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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250082i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Diagnostic Performance Of Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography In Differentiating Cardiac Masses: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6276-5447</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pedrosa</surname>
						<given-names>João Guilherme G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6639-7381</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Felizardo José Leandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8495-0362</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Lacerda</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3004-9791</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Stropp</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Ramos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-9276-0915</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Giordano Persuhn Rolim de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tavares</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1416-6939</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pontes</surname>
						<given-names>Sadrak Lyon Dantas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<role>central illustration</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Felix</surname>
						<given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UFPB</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">João Pessoa</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">UFPB, João Pessoa, PB – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">National Institute of Cardiology</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> João Guilherme G. Pedrosa UFPB. Campus I Lot. Postal Code: 58051-900. Cidade Universitaria, PB – Brazil E-mail: <email>joao.guilherme3@academico.ufpb.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p> Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>39</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250082</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>9</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Conventional echocardiography often struggles to differentiate intracardiac masses, particularly in patients with poor acoustic windows. Contrast-enhanced Echocardiography (CEE) overcomes this limitation by visualizing perfusion patterns — distinguishing avascular thrombi from vascularized tumors. We aimed to synthesize existing evidence to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CEE.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objectives</title>
					<p> To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CEE for differentiating cardiac masses in adults, using histopathology as reference and reporting AUC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> Systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were performed on August 10, 2025. Studies meeting PICOTT criteria were included; extracted data included sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and 2×2 tables. Pooled estimates were obtained using standard bivariate and SROC models for diagnostic meta-analysis. Statistical significance set at P &lt; 0.05.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Five prospective cohort studies (total n = 381 patients) were included. For tumor vs non-tumor, pooled sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 100% (95% CI 99.5–100%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; heterogeneity P = 0.985), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) = 3,890.65, AUC = 0.989. For malignant vs benign tumors, pooled sensitivity = 94.3% (95% CI 88.5–97.3%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0.681), specificity = 96.1% (95% CI 91.5–98.2%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0.970), DOR = 341.71, SROC AUC = 0.976.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> CEE showed very high diagnostic accuracy in the available prospective series. However, the small number of studies and limited sample sizes warrant cautious interpretation; larger prospective multicenter studies with standardized CEE protocols are needed to confirm these results.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiac Neoplasms</kwd>
				<kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
				<kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="24"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="15"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diagnostic Performance Of Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography In Differentiating Cardiac Masses: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Intracardiac masses represent a diagnostic challenge due to their diverse etiologies, including thrombi, benign tumors (such as myxomas), and malignant lesions, all with significantly different prognoses and treatment strategies. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains the initial and most accessible imaging modality in clinical practice, offering real-time assessment of morphology and hemodynamic effects. However, its diagnostic yield is often limited in patients with poor acoustic windows or atypical mass locations, which may lead to underdetection or misclassification of masses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) imaging can improve visualization but still falls short in reliable tissue characterization, especially when compared with cardiac MRI or CT, which provide richer tissue contrast and spatial resolution but are more resource-intensive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Contrast-enhanced Echocardiography (CEE) has emerged as a compelling adjunct to overcome these limitations. By enhancing perfusion imaging, CEE can differentiate avascular thrombi, mildly perfused benign tumors, and hypervascular malignant lesions based on distinct vascular patterns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> For instance, the use of ultrasound-enhancing agents can vividly illustrate a mass’s perfusion characteristics (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). This technique can reveal details such as peripheral contrast uptake with a necrotic core in a cardiac paraganglioma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>) and enables quantitative analysis that differentiates perfused from non-perfused components (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Examples of the use of an ultrasound-enhancing agent for the evaluation of mass perfusion.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f03">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Peripheral contrast uptake in a large mass inside the left atrium, without central uptake (necrosis) in a cardiac paraganglioma.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f04">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Subcostal view. Cardiac paraganglioma. Quantitative analysis of the mass perfusion with an ultrasound-enhancing agent (contrast) - in yellow, the peripheral perfusion of the mass; in red, perfusion of the liver tissue for comparison; in blue, the absence of perfusion in the (necrotic) center of the mass.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Initial prospective data have shown that CEE correctly identifies cardiac mass types in 90%– 97% of cases, even with trainee observers, highlighting its potential for routine clinical use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nonetheless, the current evidence base is characterized by small-scale studies, retrospective designs, and case reports, raising concern about generalizability and robustness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The primary objective of this meta-analysis is to establish the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and overall diagnostic accuracy of CEE in distinguishing cardiac tumors from non-tumorous masses. The secondary objective is to evaluate its performance in differentiating malignant from benign tumors. Ultimately, this study seeks to provide evidence to guide clinical decision-making and highlight priorities for future, large-scale prospective research.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Protocol and Registration</title>
				<p>This systematic review and meta-analysis were developed strictly adhering to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (PRISMA 2020) statement, its extension for diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA), and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The study protocol was submitted to the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (PROSPERO) under the registration number CRD420251142676.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study Design</title>
				<p>Diagnostic accuracy studies with a prospective or retrospective design were included. No time restrictions were applied, including articles from the earliest available date in the databases. Reviews, editorials, case reports, and case series with fewer than ten participants were excluded.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Eligibility Criteria</title>
				<p>Studies were selected based on eligibility criteria defined by the PICOS framework. The eligible population (P) consisted of adult patients with suspected cardiac masses who underwent CEE. The results of the CEE were compared with the reference standard for a definitive diagnosis (Comparator), which was primarily based on histopathological analysis. However, diagnoses confirmed by other robust imaging modalities (e.g., Cardiac Magnetic Resonance) or by unequivocal therapeutic response (e.g., resolution of a thrombus after anticoagulation therapy) were also considered. The primary outcomes (O) of interest were diagnostic accuracy measures, including Area Under the Curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Target Conditions</title>
				<p>The target conditions for this review were the different subtypes of intracardiac masses. The primary condition to be identified was a cardiac tumor (benign or malignant), rather than an intracardiac thrombus.</p>
				<p>Additionally, within the spectrum of tumors, a second target was to differentiate benign tumors (e.g., myxoma, fibroma) from malignant tumors (primary, such as sarcomas, or metastatic). The accuracy analyses were organized into subgroups to assess the test’s performance for each of these key clinical distinctions.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Index Test</title>
				<p>The index test was defined as CEE, performed to characterize a previously identified or suspected cardiac mass. CEE was considered any echocardiogram that involved the intravenous administration of a microbubble contrast agent to assess the vascularity and perfusion of the mass. The index test result was not simply dichotomous (positive/negative), but rather a classification of the mass based on its perfusion patterns, with findings compared with the reference standard obtained at approximately the same time.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Information Sources and Search Strategy</title>
				<p>A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The search was completed on August 10, 2025.</p>
				<p>The initial search identified 473 articles (123 in PubMed, 234 in Embase, 8 in the Cochrane Library, and 108 in Web of Science) before removing duplicates. Additionally, the reference lists of included studies were manually searched to identify potentially eligible articles not captured in the initial search.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Study Selection and Data Extraction</title>
				<p>The selection process was managed using the Rayyan software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Two independent reviewers (JP and AN) screened titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text assessment. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or through adjudication by a third reviewer. Data were extracted using a standardized form, which included study characteristics, population details, intervention specifics, and raw data for the 2x2 contingency table.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Risk of Bias Assessment</title>
				<p>The methodological quality and risk of bias of each included study were independently assessed by two reviewers using the QUADAS-2 tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data Synthesis and Analysis</title>
				<p>The accuracy data were synthesized through a meta-analysis using a bivariate random-effects model. From this model, summary estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sensitivity and specificity were generated; the Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (SROC) curve was constructed, and the diagnostic odds ratio was calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I<sup>2</sup> statistics, with P &lt; 0.05 from Cochran’s Q test or I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50% considered indicative of substantial heterogeneity. Statistical significance set at P &lt; 0.05. Forest plots were used to illustrate individual and pooled effect sizes. Meta-analyses were performed in RStudio (RStudio 2025.09.0+387) for Windows using the “meta” and “mada” packages for data synthesis and visualization.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Results of the Search</title>
				<p>The initial search yielded 473 results. After removing duplicate records and ineligible studies, 13 remained and were fully reviewed against the inclusion criteria. Of these, 5 studies were included. The process is detailed in the PRISMA flow diagram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– PRISMA flow diagram of study screening and selection.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The number of participants ranged from 32 to 236; all were adults. The studies varied in design, including prospective observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective approaches, and were conducted across both single and multicenter settings.</p>
				<p>All studies employed Contrast-enhanced Echocardiography (CEE) using SonoVue (Bracco, Switzerland) as the contrast agent. The echocardiographic systems used included Philips iE33, in three studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>, and GE Vivid 7 Dimension, in one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>, with transducers and imaging protocols tailored to each study’s objectives. One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> did not report the system used in echocardiography.</p>
				<p>Quantitative parameters assessed across studies included mass area, peak intensity ratios (e.g., A1/A2, A1/A3), contrast enhancement intensity (A), replenishment rate (β or k), and perfusion ratios between cardiac masses and adjacent myocardium. Qualitative assessments encompassed echogenicity, contour, base morphology, mobility, perfusion characteristics, and presence of pericardial or pleural effusion.</p>
				<p>The proportion of male participants ranged from 36.5% to 63.0%, and most studies focused on adult patients presenting with suspected cardiac masses after Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE). One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> included patients undergoing surgical treatment for cardiac masses, while another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> targeted patients referred for myocardial contrast echocardiography.</p>
				<p>Exclusion criteria were consistent across studies and were severe cardiac or systemic conditions (e.g., NYHA class IV heart failure, arrhythmias, hepatic or renal dysfunction), allergies to contrast agents or blood products, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Some studies also excluded patients lost to follow-up or managed conservatively. Other important characteristics of the studies included in this review are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Characteristics of the included studies.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Study</th>
									<th>Control diagnosis</th>
									<th>N</th>
									<th>Age</th>
									<th>Female</th>
									<th>Pseudomass</th>
									<th>Thrombi</th>
									<th>Malignant tumor</th>
									<th>Benign tumor</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Wang, 2024</td>
									<td align="center">Confirmed by CMR, TEE, CT, surgery, or biopsy, depending on mass type</td>
									<td align="center">145</td>
									<td align="center">59.4 years (IQR: 51.2–63.9)</td>
									<td align="center">55 (38.0%)</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">43</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">66</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Li, 2022</td>
									<td align="center">Confirmed by CMR, TEE, CT, surgery, or biopsy, depending on mass type</td>
									<td align="center">108</td>
									<td align="center">61.5 years (IQR: 52.0–67.5)</td>
									<td align="center">40 (37.0%)</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">36</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Xia, 2017</td>
									<td align="center">Surgical pathology or biopsy (WHO 2015 classification)</td>
									<td align="center">236</td>
									<td align="center">49.5 years (range: 0.5 to 83)</td>
									<td align="center">150 (63.55%)</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">196</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Zhou, 2020</td>
									<td align="center">NR</td>
									<td align="center">32</td>
									<td align="center">NR</td>
									<td align="center">NR</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tang, 2015</td>
									<td align="center">Surgical pathology or resolution after anticoagulation</td>
									<td align="center">72</td>
									<td align="center">50 ± 15 years (range: 12–85)</td>
									<td align="center">30 (40%)</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Every study adopted a 5% statistical significance level.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>We found no publication bias by visually analyzing the funnel plot (Figure S1), a linear regression for the asymmetry of the funnel plot was made by the Deek’s test, which was not statistically significant (Bias = -3.940, SE = 5.283, t = -0.75, p = 0.509), however because of the low number of included studies, the results should be regarded with care and are by themselves not enough to discard publication bias.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Methodological Quality of Included Studies</title>
				<p>The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool, which assesses four domains: patient selection, index test, reference standard, and flow &amp; timing. Each domain was judged to be low risk, with some concerns, or high risk of bias. At the individual study level, two studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> were rated as having an overall low risk of bias, while two<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> raised some concerns, particularly regarding patient selection and flow &amp; timing. One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> was considered at high risk of bias due to inappropriate patient selection and concerns regarding the reference standard (Figure S2). In the domain-level analysis, patient selection and flow &amp; timing were the areas with the highest frequency of concerns. At the same time, the index test and reference standard were generally well-conducted. Overall, the methodological quality of the included studies was considered acceptable, with most studies at low risk of bias, although relevant limitations were identified in specific domains (Figure S3).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Findings</title>
				<sec>
					<title>To Differentiate Tumor from Thrombi</title>
					<p>Every study reported high accuracy in differentiating tumors from thrombi using CEE, resulting in strong diagnostic performance parameters. The estimates for summary sensitivity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 5</xref>), specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 6</xref>), and Diagnostic Odds Ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 7</xref>) confirm these findings. Due to the 100% accuracy, an SROC curve could not be plotted, but the AUC was 0.989.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f06">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Forest plot of sensitivity.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf06.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f07">
							<label>Figure 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Forest plot of specificity.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf07.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f08">
							<label>Figure 7</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Forest plot of DOR.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf08.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>To Differentiate Malignant Tumor from Benign</title>
					<p>CEE had great results, with high estimates of summary sensitivity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 8</xref>) and specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 9</xref>). The summary Diagnostic Odds Ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 10</xref>) further supports these findings. Additionally, the SROC curve was plotted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 11</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f09">
							<label>Figure 8</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Forest plot of sensitivity.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf09.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 9</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Forest plot of specificity.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf10.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f11">
							<label>Figure 10</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Forest plot of DOR.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf11.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f12">
							<label>Figure 11</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– SROC curve.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf12.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that CEE has exceptionally high diagnostic accuracy for characterizing cardiac masses, excelling in two critical clinical distinctions: differentiating tumors from thrombi and malignant from benign tumors.</p>
			<p>The first key finding of our analysis was the <bold>great</bold> pooled sensitivity and specificity (100%) of CEE for distinguishing cardiac tumors from thrombi. This result, while remarkable, is biologically plausible. Thrombi are inherently avascular structures, and the intravascular microbubbles used in CEE provide a stark contrast between the complete absence of perfusion within a thrombus and the variable but present vascularization of tumorous tissue, whether benign or malignant. This creates a binary, highly reliable diagnostic feature that is readily identifiable, even to less experienced operators, as suggested by some of the included studies. The near-perfect AUC of 0.989 resulted from model adjustments to prevent infinite values. Even so, these findings warrant cautious interpretation; the limited number of included studies (5) restricts statistical power and may mask potential small-study effects or reporting bias, despite the lack of observed heterogeneity.</p>
			<p>The second finding concerns the distinction between benign and malignant tumors. Our pooled analysis yielded a sensitivity of 94.3% (95% CI 88.5% to 97.3%) and a specificity of 96.1% (95% CI 91.5% to 98.2%), with a summary AUC of 0.976. This indicates that CEE is not only excellent at identifying vascularization but also at interpreting its pattern — typically characterized by intense hypervascularity in malignant lesions compared with more moderate, slower perfusion in benign lesions. The high diagnostic odds ratio (DOR = 341.71) signifies a powerful test that can significantly increase or decrease the post-test probability of malignancy, directly informing critical management decisions regarding the urgency of intervention, biopsy planning, or surgical strategy.</p>
			<p>Due to concerns of bias and heterogeneity with one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> we conducted a <italic>post-hoc</italic> sensitivity analysis by redoing the meta-analysis and leaving the study out; however, it did not significantly alter the results (specificity of 0.952, sensitivity of 0.962, DOR of 374.767), which demonstrates the reliability of the results despite the concerns of bias.</p>
			<p>It is the first meta-analysis, to our knowledge, to specifically synthesize the diagnostic performance of CEE for cardiac masses using a rigorous PRISMA-DTA methodology. Secondly, we employed robust statistical models (bivariate and SROC) specifically designed for diagnostic meta-analyses, which account for the potential correlation between sensitivity and specificity and provide more reliable pooled estimates. Thirdly, the included studies were all prospective cohorts, which strengthens the validity of the findings by minimizing selection and recall bias. Finally, the post hoc sensitivity analysis confirmed that the overall results were not unduly influenced by the study judged to be at high risk of bias, thereby enhancing the reliability of our conclusions.</p>
			<p>Despite these robust findings, our results must be interpreted in light of several important limitations. The most significant limitation is the small number of included studies (n = 5) and the relatively modest total sample size (n = 381). This was due to most studies failing to report the necessary numbers to calculate the performance metrics. We also may have missed potential studies, as diagnostic accuracy studies are poorly tagged in electronic databases. Regarding publication bias, given the small number of studies, the linear regression Deek’s test did not yield the best results, but a visual analysis of the funnel plot showed no publication bias. While the statistical heterogeneity was negligible (I<sup>2</sup> = 0%), the limited number of primary studies constrains the generalizability of our findings and the power to perform more extensive subgroup analyses (e.g., by tumor type, contrast agent generation, or by quantitative or qualitative analyses).</p>
			<p>Furthermore, as highlighted by the QUADAS-2 assessment, certain methodological concerns were present in some studies, particularly regarding patient selection and the flow and timing between the index test and the reference standard. The <bold>great</bold> accuracy for thrombus differentiation, while compelling, should be viewed with cautious optimism until confirmed in larger, multi-center settings, as real-world performance can be influenced by image quality, interpreter expertise, and specific contrast protocols.</p>
			<p>The clinical implication of our work is substantial. CEE emerges as a highly accurate, accessible, and cost-effective tool that can be integrated into the diagnostic pathway immediately after the initial detection of a mass on conventional echocardiography. It can confidently rule out thrombus, potentially avoiding the need for more expensive and less accessible cross-sectional imaging in many cases. For tumors, it provides a reliable non-invasive indicator of malignancy, helping to triage patients towards urgent intervention or more deliberate planning.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This meta-analysis provides compelling evidence that CEE is a powerful diagnostic tool with excellent accuracy for characterizing cardiac masses. It effectively differentiates tumors from thrombi and is highly proficient at distinguishing malignant from benign tumors. While limitations inherent in the available literature require cautious interpretation, CEE’s accessibility, safety, and demonstrated performance support its broader adoption in the standard diagnostic workflow for evaluating intracardiac masses.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
			<title>Supplemental Materials</title>
			<supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
				<label>Supplemental Materials</label>
				<media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-suppl01.pdf"/>
			</supplementary-material>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Supplemental Materials</title>
			<p>For additional information, please click here. https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/ABCImag-2025-0082_AO_Material-suplementar.pdf</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl1001">
				<label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
				<p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/ABCImag-2025-0082_AO_Material-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250082</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Performance Diagnóstica Da Ecocardiografia Com Realce Na Diferenciação De Massas Cardíacas: Uma Revisão Sistemática Com Metanálise</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6276-5447</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pedrosa</surname>
						<given-names>João Guilherme G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6639-7381</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Felizardo José Leandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8495-0362</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Lacerda</given-names>
						<suffix>Neto</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3004-9791</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Stropp</surname>
						<given-names>Renata Ramos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-9276-0915</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moura</surname>
						<given-names>Giordano Persuhn Rolim de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tavares</surname>
						<given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1416-6939</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pontes</surname>
						<given-names>Sadrak Lyon Dantas</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<role>figura central</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Felix</surname>
						<given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">UFPB, João Pessoa, PB – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> João Guilherme G. Pedrosa UFPB. Campus I Lot. CEP: 58051-900. Cidade Universitaria, PB – Brasil E-mail: joao.guilherme3@academico.ufpb.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p> Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p> Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> Muitas vezes, a ecocardiografia convencional encontra dificuldade em diferenciar massas intracardíacas, especialmente em pacientes com janelas acústicas inadequadas. A Ecocardiografia com Contraste (ECC) supera essa limitação ao visualizar padrões de perfusão, distinguindo trombos avasculares de tumores vascularizados. Nosso objetivo foi sintetizar as evidências existentes para avaliar a precisão diagnóstica da ECC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos</title>
					<p> Avaliar a precisão diagnóstica da ECC na diferenciação de massas cardíacas em adultos, utilizando a histopatologia como referência e relatando AUC, sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Buscas sistemáticas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library e EMBASE até 10 de agosto de 2025. Foram incluídos estudos que atendiam aos critérios PICOTT; os dados extraídos compreenderam sensibilidade, especificidade, AUC e tabelas 2×2. As estimativas agrupadas foram obtidas utilizando modelos bivariados padrão e modelos SROC para metanálise diagnóstica. A significância estatística foi definida como P &lt; 0,05.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Foram incluídos cinco estudos de coorte prospectivos (total n = 381 pacientes). Para tumor versus não tumor, a sensibilidade agrupada foi de 100% e a especificidade foi de 100% (IC 95% 99,5–100%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; heterogeneidade P = 0,985), odds ratio diagnóstico (DOR) = 3.890,65, AUC = 0,989. Para tumores malignos versus benignos, a sensibilidade agrupada foi de 94,3% (IC 95% 88,5–97,3%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0,681), a especificidade foi de 96,1% (IC 95% 91,5–98,2%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0,970), a DOR foi de 341,71 e a AUC da SROC foi de 0,976.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p> A ECC demonstrou uma precisão diagnóstica muito alta nas séries prospectivas disponíveis. No entanto, o número reduzido de estudos e o tamanho limitado das amostras exigem uma interpretação cautelosa; estudos prospectivos multicêntricos de maior porte, com protocolos padronizados de ECC, são necessários para confirmar esses resultados.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
				<kwd>Neoplasias Cardíacas</kwd>
				<kwd>Revisão Sistemática</kwd>
				<kwd>Metanálise</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Performance Diagnóstica Da Ecocardiografia Com Realce Na Diferenciação De Massas Cardíacas: Uma Revisão Sistemática Com Metanálise</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As massas intracardíacas representam um desafio diagnóstico devido à diversidade de suas etiologias, que incluem trombos, tumores benignos (como os mixomas) e lesões malignas, todas associadas a prognósticos e estratégias terapêuticas significativamente distintas. A Ecocardiografia Transtorácica (ETT) continua sendo a modalidade de imagem inicial e mais acessível no fluxo clínico, permitindo a avaliação em tempo real da morfologia e do impacto hemodinâmico. Entretanto, seu rendimento diagnóstico é frequentemente limitado em pacientes com janela acústica inadequada ou em casos de localização atípica das massas, o que pode resultar em falhas na detecção ou classificação incorreta das lesões.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A Ecocardiografia Transesofágica (ETE) pode aprimorar a visualização, mas ainda apresenta limitações na caracterização tecidual confiável, especialmente quando comparada à ressonância magnética cardíaca ou à tomografia computadorizada, que oferecem maior contraste tecidual e resolução espacial, embora sejam métodos mais dispendiosos em termos de recursos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nesse contexto, a Ecocardiografia com Contraste (ECC) surgiu como um adjuvante promissor para superar essas limitações. Ao potencializar a avaliação da perfusão, a ECC permite diferenciar trombos avasculares, tumores benignos com perfusão discreta e lesões malignas hipervascularizadas, com base em padrões vasculares distintos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por exemplo, o uso de agentes realçadores de ultrassom pode demonstrar de forma clara as características de perfusão de uma massa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>). Essa técnica possibilita a identificação de achados como captação periférica do contraste associada a um núcleo necrótico em um paraganglioma cardíaco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>), além de permitir uma análise quantitativa capaz de diferenciar componentes perfundidos e não perfundidos da lesão (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Exemplos da utilização de um agente realçador de ultrassom para a avaliação da perfusão em massa.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Captação periférica de contraste em uma grande massa dentro do átrio esquerdo, sem captação central (necrose) em um paraganglioma cardíaco.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04002">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Vista subcostal. Paraganglioma cardíaco. Análise quantitativa da perfusão da massa com um agente realçador de ultrassom (contraste) - em amarelo, a perfusão periférica da massa; em vermelho, a perfusão do tecido hepático para comparação; em azul, a ausência de perfusão no centro (necrótico) da massa.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Dados prospectivos iniciais mostraram que a ECC identifica corretamente os tipos de massa cardíaca de 90% a 97% dos casos, mesmo com observadores em treinamento, destacando seu potencial para uso clínico rotineiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, a base de evidências atual é caracterizada por estudos de pequena escala, desenhos retrospectivos e relatos de casos, levantando preocupações sobre a generalização e robustez.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O objetivo principal desta metanálise é estabelecer a sensibilidade agrupada, especificidade e precisão diagnóstica geral da ecocardiografia com contraste na distinção entre tumores cardíacos e massas não tumorais. O objetivo secundário é avaliar seu desempenho na diferenciação entre tumores malignos e benignos. Em última análise, o presente estudo busca fornecer evidências para orientar a tomada de decisões clínicas e destacar prioridades para futuras pesquisas prospectivas em larga escala.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Metodologia</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Protocolo e registro</title>
					<p>A presente revisão sistemática e metanálise foi desenvolvida seguindo rigorosamente as recomendações da declaração Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (PRISMA 2020), sua extensão para estudos de precisão de testes diagnósticos (PRISMA-DTA) e o Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O protocolo do estudo foi submetido ao International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (PROSPERO) sob o número de registro CRD420251142676.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desenho do estudo</title>
					<p>Foram incluídos estudos de precisão diagnóstica com delineamento prospectivo ou retrospectivo. Não foram aplicadas restrições de tempo, incluindo artigos desde a data mais antiga disponível nas bases de dados. Revisões, editoriais, relatos de casos e séries de casos com menos de 10 participantes foram excluídos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios de elegibilidade</title>
					<p>Os estudos foram selecionados com base nos critérios de elegibilidade definidos pela estrutura PICOS. A população elegível (P) consistiu em pacientes adultos com suspeita de massas cardíacas que foram submetidos a ECC. Os resultados da ECC foram comparados com o padrão de referência para um diagnóstico definitivo (Comparador), que foi definido principalmente como análise histopatológica, embora diagnósticos confirmados por outras modalidades de imagem robustas (por exemplo, Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca) ou por resposta terapêutica inequívoca (por exemplo, resolução de um trombo após terapia anticoagulante) também tenham sido considerados. Os principais resultados (O) de interesse foram medidas de precisão diagnóstica, incluindo Área Sob a Curva (AUC), sensibilidade, especificidade, Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP) e Valor Preditivo Negativo (VPN).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Condições-alvo</title>
					<p>As condições-alvo desta revisão foram os diferentes subtipos de massas intracardíacas. A principal condição a ser identificada era a presença de um tumor cardíaco (benigno ou maligno), em oposição a um trombo intracardíaco.</p>
					<p>Além disso, dentro do espectro de tumores, uma segunda condição-alvo foi a diferenciação entre tumores benignos (por exemplo, mixoma, fibroma) e tumores malignos (primários, como sarcomas, ou metastáticos). As análises de precisão foram estruturadas em subgrupos para avaliar o desempenho do teste em cada uma das principais diferenciações clínicas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Exame de índice</title>
					<p>O exame índice foi definido como ecocardiografia com contraste (ECC), realizada para caracterizar uma massa cardíaca previamente identificada ou suspeita. Considerou-se Ecocardiografia com Contraste (ECC) qualquer ecocardiograma que envolvesse a administração intravenosa de um agente de contraste de microbolhas para avaliar a vascularização e a perfusão da massa. O resultado do teste índice não foi simplesmente dicotômico (positivo/negativo), mas sim uma classificação da massa com base em seus padrões de perfusão, com os achados comparados ao padrão de referência obtido aproximadamente ao mesmo tempo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Fontes de informação e estratégia de busca</title>
					<p>Foi realizada uma busca sistemática e abrangente nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library e Web of Science. A busca foi concluída em 10 de agosto de 2025.</p>
					<p>A busca inicial identificou um total de 473 artigos (123 no PubMed, 234 no Embase, 8 na Cochrane Library e 108 no Web of Science) antes da remoção de duplicatas. Além disso, as listas de referências dos estudos incluídos foram pesquisadas manualmente para identificar artigos potencialmente elegíveis que não foram encontrados na busca inicial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Seleção de estudos e extração de dados</title>
					<p>O processo de seleção foi gerenciado usando o software Rayyan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Dois revisores independentes (JP e AN) analisaram os títulos e resumos, seguidos de uma avaliação do texto completo. As divergências foram resolvidas por consenso ou por meio da avaliação de um terceiro revisor. Os dados foram extraídos utilizando um formulário padronizado, incluindo características do estudo, detalhes da população, especificidades da intervenção e os dados brutos para a tabela de contingência 2x2.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Avaliação do risco de viés</title>
					<p>A qualidade metodológica e o risco de viés de cada estudo incluído foram avaliados independentemente por dois revisores usando a ferramenta QUADAS-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Síntese e análise de dados</title>
					<p>Os dados de precisão foram sintetizados por meio de uma metanálise utilizando um modelo bivariado de efeitos aleatórios. A partir desse modelo, foram geradas estimativas resumidas com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% para sensibilidade e especificidade, a curva SROC (<italic>Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) resumida foi construída e o <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagnóstico foi calculado. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada usando a estatística I<sup>2</sup>, sendo considerado indicativo de heterogeneidade substancial um valor de P &lt; 0,05 no teste Q de Cochran ou I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50%. Significância estatística definida em P &lt; 0,05. Foram utilizados <italic>forest plots</italic> (gráficos de floresta) para ilustrar os tamanhos dos efeitos individuais e agrupados. As metanálises foram realizadas no RStudio (RStudio 2025.09.0+387) para Windows, utilizando os pacotes “meta” e “mada” para síntese e visualização de dados.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados da pesquisa</title>
					<p>A busca inicial retornou 473 resultados. Após a remoção de registros duplicados e estudos inelegíveis, 13 permaneceram e foram totalmente revisados com base nos critérios de inclusão. Desses, um total de cinco estudos foram incluídos. O processo está detalhado no fluxograma PRISMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Fluxograma PRISMA da triagem e seleção de estudos.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>O número de participantes variou entre 32 e 236, sendo todos adultos. Os estudos variaram em seu desenho, incluindo abordagens observacionais prospectivas, transversais e retrospectivas, e foram conduzidos em ambientes de centro único e multicêntricos.</p>
					<p>Todos os estudos utilizaram ECC, empregando SonoVue (Bracco, Suíça) como agente de contraste. Os sistemas de ecocardiografia utilizados incluíram o Philips iE33, em três estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e o GE Vivid 7 Dimension, em um estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> com transdutores e protocolos de imagem adaptados aos objetivos de cada estudo. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> não relatou o sistema usado na ecocardiografia.</p>
					<p>Os parâmetros quantitativos avaliados nos estudos incluíram área de massa, razões de intensidade de pico (por exemplo, A1/A2, A1/A3), intensidade de realce de contraste (A), taxa de reposição (β ou k) e razões de perfusão entre as massas cardíacas e o miocárdio adjacente. As avaliações qualitativas abrangeram ecogenicidade, contorno, morfologia da base, mobilidade, características de perfusão e presença de derrame pericárdico ou pleural.</p>
					<p>A proporção de participantes do sexo masculino variou de 36,5% a 63,0%, com a maioria dos estudos focando em pacientes adultos que apresentavam suspeita de massas cardíacas após Ecocardiografia Transtorácica (ETT). Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> incluiu pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico para massas cardíacas, enquanto outro<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> teve como alvo pacientes encaminhados para ecocardiografia de contraste miocárdico.</p>
					<p>Os critérios de exclusão foram consistentes entre os estudos e incluíam condições cardíacas ou sistêmicas graves (por exemplo, insuficiência cardíaca classe IV da NYHA, arritmias, disfunção hepática ou renal), alergias a agentes de contraste ou produtos sanguíneos e distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos. Alguns estudos também excluíram pacientes que não compareceram ao acompanhamento ou que foram tratados de forma conservadora. Outras características importantes dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão são apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Características dos estudos incluídos.</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Estudo</th>
										<th>Diagnóstico de controle</th>
										<th>N</th>
										<th>Idade</th>
										<th>Feminino</th>
										<th>Pseudomassa</th>
										<th>Trombos</th>
										<th>Tumor maligno</th>
										<th>Tumor benigno</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Wang, 2024</td>
										<td align="center">Confirmado por ressonância magnética cardíaca, ecocardiografia transesofágica, tomografia computadorizada, cirurgia ou biópsia, dependendo do tipo de massa.</td>
										<td align="center">145</td>
										<td align="center">59,4 anos (intervalo interquartil: 51,2–63,9)</td>
										<td align="center">55 (38,0%)</td>
										<td align="center">4</td>
										<td align="center">43</td>
										<td align="center">30</td>
										<td align="center">66</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Li, 2022</td>
										<td align="center">Confirmado por ressonância magnética cardíaca, ecocardiografia transesofágica, tomografia computadorizada, cirurgia ou biópsia, dependendo do tipo de massa.</td>
										<td align="center">108</td>
										<td align="center">61,5 anos (intervalo interquartil: 52,0–67,5)</td>
										<td align="center">40 (37,0%)</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">36</td>
										<td align="center">36</td>
										<td align="center">30</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Xia, 2017</td>
										<td align="center">Patologia cirúrgica ou biópsia (classificação da OMS de 2015)</td>
										<td align="center">236</td>
										<td align="center">49,5 anos (intervalo: 0,5 a 83)</td>
										<td align="center">150 (63,55%)</td>
										<td align="center">11</td>
										<td align="center">3</td>
										<td align="center">29</td>
										<td align="center">196</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Zhou, 2020</td>
										<td align="center">NR</td>
										<td align="center">32</td>
										<td align="center">NR</td>
										<td align="center">NR</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">19</td>
										<td align="center">8</td>
										<td align="center">5</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Tang, 2015</td>
										<td align="center">Patologia cirúrgica ou resolução após anticoagulação</td>
										<td align="center">72</td>
										<td align="center">50 ± 15 anos (intervalo: 12–85)</td>
										<td align="center">30 (40%)</td>
										<td align="center">0</td>
										<td align="center">16</td>
										<td align="center">30</td>
										<td align="center">26</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>Todos os estudos incluídos adotaram um nível de significância estatística de 5%.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Não encontramos viés de publicação ao analisar visualmente o gráfico de funil (Figura S1). Uma regressão linear para a assimetria do gráfico de funil foi realizada pelo teste de Deek, que não foi estatisticamente significativa (Viés = -3,940, EP = 5,283; t = -0,75, p = 0,509). No entanto, devido ao pequeno número de estudos incluídos, os resultados devem ser considerados com cautela e, por si só, não são suficientes para descartar o viés de publicação.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos</title>
					<p>A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada utilizando a ferramenta QUADAS-2, que avalia quatro domínios: seleção de pacientes, teste índice, padrão de referência, e fluxo e tempo. Cada domínio foi classificado como de baixo risco, com algumas preocupações ou com alto risco de viés. Em nível de estudo individual, dois estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> foram considerados como tendo um risco geral baixo de viés, enquanto outros dois<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> levantaram algumas questões, principalmente em relação à seleção de pacientes e ao fluxo e tempo. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foi considerado de alto risco de viés devido à seleção inadequada de pacientes e preocupações relacionadas ao padrão de referência (Figura S2). Na análise em nível de domínio, a seleção de pacientes e o fluxo e tempo foram as áreas com maior frequência de preocupações, enquanto o teste índice e o padrão de referência foram, em geral, bem conduzidos. De forma geral, a qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi considerada aceitável, com predominância de baixo risco de viés, embora limitações relevantes tenham sido identificadas em domínios específicos (Figura S3).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Achados</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Diferenciação entre tumores e trombos</title>
						<p>Todos os estudos incluídos relataram uma grande precisão na tentativa de diferenciar tumores de trombos usando ECC, resultando em ótimos parâmetros de desempenho diagnóstico. As estimativas para sensibilidade geral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 5</xref>), especificidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 6</xref>) e <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagnóstico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 7</xref>) confirmam esses achados. Devido à precisão de 100%, não foi possível plotar uma curva SROC adequadamente, mas a AUC foi de 0,989.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f06002">
								<label>Figura 5</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot de sensibilidade.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf06-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f07002">
								<label>Figura 6</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot de especificidade.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf07-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f08002">
								<label>Figura 7</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot de DOR.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf08-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Diferenciação entre tumor maligno e benigno.</title>
						<p>A ECC apresentou ótimos resultados, com altas estimativas de sensibilidade geral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 8</xref>) e especificidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10002">Figura 9</xref>) resumidas. O resumo do <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagnóstico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11002">Figura 10</xref>) corrobora ainda mais essas descobertas. Além disso, a curva SROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12002">Figura 11</xref>) foi traçada.</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f09002">
								<label>Figura 8</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot de sensibilidade.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf09-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f10002">
								<label>Figura 9</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot de especificidade.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf10-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f11002">
								<label>Figura 10</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Forest plot de DOR.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf11-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
						<p>
							<fig id="f12002">
								<label>Figura 11</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Curva SROC.</title>
								</caption>
								<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-gf12-pt.tif"/>
							</fig>
						</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A presente revisão sistemática e metanálise demonstra que a ECC apresenta uma precisão diagnóstica excepcionalmente elevada para a caracterização de massas cardíacas, destacando-se em duas distinções clínicas críticas: a diferenciação entre tumores e trombos e entre tumores malignos e benignos.</p>
				<p>O primeiro achado-chave da nossa análise foi a elevada sensibilidade agrupada e especificidade (100%) da ECC na distinção entre tumores cardíacos e trombos. Esse resultado, embora notável, é biologicamente plausível. Os trombos são estruturas inerentemente avasculares, e as microbolhas intravasculares utilizadas na ECC proporcionam um contraste marcante entre a ausência completa de perfusão no interior de um trombo e a vascularização variável, porém presente, de qualquer tecido tumoral, seja ele benigno ou maligno. Isso cria uma característica diagnóstica binária e altamente confiável, facilmente identificável mesmo por operadores menos experientes, conforme sugerido por alguns dos estudos incluídos. A área sob a curva (AUC) quase perfeita de 0,989 decorreu de ajustes do modelo para evitar valores infinitos. Ainda assim, esses achados devem ser interpretados com cautela; o número limitado de estudos incluídos (5) restringe o poder estatístico e pode mascarar potenciais efeitos de pequenos estudos ou viés de relato, apesar da ausência de heterogeneidade observada.</p>
				<p>O segundo achado refere-se à diferenciação entre tumores benignos e malignos. A análise agrupada resultou em uma sensibilidade de 94,3% (IC 95%: 88,5% a 97,3%) e especificidade de 96,1% (IC 95%: 91,5% a 98,2%), com AUC geral de 0,976. Esses dados indicam que a ECC não apenas é altamente eficaz na identificação da presença de vascularização, mas também na interpretação de seu padrão, tipicamente caracterizado por hipervascularização intensa nas lesões malignas, em contraste com a perfusão mais moderada e lenta observada em tumores benignos. O elevado <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagnóstico (DOR = 341,71) reflete um teste robusto, capaz de aumentar ou reduzir significativamente a probabilidade pós-teste de malignidade, impactando diretamente decisões clínicas críticas relacionadas à urgência da intervenção, ao planejamento de biópsias ou à estratégia cirúrgica.</p>
				<p>Devido a preocupações quanto a viés e heterogeneidade em um dos estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade <italic>pós-hoc</italic>, repetindo-se a metanálise com a exclusão desse estudo; entretanto, os resultados não foram significativamente alterados (especificidade de 0,952, sensibilidade de 0,962 e DOR de 374,767), demonstrando a robustez dos achados, apesar das preocupações metodológicas.</p>
				<p>Este é, até onde sabemos, a primeira metanálise a sintetizar especificamente o desempenho diagnóstico da ECC para massas cardíacas utilizando uma metodologia rigorosa baseada no PRISMA-DTA. Além disso, foram empregados modelos estatísticos robustos (bivariado e SROC), desenvolvidos especificamente para metanálises de precisão diagnóstica, os quais consideram a possível correlação entre sensibilidade e especificidade e fornecem estimativas combinadas mais confiáveis. Outro ponto forte é que todos os estudos incluídos foram coortes prospectivos, o que reforça a validade dos achados ao minimizar vieses de seleção e de memória. Por fim, a análise de sensibilidade pós-hoc confirmou que os resultados gerais não foram indevidamente influenciados pelo estudo classificado como de alto risco de viés, aumentando a confiabilidade das conclusões.</p>
				<p>Apesar desses achados robustos, os resultados devem ser interpretados à luz de algumas limitações importantes. A principal limitação é o pequeno número de estudos incluídos (n = 5) e o tamanho amostral total relativamente modesto (n = 381), em grande parte devido ao fato de muitos estudos não reportarem os dados necessários para o cálculo das métricas de desempenho. Além disso, é possível que estudos relevantes não tenham sido identificados, uma vez que pesquisas de precisão diagnóstica frequentemente são mal indexadas nas bases de dados eletrônicas. No que diz respeito ao viés de publicação, o baixo número de estudos limita o desempenho do teste de regressão linear de Deek, porém a análise visual do gráfico de funil não sugeriu viés de publicação. Embora a heterogeneidade estatística tenha sido negligenciável (I<sup>2</sup> = 0%), a escassez de literatura primária limita a generalização dos achados e a capacidade de realizar análises de subgrupos mais aprofundadas (por exemplo, por tipo tumoral, geração do agente de contraste ou análises quantitativas ou qualitativas).</p>
				<p>Adicionalmente, conforme destacado pela avaliação QUADAS-2, algumas preocupações metodológicas estiveram presentes em determinados estudos, particularmente relacionadas à seleção dos pacientes e ao fluxo e ao intervalo temporal entre o teste índice e o padrão de referência. A elevada precisão na diferenciação de trombo, embora bastante promissora, deve ser interpretada com otimismo cauteloso até que seja confirmada em estudos maiores e multicêntricos, uma vez que o desempenho no mundo real pode ser influenciado pela qualidade da imagem, pela experiência do examinador e pelos protocolos específicos de contraste.</p>
				<p>As implicações clínicas deste trabalho são relevantes. A ECC surge como uma ferramenta de alta precisão, acessível e custo-efetiva, que pode ser integrada de forma imediata ao fluxo diagnóstico após a detecção inicial de uma massa pela ecocardiografia convencional. Ela permite excluir com segurança a presença de trombo, potencialmente evitando a necessidade de métodos de imagem seccionais mais caros e menos acessíveis em muitos casos. No contexto tumoral, fornece um indicador não invasivo confiável de malignidade, auxiliando na triagem de pacientes para intervenções urgentes ou para um planejamento terapêutico mais criterioso.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Esta metanálise fornece evidências convincentes de que a ecocardiografia com contraste é uma ferramenta diagnóstica poderosa, com excelente precisão na caracterização de massas cardíacas. Ela diferencia de forma eficaz tumores de trombos e demonstra elevada capacidade na distinção entre tumores malignos e benignos. Embora as limitações inerentes à literatura disponível exijam uma interpretação cautelosa, a acessibilidade, a segurança e o desempenho demonstrado da ECC sustentam sua adoção mais ampla no fluxo diagnóstico padrão para a avaliação de massas intracardíacas.</p>
			</sec>
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				<title>Material Suplementar</title>
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					<label>Material suplementar</label>
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