marginal da artéria circunflexa</title>
						<p>Dentre as três coronárias, esta é a tecnicamente mais difícil, com factibilidade inferior a 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Parte-se do corte apical quatro câmaras, girando o transdutor ligeiramente no sentido horário para expor bem a parede lateral. Uma dica prática é deixar o ventrículo direito bem aberto na tela. Logo após, posterioriza-se o feixe de ultrassom, como se fossemos estudar o seio coronário. A parede lateral deve ficar bem exposta, mesmo que a imagem fique fora de plano (Video 3). Ressalte-se aqui que esses cortes são específicos para estudar as coronárias e não o ventrículo esquerdo. Isso pode gerar um pouco de estranheza inicialmente.</p>
						<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m03-pt.mp4">
							<label>Video 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Passo a passo da visualização da Mg. 1 Corte quatro câmaras tradicional. 2 Giro anti-horário para “abrir” o VD. 3 Posteriorizar o feixe de ultrassom. 4 Doppler colorido evidenciando pequenos vasos com fluxo diastólico na parede lateral. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4</ext-link>
								</title>
							</caption>
						</media>
						<p>O Doppler colorido irá demonstrar um ou mais pequenos vasos na parede lateral, pulsátil, ascendente (vermelho) e diastólico. Novamente, destaca-se aqui a importância de realizar o estudo sempre com monitorização eletrocardiográfica. As características ao Doppler pulsátil são semelhantes às demais coronárias, como descritas anteriormente.</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Pitfalls</title>
						<p>Durante a avaliação do fluxo coronariano, podemos nos deparar com algumas estruturas que simulam a ADA. Um vaso comumente encontrado em topografia semelhante é a artéria torácica interna. No entanto, o padrão de fluxo ao Doppler é distinto: predominantemente sistólico e com maior velocidade. Pequenos derrames pericárdicos podem ter fluxo semelhante ao Doppler colorido; porém, ao estudo com o Doppler pulsátil não se identifica o padrão diastólico predominante. Em certas situações, um fluxo azul (descendente) pode ser identificado no sulco interventricular, em oposição ao vermelho habitual; isso pode indicar oclusão da ADA com fluxo retrógrado ou a identificação de um ramo septal da própria ADA. O fluxo da DP pode ser confundido com o fluxo da via de entrada do ventrículo direito. Entretanto, o fluxo ao Doppler pulsátil é bastante diferente do fluxo coronariano característico.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Aplicações clínicas</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Repouso</title>
					<p>Geralmente, a velocidade diastólica do fluxo coronariano é inferior a 40 cm/s. Obviamente que essa velocidade é influenciada por diversos fatores. Hiperdinamia, taquicardia, hipertensão e anemia, por exemplo, podem elevá-la mesmo na ausência de estenose. O componente sistólico não costuma exceder a 60% da velocidade de componente diastólico.</p>
					<p>De acordo com um recente estudo de Cortigiani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em pacientes com síndromes coronárias crônicas e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo preservada, uma velocidade do fluxo coronariano em repouso na ADA igual ou superior a 32 cm/s foi independentemente associada a uma pior sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A combinação dessa velocidade em repouso com uma RFC reduzida foi, inclusive, o cenário de pior prognóstico.</p>
					<p>Na doença arterial coronariana, a simples identificação de um fluxo prévio da ADA distal em um paciente com alteração de motilidade no mesmo território, adiciona uma importante informação do ponto de vista clínico. Não é infrequente a visualização direta de pontos com o fluxo turbulento e de alta velocidade ao Doppler. Alguns autores sugerem o ponto de corte acima de 80 cm/s, outros acima de 1 m/s, para detecção de obstrução significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A identificação de “salto de velocidade” é um interessante parâmetro que levanta a possibilidade de estenose importante da ADA. Isso ocorre quando a velocidade diastólica duplica em diferentes regiões do vaso estudado (por exemplo proximal x distal). Além disso, um incremento na velocidade do componente sistólico do fluxo coronariano é outro achado relevante. Uma relação da velocidade diastólica e sistólica inferior a 1,5 apresenta sensibilidade de 81,8% e especificidade de 85,7% para o diagnóstico de estenose coronária<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (Video 4).</p>
					<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m04-pt.mp4">
						<label>Video 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Identificação de fluxo patológico de ADA em repouso e salto de velocidade. 1 Fluxo laminar da ADA terço médio distal. 2 Registro de PW evidenciando relação de velocidade diastólica (30 cm/s) e sistólica (24 cm/s) de 1,25 (sugestivo de estenose). 3 Fluxo turbulento da ADA ao “escanear o vaso mais proximalmente”. 4 Registro de PW evidenciando velocidade de 70 cm/s (incremento de 2,3 vezes). Coronariografia evidenciou lesão importante de tronco e ADA proximal. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href=" http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4"> http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
					<p>O padrão de fluxo coronariano com rápida desaceleração diastólica, frequentemente acompanhado de fluxo sistólico reverso, é um forte indicador do fenômeno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea. Sua fisiopatologia reside em danos na microcirculação coronariana, como lesão endotelial e embolização distal, que impedem o preenchimento adequado do leito, elevando a pressão distal e acelerando a desaceleração do fluxo. Estudos demonstram que o tempo de desaceleração é significativamente menor nesses pacientes (152 ± 109 ms) em comparação com aqueles sem o fenômeno (395 ± 128 ms), indicando grave comprometimento da perfusão miocárdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
					<p>De forma similar, em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertrófica, o Doppler coronário também evidencia um padrão atípico de fluxo, marcado pela redução, ausência ou inversão do fluxo sistólico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). Essa semelhança com o padrão observado no <italic>no-reflow</italic> é atribuída ao aumento anormal da pressão intramiocárdica durante a sístole, que resulta na compressão dos pequenos vasos intramurais e na elevação da resistência coronária. Além disso, a detecção do fluxo nas artérias comunicantes septais representa outro padrão relevante, sendo um achado comum e particularmente prevalente nas morfologias apical e mista,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conferindo-lhe um valor auxiliar significativo no diagnóstico diferencial de condições que podem mimetizar a cardiomiopatia hipertrófica apical (Video 5).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fluxo de ADA em paciente com MCH. Observa-se inversão do componente sistólico .</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m05-pt.mp4">
						<label>Video 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Fluxo de ramos comunicantes apicais (azul) em paciente com miocardiopatia hipertrófica apical. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4"> http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4</ext-link>
							</title>
						</caption>
					</media>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Reserva de fluxo coronariano</title>
				<p>A incorporação de múltiplos parâmetros, além da avaliação da motilidade parietal, na ecocardiografia de estresse transforma esse método em uma ferramenta clínica poderosa e extremamente versátil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Além de ampliar seu poder diagnóstico, também acrescenta informações prognósticas relevantes e não redundantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Diversas publicações demonstram a importância da avaliação da RFC em diferentes cenários clínicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomenda seu uso rotineiro desde a diretriz de ecocardiografia de estresse de 2008.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A adição da avaliação do fluxo coronariano ao ecocardiograma de estresse, após treinamento adequado, não aumenta significativamente o tempo de execução do exame. Sua interpretação leva poucos segundos e é baseada na relação entre a velocidade da coronária ao estresse e em repouso. O valor discriminatório de 2,0 separa o normal do patológico. Todas as modalidades de estresse permitem a avaliação da RFC. A taxa de sucesso é maior nos estudos com vasodilatador (acima de 90%), seguida da dobutamina (por volta de 80%) e do exercício em bicicleta (cerca de 70%).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Metodologia com vasodilatador</title>
				<p>Após realizar a captura de todas as imagens necessárias para a linha de base, registra-se a velocidade diastólica da ADA o mais distal possível. Sem retirar o transdutor do tórax do paciente, mantendo a visualização da coronária continuamente no mesmo ponto e na mesma angulação, inicia-se a administração de dipiridamol na dose de 0,84 mg/Kg em quatro minutos. Registra-se, então a velocidade máxima obtida até um minuto após o término da infusão (quinto minuto de exame). Em situações normais, a velocidade da ADA duplica poucos minutos após o início da prova.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Metodologia com dobutamina</title>
				<p>Diferentemente do protocolo com dipiridamol, no qual a ADA é monitorizada continuamente, no teste com dobutamina a velocidade da ADA é aferida em repouso e, novamente, após um incremento de 50 batimentos em relação à frequência cardíaca basal e/ou quando se atinge 75% da frequência cardíaca máxima prevista, o que geralmente ocorre nas etapas de altas doses do fármaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Metodologia com exercício em bicicleta supina</title>
				<p>A avaliação da RFC durante o exercício é mais desafiadora. À medida que a carga aumenta, a movimentação do tronco e a hiperventilação prejudicam a janela acústica e dificultam a visualização da ADA.</p>
				<p>Para operadores menos experientes, recomendamos uma estratégia análoga ao protocolo com dipiridamol: localizar a ADA em repouso no Doppler colorido e assegurar sua visualização contínua no setor de imagem desde o início do exame. Essa abordagem favorece a mensuração da velocidade sempre no mesmo ponto e com a mesma angulação. No entanto, a principal limitação dessa abordagem é a perda dos registros do exame bidimensional em baixa carga de esforço, particularmente úteis em estudos realizados no cicloergômetro.</p>
				<p>Outro enfoque, mais difícil do ponto de vista técnico, é iniciar a monitorização da ADA durante o esforço imediatamente após a aquisição das imagens bidimensionais em carga baixa, garantindo que a velocidade seja mensurada no mesmo ponto e com a mesma angulação utilizados em repouso (Video 6).</p>
				<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-m06-pt.mp4">
					<label>Video 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– RFC de ADA ao exercício. 1 Fluxo em repouso. 2 Velocidade diastólica de 36 cm/s. 3 Fluxo ao esforço (75W). 4 Velocidade diastólica de 92 cm/s. RFC de 2,55 (normal acima de 2). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4</ext-link>
						</title>
					</caption>
				</media>
				<p>Em indivíduos normais, a velocidade da coronária duplica já nas etapas iniciais do exercício (até 75 watts). Utilizam-se os mesmos conceitos aplicados ao protocolo com dobutamina em relação à frequência cardíaca para avaliação da RFC, caso essa duplicação não ocorra rapidamente.</p>
				<p>Vale destacar que, embora a avaliação da RFC na ADA seja a mais utilizada, ela também pode ser realizada nas demais coronárias; contudo, a taxa de sucesso tende a ser menor.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A avaliação do fluxo coronariano por ecocardiografia deixou de ser uma utopia e já se consolidou como uma realidade capaz de transformar os laboratórios de ecocardiografia. Em repouso ou sob estresse, com vasodilatadores ou durante o exercício, as possibilidades são amplas e as informações obtidas, altamente relevantes. É possível detectar obstruções coronarianas significativas em repouso e antecipar os resultados do ecoestresse antes mesmo do surgimento de isquemia. Identificar maior risco em pacientes com motilidade segmentar normal, mas com RFC reduzida, tem impacto clínico direto. A ecocardiografia, portanto, não deve ser tratada como um mero coadjuvante, mas sim como protagonista.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p> Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p> Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>