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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250086i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research and statistical analysis</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1375-785X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Junqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8178-6671</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Drubi</surname>
						<given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3613-5790</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
						<given-names>Priscila</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3676-5502</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Laila Caroline</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Filgueiras</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Henrique Correia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>illustration</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1465-2339</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guedes</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo André Sales Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Marco André Moraes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-8399</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>illustration</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macêdo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Thê</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital São Rafael</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Alexandre Costa Souza • Hospital São Rafael. Avenida São Rafael. Postal code: 41253-190. Salvador, BA – Brazil. E-mail: alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>ab
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250086</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Identifying atrial etiology in patients with mitral regurgitation remains challenging because the diagnosis is often established by exclusion. The use of a multivariable model may enhance diagnostic accuracy in the context of atrial functional mitral regurgitation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> To develop and validate a multivariable logistic regression model based on clinical and echocardiographic characteristics to predict atrial functional mitral regurgitation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> This cross-sectional study included patients with significant mitral regurgitation diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography. The dataset was randomly divided into a training set (70%) and a validation set (30%). Statistical analyses were performed using a significance level of 5%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> A total of 203 patients were included. The median age was 79 years in the atrial group and 72 years in the non-atrial group (p = 0.0022). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated good discriminative performance, with an area under the curve of 0.896 (95% CI, 0.845-0.947) in the training set. In the validation set, the model achieved an area under the curve of 0.946 (95% CI, 0.89-1.00), which indicates high predictive accuracy. Model calibration assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (chi-square test = 5.197; df = 8; p = 0.736) demonstrated good agreement between predicted and observed outcomes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> A multivariable model was derived and validated as a useful tool for predicting atrial etiology in patients with mitral regurgitation, potentially reducing diagnostic variability in clinical practice.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Statistical Models</kwd>
				<kwd>Logistic Models</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="20"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf05.tif"/>
						<attrib>Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. MR: mitral regurgitation; AF: atrial fibrillation; AFMR: atrial functional mitral regurgitation; AUC: area under the curve; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NPV: negative predictive value; PPV: positive predictive value</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most prevalent valvular heart diseases in clinical practice and is associated with substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atrial functional MR (AFMR) initially arises from mitral annular dilation secondary to atrial remodeling; however, recent evidence suggests the involvement of multiple mechanisms, including alterations in atrial compliance and changes in the geometry of valvular apparatus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Large echocardiographic registries estimate that AFMR accounts for approximately 40% of cases of moderate to severe functional MR. Early identification of AFMR facilitates the maintenance of sinus rhythm and the timely implementation of interventions, such as catheter ablation, which may attenuate disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In contrast to ventricular functional MR (VFMR), which is primarily associated with left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction, AFMR is characterized by isolated atrial remodeling with preserved left ventricular systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>AFMR is marked by left atrial dysfunction resulting from elevated intracavitary pressure, leading to dilation of the left atrium and the mitral annulus, alterations in leaflet concavity (the so-called “saddle-shaped” configuration), and planar leaflet coaptation. Posterior displacement of the mitral annulus toward the ventricular inflow tract further contributes to the regurgitant mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These findings reflect atrial remodeling and dynamic changes of the mitral annulus, commonly observed in clinical settings such as atrial fibrillation (AF) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Despite these characteristic features, the diagnosis of AFMR is frequently established by exclusion, owing to its overlap with other forms of functional MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this context, the development of more structured diagnostic criteria may enhance etiological classification and improve clinical risk stratification in patients with AFMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The severity of AFMR has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including increased mortality, heart failure-related hospitalizations, and the need for valvular interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Patients with AFMR often present with more pronounced symptoms, greater structural remodeling of the left-sided cardiac chambers, and concomitant tricuspid regurgitation, underscoring the increased clinical complexity of this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The current study aimed to develop a multivariable logistic regression model that integrates clinical and echocardiographic variables in order to distinguish AFMR from other causes of MR. Internal validation of the model was performed using an independent dataset from the initial derivation cohort, thereby enhancing methodological rigor and offering the potential to reduce diagnostic variability in clinical practice.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Study design and population</title>
				<p>This was a prospective, single-center, observational study conducted between October 2022 and January 2025. The study population consisted of 203 consecutive patients with moderate or severe MR who underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) at a tertiary care hospital in Brazil. Patients were included consecutively and by convenience, reflecting routine clinical practice, and were referred for TEE based on clinical indications for reassessment of MR severity or clarification of its etiology.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Patient selection</title>
				<p>Eligible participants were adults (≥ 18 years) with a clinical indication for TEE as determined by the attending cardiologists, either in outpatient or inpatient settings, for diagnostic evaluation of MR. Patients with a mitral valve prosthesis or those whose MR severity was reclassified as mild on TEE were excluded from the study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
				<p>All patients underwent comprehensive two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography followed by TEE using a Vivid E95 ultrasound system equipped with a phased-array transducer (M5S) (General Electric, Horten, Norway).</p>
				<p>MR severity was quantified in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, using vena contracta width, regurgitant volume, and effective regurgitant orifice area as objective diagnostic criteria. Qualitative assessment included the proportion of left atrial area occupied by the regurgitant jet and the presence of Coandă effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Etiological classification of MR was independently performed by two experienced echocardiographers based on updated diagnostic criteria for AFMR. AFMR was defined by the presence of moderate or severe left atrial enlargement (&gt; 42 mL/m²), mitral annular dilation (&gt; 35 mm in the parasternal long-axis view or ≥ 36 mm in the apical four-chamber view during systole on transthoracic echocardiography), and the exclusion of diagnostic criteria for alternative MR etiologies.</p>
				<p>Other causes of MR were defined according to established guidelines specific to each etiology, including mitral valve prolapse, chordal rupture, calcific degeneration, mitral cleft, and VFMR. Patients were classified into two main groups: atrial and non-atrial etiology.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Statistical analysis</title>
				<p>Statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.4.2) within the RStudio environment, using appropriate packages for predictive modeling and model performance assessment. Categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies (%), while continuous variables are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR), as none demonstrated normal distribution. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
				<p>Comparisons between the atrial and non-atrial groups were conducted according to variable type. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate based on expected cell frequencies. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. A two-sided significance level of 5% (α = 0.05) was adopted for all analyses.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Predictive model development</title>
				<p>A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed using the presence of AFMR as the dependent variable. Independent variables were selected based on clinical relevance, absence of significant collinearity, and statistical performance in univariable analyses.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Collinearity assessment</title>
				<p>To ensure model stability, collinearity among continuous variables was assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF). VIF values &lt; 5 were considered indicative of low collinearity and acceptable for inclusion. Values between 5 and 10 were classified as moderate collinearity and required clinical judgment for retention or exclusion, whereas values &gt; 10 indicated severe collinearity and led to variable removal. This process was conducted iteratively to retain only variables with the greatest clinical and statistical relevance.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Model derivation and validation</title>
				<p>To robustly assess predictive performance, the dataset was randomly divided into two independent subsets: 70% of patients were allocated to the training set (n = 143), and the remaining 30% to the test (validation) set (n = 60). The split preserved the proportion of AFMR cases and ensured balanced representation across both datasets.</p>
				<p>Model discrimination was evaluated separately in the training and validation samples using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) and corresponding 95% CIs.</p>
				<p>In addition to AUC, diagnostic performance metrics including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were assessed across different cutoff points to optimize predictive accuracy.</p>
				<p>Model calibration was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, assessing agreement between predicted and observed probabilities. Calibration performance was further examined through graphical calibration curves, allowing visualization of the alignment between model predictions and observed outcomes.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>A total of 203 patients were included in the study, of whom 45 (22.2%) were classified as having AFMR. The cohort was divided into a training set comprising 143 patients (70%) and a test set comprising 60 patients (30%), preserving the proportion of AFMR cases. In the training cohort, 32 patients (22.4%) had AFMR; in the test cohort, 13 patients (21.7%) had AFMR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
			<p>Baseline demographic characteristics in the training cohort demonstrated a median age of 78 years (IQR, 72-84) in the atrial group and 70 years (IQR, 60-78) in the non-atrial group. Male sex was observed in 43.75% of patients in the atrial group and 63.06% in the non-atrial group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0799) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the atrial and non-atrial groups in the training sample</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial (n = 32)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Non-atrial (n = 111)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">14 (43.8)</td>
								<td align="center">70 (63.1)</td>
								<td align="center">0.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Previous CAD, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (25.0)</td>
								<td align="center">41 (36.9)</td>
								<td align="center">0.30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PCI, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">6 (18.8)</td>
								<td align="center">20 (18.0)</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 0.99</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Previous MR, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.1)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (9.9)</td>
								<td align="center">0.30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">5 (15.6)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (15.3)</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 0.99</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">10 (31.3)</td>
								<td align="center">44 (39.6)</td>
								<td align="center">0.51</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">27 (84.4)</td>
								<td align="center">67 (60.4)</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">26 (81.3)</td>
								<td align="center">63 (56.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Use of beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (53.1)</td>
								<td align="center">61 (54.9)</td>
								<td align="center">&gt; 0.99</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Use of antiarrhythmic drugs, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">12 (37.5)</td>
								<td align="center">29 (26.1)</td>
								<td align="center">0.30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CKD, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (25.0)</td>
								<td align="center">19 (17.1)</td>
								<td align="center">0.45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>AF, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">23 (71.9)</td>
								<td align="center">49 (44.1)</td>
								<td align="center">0.01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Use of anticoagulant, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">22 (68.8)</td>
								<td align="center">47 (42.3)</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pacemaker, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">4 (12.5)</td>
								<td align="center">17 (15.3)</td>
								<td align="center">0.73</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tricuspid regurgitation, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">13 (40.6)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (30.6)</td>
								<td align="center">0.40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CKD treated by dialysis, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">1 (3.1)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (9.9)</td>
								<td align="center">0.30</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Values with p &lt; 0.05 indicate statistically significant differences. AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; MR: mitral regurgitation; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>To ensure model stability and interpretability, a systematic collinearity analysis was performed using VIF to identify and exclude redundant variables. Variables with VIF &gt; 5 were removed to minimize linear dependencies and improve coefficient stability in the logistic regression model. Among anthropometric variables, height and body surface area (BSA) exhibited strong correlation; therefore, BSA was excluded due to its lower incremental informational value. Similarly, the linear mitral annular diameter was excluded in favor of the mitral annular diameter indexed to BSA, which demonstrated lower collinearity and greater clinical applicability (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Continuous characteristics of the atrial and non-atrial groups in the training sample</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial median (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Non-atrial median (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age, years</td>
								<td align="center">78.0 (72.0-84.0)</td>
								<td align="center">70.0 (60.0-78.0)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>HR, bpm</td>
								<td align="center">92.0 (74.0-118.0)</td>
								<td align="center">79.0 (69.0-90.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.015</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Weight, kg</td>
								<td align="center">70.0 (60.0-80.0)</td>
								<td align="center">72.5 (63.0-82.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.410</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>BSA, m²</td>
								<td align="center">1.8 (1.64-1.85)</td>
								<td align="center">1.8 (1.65-1.99)</td>
								<td align="center">0.110</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LA diameter, mm</td>
								<td align="center">46.0 (44.0-49.0)</td>
								<td align="center">45.0 (41.0-49.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.049</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Indexed LA volume, mL/m²</td>
								<td align="center">62.0 (51.0-78.0)</td>
								<td align="center">53.5 (45.0-68.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF, %</td>
								<td align="center">61.0 (56.0-64.0)</td>
								<td align="center">48.0 (30.0-64.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>E/E’ ratio</td>
								<td align="center">16.0 (13.9-18.0)</td>
								<td align="center">17.0 (10.0-21.8)</td>
								<td align="center">0.950</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>TAPSE, mm</td>
								<td align="center">19.0 (18.0-20.0)</td>
								<td align="center">19.0 (18.0-21.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.650</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Right ventricular S’, cm/s</td>
								<td align="center">11.0 (10.0-11.0)</td>
								<td align="center">11.0 (9.5-12.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.830</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PASP, mmHg</td>
								<td align="center">44.0 (40.0-50.0)</td>
								<td align="center">40.0 (33.5-51.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.110</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Intercommissural mitral annular diameter, mm</td>
								<td align="center">36.0 (34.0-40.0)</td>
								<td align="center">34.0 (31.0-36.0)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Indexed mitral annular diameter, mm/m²</td>
								<td align="center">21.2 (20.2-22.4)</td>
								<td align="center">18.3 (17.0-20.1)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Values with p &lt; 0.05 indicate statistically significant differences. BSA: body surface area; HR: heart rate; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>After successive iterations of collinearity assessment, six variables were retained for inclusion in the predictive model: three clinical variables (age, hypertension, and AF) and three echocardiographic variables (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], indexed left atrial volume, and mitral annular diameter indexed to BSA). All retained variables demonstrated VIF values &lt; 2, indicating negligible collinearity. The most statistically significant predictor was indexed mitral annular diameter <inline-formula id="ii1">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>4.81</mml:mn>
							<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
							<mml:msup>
								<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msup>
							<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:math>
				</inline-formula>, followed by age (p = 0.0022) and LVEF (p = 0.0067), underscoring their relevance for etiological differentiation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables included in the diagnostic predictive model for atrial functional mitral regurgitation</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">Non-atrial</th>
								<th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Age, years</td>
								<td align="center">78.0 (72.0-84.0)</td>
								<td align="center">70.0 (60.0-78.0)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">27 (84.4)</td>
								<td align="center">67 (60.4)</td>
								<td align="center">0.020</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>AF, n (%)</td>
								<td align="center">23 (71.9)</td>
								<td align="center">49 (44.1)</td>
								<td align="center">0.010</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Indexed mitral annular diameter, mm/m²</td>
								<td align="center">21.2 (20.2-22.4)</td>
								<td align="center">18.3 (17.0-20.1)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LVEF, %</td>
								<td align="center">61.0 (56.0-64.0)</td>
								<td align="center">48.0 (30.0-64.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Indexed LA volume, mL/m²</td>
								<td align="center">62.0 (51.0-78.0)</td>
								<td align="center">53.5 (45.0-68.0)</td>
								<td align="center">0.004</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Values with p &lt; 0.05 indicate statistically significant associations, according to the applied test. AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The selection of these predictors was guided by both clinical relevance and statistical significance, ensuring robustness and accuracy of the predictive model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). This parsimonious set of variables supports improved discrimination of AFMR and may contribute to reduced diagnostic variability and enhanced clinical decision-making.</p>
			<p>In the training cohort, the ROC curve analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.896 (95% CI, 0.845-0.947), which indicates good discriminative performance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. Model calibration assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test yielded χ² = 5.197, with 8 degrees of freedom (p = 0.736), which indicates good agreement between predicted and observed outcomes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Discriminative performance of the atrial etiology predictive model.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf01.tif"/>
					<attrib>AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Calibration curve of the atrial predictive model.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>To compare predictive performance across different variable combinations, ROC curves were constructed for three distinct models: a clinical model (clinical variables only), a structural model (echocardiographic variables only), and a complete model (combined clinical and echocardiographic variables). Corresponding AUC values were 0.7974 (95% CI, 0.7264-0.8685), 0.7922 (95% CI, 0.7214-0.8630), and 0.8961 (95% CI, 0.8454-0.9468), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Comparison of ROC curves for clinical, echocardiographic, and combined models.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf03.tif"/>
					<attrib>AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In the test cohort, the ROC curve analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.946 (95% CI, 0.8899-1.0000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). At the selected cutoff point, the model achieved a sensitivity of 97.9%, specificity of 46.2%, PPV of 86.8%, and NPV of 85.7%.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– ROC curve of the atrial predictive model in the test set.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf04.tif"/>
					<attrib>AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Mitral annular diameter is widely used in the evaluation of AFMR; however, its diagnostic specificity is limited in the setting of advanced atrial remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Previous studies have demonstrated modest discriminative performance of this isolated parameter, prompting the development of multiparametric approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In the current study, we developed a multivariable logistic regression model integrating clinical and echocardiographic variables, which demonstrated high discriminative performance consistently confirmed by statistical testing. The structured combination of readily available variables overcomes the limitations of isolated echocardiographic parameters and improves etiological classification of AFMR.</p>
			<p>Multiparametric models combining clinical and echocardiographic data have shown value in different contexts of MR. A notable example is the MIDA score, derived from the Mitral Regurgitation International Database, which integrates clinical and imaging variables for prognostic stratification in degenerative MR and has demonstrated consistent performance across multiple internal and external cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Although the MIDA score was designed for prognostic assessment in primary mitral disease, the present model focuses on improving diagnostic performance for differentiating AFMR. By incorporating routinely available variables (e.g., age, cardiac rhythm, LVEF, and indexed mitral annular diameter), the proposed model addresses a clinically relevant gap for which no dedicated diagnostic tool currently exists, as highlighted in recent research on AFMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Thus, the multiparametric principle appears applicable to both prognostic and diagnostic purposes when appropriately tailored to the clinical context.</p>
			<p>Recent population-based studies further emphasize the importance of early recognition of AFMR. In the National Echocardiography Database Australia (NEDA) cohort, which included more than 5,500 patients with moderate to severe AFMR, atrial etiology accounted for approximately 40% of cases and was associated with slightly lower but still substantial mortality compared with VFMR, with a 5-year mortality rate approaching 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Complementarily, a longitudinal analysis of 635 individuals with mild to moderate AFMR demonstrated that, even in the absence of overt hemodynamic progression, this entity confers an annual mortality risk of 5.9% and is associated with diastolic dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In this context, real-time differentiation of AFMR from other forms of MR remains challenging. The proposed score incorporates variables validated in large registries such as NEDA and can be calculated during echocardiographic assessment, thereby standardizing etiological classification and facilitating early referral to electrophysiology or heart team evaluation, particularly in centers lacking advanced three-dimensional imaging or with variable expertise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As a screening tool, the model may assist in identifying AFMR and guiding clinical decisions, including consideration of rhythm control strategies such as catheter ablation or optimization of therapy for HFpEF, with potential implications for follow-up and clinical outcomes.</p>
			<p>Internal consistency was assessed using a hold-out validation approach, reserving 30% of the sample for independent testing. This strategy allows evaluation of predictive performance in data not used for model derivation, thereby reducing the risk of overfitting and supporting internal generalizability. Nevertheless, reliance on a single cohort limits assessment of coefficient stability and may underestimate variability across different populations. Additional validation in external cohorts will be required to confirm reliability and expand the clinical applicability of the model.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Study limitations</title>
				<p>This study did not incorporate serum biomarkers (e.g., N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), atrial strain measurements, electrocardiographic parameters, or three-dimensional quantification of mitral annulus. These additional domains may provide incremental information regarding atrial remodeling and hemodynamic burden, potentially enhancing the discriminative performance of the algorithm. Future studies should evaluate the impact of these markers on diagnostic accuracy and model reproducibility across different clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, international guidelines recommend integrating additional variables in the assessment of valvular regurgitation, which underscores their relevance to clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>While several multicenter studies have compared AFMR exclusively with VFMR, the present analysis used all non-atrial etiologies, including primary MR, as the reference group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This approach was based on two practical considerations: the limited number of isolated VFMR cases, which would have compromised statistical power in both training and test phases, and the intention to evaluate model performance in a real-world scenario characterized by heterogeneous clinical, anatomical, and functional presentations of MR. We acknowledge that such heterogeneity may attenuate the model’s ability to distinguish subtle differences between functional subtypes, thereby limiting specific pathophysiological inferences.</p>
				<p>From a methodological standpoint, given the number of observed events (45 cases of AFMR) and the number of predictors included in the final model (six variables), the events-per-variable ratio lies at the lower boundary of conventional recommendations for logistic regression, potentially increasing the risk of overfitting. This risk was mitigated through parsimonious selection of predictors with strong clinical and echocardiographic plausibility, as well as systematic collinearity assessment. Additionally, the high AUC observed in the test sample (0.946) should be interpreted with caution since it was derived from a limited number of events in that subset (n = 13), which increases uncertainty and the possibility of performance overestimation. Accordingly, these findings should be regarded as exploratory and require confirmation in independent external cohorts.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>The derivation and validation of a multivariable model for predicting AFMR may be clinically useful. Because of the limitations of isolated mitral annular measurements for diagnostic purposes, the integration of echocardiographic and clinical parameters within a unified model demonstrated potential to reduce diagnostic variability, which enables earlier detection and timely interventions that may improve the prognosis and management of patients with AFMR.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kitai</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kaji</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
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							<surname>Pak</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Toyota</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sasaki</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ehara</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Outcomes and Predictors of Cardiac Events in Medically Treated Patients with Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
					<source>Int J Cardiol</source>
					<year>2020</year>
					<volume>316</volume>
					<fpage>195</fpage>
					<lpage>202</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.042</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
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							<surname>Okada</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
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							<surname>Moriuchi</surname>
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						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Amano</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Takahama</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>Prognostic Comparison of Atrial and Ventricular Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
					<source>Open Heart</source>
					<year>2021</year>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
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				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Alexandre Costa Souza, from Instituto Dor de ensino e pesquisa (I’Dor-RJ).</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital São Rafael under the protocol number 5722007. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250086</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Desenvolvimento e Validação de um Modelo Preditivo para Insuficiência Mitral Funcional Atrial</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise estatística</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1375-785X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Junqueira</surname>
						<given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-9762</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Drubi</surname>
						<given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3613-5790</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pinheiro</surname>
						<given-names>Priscila</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3676-5502</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Laila Caroline</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Filgueiras</surname>
						<given-names>Pedro Henrique Correia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1465-2339</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Guedes</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo André Sales Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sales</surname>
						<given-names>Marco André Moraes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-8399</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carvalho</surname>
						<given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>ilustração</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Macêdo</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Thê</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3002">
				<label>3</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Alexandre Costa Souza • Hospital São Rafael. Avenida São Rafael. CEP: 41253-190. Salvador, BA – Brasil. E-mail: alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A identificação da etiologia atrial em pacientes com insuficiência mitral permanece desafiadora, uma vez que o diagnóstico é frequentemente estabelecido por exclusão. O uso de um modelo multivariável pode aumentar a acurácia diagnóstica no contexto da insuficiência mitral funcional atrial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Desenvolver e validar um modelo de regressão logística multivariável, baseado em características clínicas e ecocardiográficas, para predizer a insuficiência mitral funcional atrial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Este estudo transversal incluiu pacientes com insuficiência mitral significativa diagnosticada por ecocardiografia transesofágica. O conjunto de dados foi dividido aleatoriamente em um conjunto de treinamento (70%) e um conjunto de validação (30%). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Um total de 203 pacientes foi incluído. A mediana de idade foi de 79 anos no grupo atrial e de 72 anos no grupo não atrial (p = 0,0022). A análise da curva característica de operação do receptor demonstrou bom desempenho discriminativo, com área sob a curva de 0,896 (IC 95%, 0,845-0,947) no conjunto de treinamento. No conjunto de validação, o modelo alcançou uma área sob a curva de 0,946 (IC 95%, 0,89-1,00), indicando alta acurácia preditiva. A calibração do modelo, avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (teste qui-quadrado = 5,197; gl = 8; p = 0,736), demonstrou boa concordância entre os desfechos previstos e observados.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> Um modelo multivariável foi derivado e validado como uma ferramenta útil para predizer a etiologia atrial em pacientes com insuficiência mitral, com potencial para reduzir a variabilidade diagnóstica na prática clínica.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Insuficiência da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Modelos Estatísticos</kwd>
				<kwd>Modelos Logísticos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f05002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Desenvolvimento e Validação de um Modelo Preditivo para Insuficiência Mitral Funcional Atrial</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Desenvolvimento e Validação de um Modelo Preditivo para Insuficiência Mitral Funcional Atrial. AUC: área sob a curva; FA: fibrilação atrial; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; IM: insuficiência mitral; IMFA: IM funcional atrial; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A insuficiência mitral (IM) é uma das valvopatias mais prevalentes na prática clínica e está associada a morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares substanciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A IM funcional atrial (IMFA) surge inicialmente a partir da dilatação do anel mitral secundária ao remodelamento atrial; entretanto, evidências recentes sugerem o envolvimento de múltiplos mecanismos, incluindo alterações da complacência atrial e mudanças na geometria do aparato valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Grandes registros ecocardiográficos estimam que a IMFA represente aproximadamente 40% dos casos de IM funcional moderada a importante. A identificação precoce da IMFA facilita a manutenção do ritmo sinusal e a implementação oportuna de intervenções, como a ablação por cateter, que podem atenuar a progressão da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em contraste com a insuficiência mitral funcional ventricular (IMFV), que está principalmente associada à dilatação do ventrículo esquerdo e à disfunção sistólica, a IMFA é caracterizada por remodelamento atrial isolado, com preservação da função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A IMFA é marcada por disfunção do átrio esquerdo decorrente do aumento da pressão intracavitária, levando à dilatação do átrio esquerdo e do anel mitral, a alterações na concavidade dos folhetos (configuração em “sela”) e à coaptação folhetar plana. O deslocamento posterior do anel mitral em direção à via de entrada ventricular contribui adicionalmente para o mecanismo regurgitante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses achados refletem o remodelamento atrial e as alterações dinâmicas do anel mitral, comumente observados em cenários clínicos como fibrilação atrial (FA) ou insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP). Apesar dessas características, o diagnóstico da IMFA é frequentemente estabelecido por exclusão, devido à sobreposição com outras formas de IM funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos mais estruturados pode aprimorar a classificação etiológica e melhorar a estratificação de risco clínico em pacientes com IMFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A gravidade da IMFA tem sido associada a desfechos clínicos adversos, incluindo aumento da mortalidade, hospitalizações relacionadas à insuficiência cardíaca e necessidade de intervenções valvares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pacientes com IM de etiologia atrial frequentemente apresentam sintomas mais pronunciados, maior remodelamento estrutural das câmaras cardíacas esquerdas e insuficiência tricúspide concomitante, ressaltando a maior complexidade clínica dessa população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de regressão logística multivariável que integre variáveis clínicas e ecocardiográficas para distinguir a IMFA de outras causas de IM. A validação interna do modelo foi realizada utilizando um conjunto de dados independente da coorte inicial de derivação, aumentando o rigor metodológico e oferecendo o potencial de reduzir a variabilidade diagnóstica na prática clínica.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Desenho de estudo e população</title>
					<p>Este foi um estudo prospectivo, observacional e unicêntrico, conduzido entre outubro de 2022 e janeiro de 2025. A população do estudo consistiu em 203 pacientes consecutivos com IM moderada ou importante que foram submetidos à ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) em um hospital terciário no Brasil. Os pacientes foram incluídos de forma consecutiva e por conveniência, refletindo a prática clínica de rotina, e foram encaminhados para ETE com base em indicações clínicas para reavaliação da gravidade da IM ou esclarecimento de sua etiologia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Seleção de pacientes</title>
					<p>Os participantes elegíveis foram adultos (≥ 18 anos) com indicação clínica para ETE, conforme determinado pelos cardiologistas assistentes, em regime ambulatorial ou hospitalar, para avaliação diagnóstica da IM. Pacientes portadores de prótese valvar mitral ou aqueles cuja gravidade da IM foi reclassificada como leve na ETE foram excluídos do estudo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação ecocardiográfica</title>
					<p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtorácica bidimensional completa, seguida de ETE, utilizando um sistema de ultrassonografia Vivid E95 equipado com transdutor de matriz faseada (M5S) (General Electric, Horten, Noruega).</p>
					<p>A gravidade da IM foi quantificada de acordo com as recomendações da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, utilizando a largura da vena contracta, o volume regurgitante e a área efetiva do orifício regurgitante como critérios diagnósticos objetivos. A avaliação qualitativa incluiu a proporção da área do átrio esquerdo ocupada pelo jato regurgitante e a presença do efeito Coandă.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A classificação etiológica da IM foi realizada de forma independente por dois ecocardiografistas experientes, com base em critérios diagnósticos atualizados para IMFA. A IMFA foi definida pela presença de dilatação moderada ou importante do átrio esquerdo (&gt; 42 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), dilatação do anel mitral (&gt; 35 mm na janela paraesternal longitudinal ou ≥ 36 mm na janela apical de quatro câmaras durante a sístole na ecocardiografia transtorácica) e exclusão de critérios diagnósticos para outras etiologias de IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Outras causas de IM foram definidas de acordo com diretrizes estabelecidas específicas para cada etiologia, incluindo prolapso da valva mitral, ruptura de cordoalhas, degeneração calcífica, fenda mitral e IMFV. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos principais: etiologia atrial e não atrial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise estatística</title>
					<p>As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R (versão 4.4.2), no ambiente RStudio, com o uso de pacotes apropriados para modelagem preditiva e avaliação do desempenho do modelo. As variáveis categóricas são apresentadas como frequências absolutas e relativas (%), enquanto as variáveis contínuas são expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), uma vez que nenhuma apresentou distribuição normal. A normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
					<p>As comparações entre os grupos atrial e não atrial foram realizadas de acordo com o tipo de variável. As variáveis categóricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado com base nas frequências esperadas das células. As variáveis contínuas foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi adotado um nível de significância bicaudal de 5% (α = 0,05) para todas as análises.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desenvolvimento do modelo preditivo</title>
					<p>Um modelo de regressão logística multivariável foi construído utilizando a presença de IMFA como variável dependente. As variáveis independentes foram selecionadas com base na relevância clínica, ausência de colinearidade significativa e desempenho estatístico nas análises univariadas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação de colinearidade</title>
					<p>Para garantir a estabilidade do modelo, a colinearidade entre variáveis contínuas foi avaliada por meio do fator de inflação da variância (FIV). Valores de FIV &lt; 5 foram considerados indicativos de baixa colinearidade e aceitáveis para inclusão. Valores entre 5 e 10 foram classificados como colinearidade moderada e exigiram julgamento clínico para manutenção ou exclusão, enquanto valores &gt; 10 indicaram colinearidade grave e levaram à remoção da variável. Esse processo foi conduzido de forma iterativa, de modo a reter apenas as variáveis com maior relevância clínica e estatística.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Derivação e validação do modelo</title>
					<p>Para avaliar de forma robusta o desempenho preditivo, o conjunto de dados foi dividido aleatoriamente em dois subconjuntos independentes: 70% dos pacientes foram alocados ao conjunto de treinamento (n = 143) e os 30% restantes ao conjunto de teste (validação) (n = 60). A divisão preservou a proporção de casos de IMFA e garantiu representação equilibrada em ambos os conjuntos de dados.</p>
					<p>A discriminação do modelo foi avaliada separadamente nas amostras de treinamento e validação por meio da análise da curva característica de operação do receptor (do inglês ROC), com cálculo da área sob a curva (do inglês AUC) e respectivos ICs de 95%.</p>
					<p>Além da AUC, métricas de desempenho diagnóstico, incluindo sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN), foram avaliadas em diferentes pontos de corte para otimizar a acurácia preditiva.</p>
					<p>A calibração do modelo foi avaliada pelo teste de bondade de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, examinando a concordância entre as probabilidades previstas e observadas. O desempenho de calibração também foi analisado por meio de curvas gráficas de calibração, permitindo a visualização do alinhamento entre as predições do modelo e os desfechos observados.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Um total de 203 pacientes foi incluído no estudo, dos quais 45 (22,2%) foram classificados como portadores de IMFA. A coorte foi dividida em um conjunto de treinamento composto por 143 pacientes (70%) e um conjunto de teste composto por 60 pacientes (30%), preservando a proporção de casos de IMFA. Na coorte de treinamento, 32 pacientes (22,4%) apresentavam IMFA; na coorte de teste, 13 pacientes (21,7%) tinham a doença (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
				<p>As características demográficas basais na coorte de treinamento demonstraram idade mediana de 78 anos (IIQ, 72-84) no grupo atrial e de 70 anos (IIQ, 60-78) no grupo não atrial. O sexo masculino foi observado em 43,75% dos pacientes do grupo atrial e em 63,06% do grupo não atrial, embora essa diferença não tenha alcançado significância estatística (p = 0,0799) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características clínicas e demográficas dos grupos atrial e não atrial na amostra de treinamento</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variável</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial (n = 32)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Não atrial (n = 111)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">14 (43,8)</td>
									<td align="center">70 (63,1)</td>
									<td align="center">0,08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DAC prévia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (25,0)</td>
									<td align="center">41 (36,9)</td>
									<td align="center">0,30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ICP, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">6 (18,8)</td>
									<td align="center">20 (18,0)</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 0,99</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IM prévia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,1)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (9,9)</td>
									<td align="center">0,30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AVC prévio, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">5 (15,6)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (15,3)</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 0,99</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">10 (31,3)</td>
									<td align="center">44 (39,6)</td>
									<td align="center">0,51</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAS, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">27 (84,4)</td>
									<td align="center">67 (60,4)</td>
									<td align="center">0,02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">26 (81,3)</td>
									<td align="center">63 (56,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Uso de betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (53,1)</td>
									<td align="center">61 (54,9)</td>
									<td align="center">&gt; 0,99</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Uso de antiarrítmicos, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">12 (37,5)</td>
									<td align="center">29 (26,1)</td>
									<td align="center">0,30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DRC, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (25,0)</td>
									<td align="center">19 (17,1)</td>
									<td align="center">0,45</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FA, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (71,9)</td>
									<td align="center">49 (44,1)</td>
									<td align="center">0,01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Uso de anticoagulantes, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22 (68,8)</td>
									<td align="center">47 (42,3)</td>
									<td align="center">0,15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Marcapasso, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">4 (12,5)</td>
									<td align="center">17 (15,3)</td>
									<td align="center">0,73</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Insuficiência tricúspide, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">13 (40,6)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (30,6)</td>
									<td align="center">0,40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DRC dependente de diálise, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1 (3,1)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (9,9)</td>
									<td align="center">0,30</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>Valores com p &lt; 0,05 indicam diferenças estatisticamente significativas. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; DRC: doença renal crônica; FA: fibrilação atrial; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica; IM: insuficiência mitral; ICP: intervenção coronariana percutânea.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Para garantir a estabilidade e a interpretabilidade do modelo, foi realizada uma análise sistemática de colinearidade utilizando FIV, com o objetivo de identificar e excluir variáveis redundantes. Variáveis com FIV &gt; 5 foram removidas para minimizar dependências lineares e melhorar a estabilidade dos coeficientes no modelo de regressão logística. Entre as variáveis antropométricas, altura e área de superfície corporal (ASC) apresentaram forte correlação; assim, a ASC foi excluída devido ao seu menor valor informacional incremental. De forma semelhante, o diâmetro linear do anel mitral foi excluído em favor do diâmetro do anel mitral indexado à ASC, que apresentou menor colinearidade e maior aplicabilidade clínica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características contínuas dos grupos atrial e não atrial na amostra de treinamento</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variável</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana atrial (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana não atrial (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade, anos</td>
									<td align="center">78,0 (72,0-84,0)</td>
									<td align="center">70,0 (60,0-78,0)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FC, bpm</td>
									<td align="center">92,0 (74,0-118,0)</td>
									<td align="center">79,0 (69,0-90,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,015</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Peso, kg</td>
									<td align="center">70,0 (60,0-80,0)</td>
									<td align="center">72,5 (63,0-82,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,410</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ASC, m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">1,8 (1,64-1,85)</td>
									<td align="center">1,8 (1,65-1,99)</td>
									<td align="center">0,110</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diâmetro do AE, mm</td>
									<td align="center">46,0 (44,0-49,0)</td>
									<td align="center">45,0 (41,0-49,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,049</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Volume do AE indexado, ml/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">62,0 (51,0-78,0)</td>
									<td align="center">53,5 (45,0-68,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE, %</td>
									<td align="center">61,0 (56,0-64,0)</td>
									<td align="center">48,0 (30,0-64,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Relação E/E’</td>
									<td align="center">16,0 (13,9-18,0)</td>
									<td align="center">17,0 (10,0-21,8)</td>
									<td align="center">0,950</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TAPSE, mm</td>
									<td align="center">19,0 (18,0-20,0)</td>
									<td align="center">19,0 (18,0-21,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,650</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>S’ do ventrículo direito, cm/s</td>
									<td align="center">11,0 (10,0-11,0)</td>
									<td align="center">11,0 (9,5-12,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,830</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PASP, mmHg</td>
									<td align="center">44,0 (40,0-50,0)</td>
									<td align="center">40,0 (33,5-51,0)</td>
									<td align="center">0,110</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diâmetro intercomissural do anel mitral, mm</td>
									<td align="center">36,0 (34,0-40,0)</td>
									<td align="center">34,0 (31,0-36,0)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diâmetro do anel mitral indexado, mm/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">21,2 (20,2-22,4)</td>
									<td align="center">18,3 (17,0-20,1)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>Valores com p &lt; 0,05 indicam diferenças estatisticamente significativas. AE: átrio esquerdo; ASC: área de superfície corporal; FC: frequência cardíaca; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; PSAP: pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar; TAPSE: excursão sistólica do plano do anel tricúspide.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Após iterações sucessivas da avaliação de colinearidade, seis variáveis foram mantidas para inclusão no modelo preditivo: três variáveis clínicas (idade, hipertensão arterial e fibrilação atrial [FA]) e três variáveis ecocardiográficas (FEVE, volume do átrio esquerdo indexado e diâmetro do anel mitral indexado à ASC). Todas as variáveis retidas apresentaram valores de FIV &lt; 2, indicando colinearidade desprezível. O preditor estatisticamente mais significativo foi o diâmetro do anel mitral indexado <inline-formula id="ii2">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>p</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>4,81</mml:mn>
								<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
								<mml:msup>
									<mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msup>
								<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</inline-formula> , seguido pela idade (p = 0,0022) e pela FEVE (p = 0,0067), destacando sua relevância para a diferenciação etiológica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Variáveis incluídas no modelo preditivo diagnóstico para insuficiência mitral funcional atrial</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variável</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Não atrial</th>
									<th style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Idade, anos</td>
									<td align="center">78.0 (72.0-84.0)</td>
									<td align="center">70.0 (60.0-78.0)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HAS, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">27 (84.4)</td>
									<td align="center">67 (60.4)</td>
									<td align="center">0.020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FA, n (%)</td>
									<td align="center">23 (71.9)</td>
									<td align="center">49 (44.1)</td>
									<td align="center">0.010</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Diâmetro do anel mitral indexado, mm/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">21.2 (20.2-22.4)</td>
									<td align="center">18.3 (17.0-20.1)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>FEVE, %</td>
									<td align="center">61.0 (56.0-64.0)</td>
									<td align="center">48.0 (30.0-64.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Volume do AE indexado, ml/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">62.0 (51.0-78.0)</td>
									<td align="center">53.5 (45.0-68.0)</td>
									<td align="center">0.004</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>Valores com p &lt; 0,05 indicam associações estatisticamente significativas, de acordo com o teste aplicado. AE: átrio esquerdo; FA: fibrilação atrial; FEVE: fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo; HAS: hipertensão arterial sistêmica.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A seleção desses preditores foi guiada tanto pela relevância clínica quanto pela significância estatística, assegurando a robustez e a acurácia do modelo preditivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>). Esse conjunto parcimonioso de variáveis sustenta uma melhor discriminação da IMFA e pode contribuir para a redução da variabilidade diagnóstica e o aprimoramento da tomada de decisão clínica.</p>
				<p>Na coorte de treinamento, a análise da curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC) demonstrou uma AUC de 0,896 (IC 95%, 0,845-0,947), indicando bom desempenho discriminativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). A calibração do modelo, avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, resultou em χ<sup>2</sup> = 5,197, com 8 graus de liberdade (p = 0,736), demonstrando boa concordância entre os desfechos previstos e observados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Desempenho discriminativo do modelo preditivo de etiologia atrial.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AUC: área sob a curva; ROC: característica de operação do receptor</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Curva de calibração do modelo preditivo de etiologia atrial.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Para comparar o desempenho preditivo entre diferentes combinações de variáveis, curvas ROC foram construídas para três modelos distintos: um modelo clínico (apenas variáveis clínicas), um modelo estrutural (apenas variáveis ecocardiográficas) e um modelo completo (combinação de variáveis clínicas e ecocardiográficas). Os valores correspondentes de AUC foram 0,7974 (IC 95%, 0,7264-0,8685), 0,7922 (IC 95%, 0,7214-0,8630) e 0,8961 (IC 95%, 0,8454-0,9468), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Comparação das curvas ROC dos modelos clínico, ecocardiográfico e combinado.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AUC: área sob a curva; ROC: característica de operação do receptor</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Na coorte de teste, a análise da curva ROC demonstrou uma AUC de 0,946 (IC 95%, 0,8899-1,0000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>). No ponto de corte selecionado, o modelo alcançou sensibilidade de 97,9%, especificidade de 46,2%, VPP de 86,8% e VPN de 85,7%.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Curva ROC do modelo preditivo de etiologia atrial no conjunto de teste.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>AUC: área sob a curva; ROC: característica de operação do receptor</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O diâmetro do anel mitral é amplamente utilizado na avaliação da IMFA; entretanto, sua especificidade diagnóstica é limitada no contexto de remodelamento atrial avançado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudos prévios demonstraram desempenho discriminativo modesto desse parâmetro isolado, o que motivou o desenvolvimento de abordagens multiparamétricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No presente estudo, desenvolvemos um modelo de regressão logística multivariável que integra variáveis clínicas e ecocardiográficas, o qual demonstrou alto desempenho discriminativo, consistentemente confirmado por testes estatísticos. A combinação estruturada de variáveis prontamente disponíveis supera as limitações de parâmetros ecocardiográficos isolados e aprimora a classificação etiológica da IMFA.</p>
				<p>Modelos multiparamétricos que combinam dados clínicos e ecocardiográficos têm demonstrado valor em diferentes contextos da IM. Um exemplo notável é o escore MIDA, derivado do <italic>Mitral Regurgitation International Database</italic>, que integra variáveis clínicas e de imagem para estratificação prognóstica na IM degenerativa e apresentou desempenho consistente em múltiplas coortes internas e externas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Embora o escore MIDA tenha sido desenvolvido para avaliação prognóstica na doença mitral primária, o presente modelo tem como foco o aprimoramento do desempenho diagnóstico na diferenciação da IMFA. Ao incorporar variáveis rotineiramente disponíveis (por exemplo, idade, ritmo cardíaco, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo [FEVE] e diâmetro do anel mitral indexado), o modelo proposto aborda uma lacuna clinicamente relevante para a qual não existe, até o momento, uma ferramenta diagnóstica dedicada, conforme destacado em pesquisas recentes sobre IMFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Assim, o princípio multiparamétrico mostra-se aplicável tanto a propósitos prognósticos quanto diagnósticos, quando adequadamente adaptado ao contexto clínico.</p>
				<p>Estudos populacionais recentes reforçam a importância do reconhecimento precoce da IMFA. Na coorte do <italic>National Echocardiography Database Australia</italic> (NEDA), que incluiu mais de 5.500 pacientes com IMFA moderada a importante, a etiologia atrial foi responsável por aproximadamente 40% dos casos e esteve associada a mortalidade ligeiramente menor, porém ainda substancial, em comparação com a IMFV, com taxa de mortalidade em 5 anos próxima de 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> De forma complementar, uma análise longitudinal de 635 indivíduos com IMFA leve a moderada demonstrou que, mesmo na ausência de progressão hemodinâmica evidente, essa entidade confere risco anual de mortalidade de 5,9% e está associada à disfunção diastólica e à hipertensão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nesse contexto, a diferenciação em tempo real da IMFA em relação a outras formas de IM permanece desafiadora. O escore proposto incorpora variáveis validadas em grandes registros, como o NEDA, e pode ser calculado durante a avaliação ecocardiográfica, padronizando a classificação etiológica e facilitando o encaminhamento precoce para avaliação pela eletrofisiologia ou por <italic>heart team</italic>, particularmente em centros sem acesso a imagem tridimensional avançada ou com expertise variável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Como ferramenta de triagem, o modelo pode auxiliar na identificação da IMFA e orientar decisões clínicas, incluindo a consideração de estratégias de controle do ritmo, como a ablação por cateter, ou a otimização do tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada, com potenciais implicações para o seguimento e os desfechos clínicos.</p>
				<p>A consistência interna foi avaliada por meio de uma estratégia de validação do tipo <italic>hold-out</italic>, reservando-se 30% da amostra para teste independente. Essa abordagem permite avaliar o desempenho preditivo em dados não utilizados na derivação do modelo, reduzindo o risco de sobreajuste e sustentando a generalização interna. Entretanto, a dependência de uma única coorte limita a avaliação da estabilidade dos coeficientes e pode subestimar a variabilidade entre diferentes populações. Validações adicionais em coortes externas serão necessárias para confirmar a confiabilidade e ampliar a aplicabilidade clínica do modelo.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>4.1 Limitações do estudo</title>
					<p>Este estudo não incorporou biomarcadores séricos (por exemplo, peptídeo natriurético tipo B N-terminal), medidas de <italic>strain</italic> atrial, parâmetros eletrocardiográficos ou quantificação tridimensional do anel mitral. Esses domínios adicionais podem fornecer informações incrementais sobre o remodelamento atrial e a carga hemodinâmica, com potencial para aprimorar o desempenho discriminativo do algoritmo. Estudos futuros devem avaliar o impacto desses marcadores na acurácia diagnóstica e na reprodutibilidade do modelo em diferentes cenários clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ademais, diretrizes internacionais recomendam a integração de variáveis adicionais na avaliação da regurgitação valvar, o que reforça sua relevância para a prática clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Embora diversos estudos multicêntricos tenham comparado a IMFA exclusivamente com a IMFV, a presente análise utilizou todas as etiologias não atriais, incluindo a insuficiência mitral primária, como grupo de referência.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Essa abordagem baseou-se em duas considerações práticas: o número limitado de casos isolados de IMFV, que comprometeria o poder estatístico nas fases de treinamento e teste, e a intenção de avaliar o desempenho do modelo em um cenário de mundo real, caracterizado por apresentações clínicas, anatômicas e funcionais heterogêneas da IM. Reconhecemos que tal heterogeneidade pode atenuar a capacidade do modelo de distinguir diferenças sutis entre subtipos funcionais, limitando inferências fisiopatológicas específicas.</p>
					<p>Do ponto de vista metodológico, considerando o número de eventos observados (45 casos de IMFA) e o número de preditores incluídos no modelo final (seis variáveis), a razão eventos-por-variável situa-se no limite inferior das recomendações convencionais para regressão logística, o que pode aumentar o risco de sobreajuste. Esse risco foi mitigado por meio da seleção parcimoniosa de preditores com forte plausibilidade clínica e ecocardiográfica, bem como por avaliação sistemática de colinearidade. Além disso, a elevada AUC observada na amostra de teste (0,946) deve ser interpretada com cautela, uma vez que foi derivada de um número limitado de eventos nesse subconjunto (n = 13), o que aumenta a incerteza e a possibilidade de superestimação do desempenho. Dessa forma, esses achados devem ser considerados exploratórios e requerem confirmação em coortes externas independentes.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>A derivação e validação de um modelo multivariável para predição de IMFA pode ser clinicamente útil. Diante das limitações das medidas isoladas do anel mitral para fins diagnósticos, a integração de parâmetros ecocardiográficos e clínicos em um modelo unificado demonstrou potencial para reduzir a variabilidade diagnóstica, permitindo detecção mais precoce e intervenções oportunas que podem melhorar o prognóstico e o manejo de pacientes com IMFA.</p>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Este artigo é parte de tese de Doutorado de Alexandre Costa Souza pela Instituto Dor de ensino e pesquisa (I’Dor-RJ)</p>
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				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital São Rafael sob o número de protocolo 5722007. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
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					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p> Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
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					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p> Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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