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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250030i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20250030i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Coexistence of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection and Coronary Artery Fistulas: A Rare Case Report</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7259-6419</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Abdo</surname><given-names>Mourad Haj</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Latsh</surname><given-names>Hussain</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>Mathias</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>König</surname><given-names>George</given-names></name>
<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Barth</surname><given-names>Sebastian</given-names></name>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Department of Cardiology, RHÖN-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="DE">Germany</country>
<institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, RHÖN-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale – Germany</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Department of Radiology, RHÖN-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="DE">Germany</country>
<institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, RHÖN-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale – Germany</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Mourad Haj Abdo</bold> Rhön Klinikum AG. Salzburgerleite.1. Postal code: <postal-code>97616</postal-code>. Bad Neustadt an der Saale – Germany E-mail: <email>moradhajabdo86@hotmail.de</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Tiago Magalhães</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>01</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250030</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>08</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>30</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>19</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title>Background</title>
<p>Dyspnoea is a common clinical symptom that frequently prompts hospital admission and is associated with significant morbidity. While it most often results from prevalent cardiopulmonary conditions, rare congenital cardiovascular anomalies can also manifest with dyspnoea. Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) and Coronary Artery Fistulas (CAFs) are uncommon congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system, and their simultaneous presence is exceedingly rare. Early recognition of such anomalies is critical to avoid progressive hemodynamic compromise and to guide appropriate management strategies.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Case Presentation</title>
<p>We present the case of a 55-year-old man who experienced an acute onset of dyspnoea lasting approximately two hours. Initial clinical assessment and routine investigations—including physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and right and left heart catheterization—raised suspicion of an underlying cardiac abnormality, prompting further evaluation. Subsequent cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) revealed the presence of a Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) accompanied by Coronary Artery Fistulas (CAFs). Given the non-complex characteristics of the shunt in this case, a shared decision was reached with the patient to proceed with conservative management.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>PAPVC and Coronary Artery Fistulas CAFs are rare entities that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. However, recommending their evaluation as initial diagnostic hypotheses may result in unnecessary investigations.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
<kwd>Differential Diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="10"/>
<table-count count="2"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="9"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>A normal pulmonary venous pattern with four distinct veins is observed in approximately 60–70% of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Developmental anomalies can result in Partial (PAPVC) or Total Aanomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), with anomalous drainage patterns reported in up to 38% of individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PAPVC may occur in isolation, in association with an Atrial Sseptal Defect (ASD), or as part of complex congenital heart disease, and often remains undiagnosed due to mild or absent symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>PAPVC involves a left-to-right shunt and is usually hemodynamically insignificant. It is often discovered incidentally, for example during imaging for a central venous catheter that appears malpositioned. Despite its subtle presentation, associated anomalies can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Coronary Artery Fistulas (CAFs) are rare congenital anomalies, with acquired cases being even more uncommon, and are most often detected incidentally. Small CAFs are typically asymptomatic, whereas larger fistulas can lead to cardiac chamber dilation or ischemia if left untreated.</p>
<p>We report a rare case of coexisting PAPVC and CAFs – an unusual combination that presents diagnostic challenges. Although each condition is individually rare, their simultaneous occurrence is exceptionally uncommon and has been seldom documented in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case Presentation</title>
<p>A 55-year-old patient presented for further evaluation of dyspnoea. He reported a mild retrosternal burning sensation radiating caudally beneath the left costal arches. The chest discomfort was non-exertional. There was no history of diabetes, connective tissue disorders, other systemic anomalies, or significant family history of disease.</p>
<p>On physical examination, the patient was afebrile, with no tachypnoea (respiratory rate: 13/min), oxygen saturation of 93%, and blood pressure of 150/95 mmHg. The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. On the day of admission, the electrocardiogram demonstrated sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 92 bpm. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin levels were elevated, measuring 39 ng/L at baseline and 41 ng/L at one-hour follow-up (reference &lt;14 ng/L), indicating myocardial injury without significant dynamic change. NT-proBNP was 89 pg/mL (normal &lt;227 pg/mL in males aged 50-65 years).</p>
<p>In this case, left heart catheterization was performed prior to cardiac MRI due to clinical suspicion of a left-to-right shunt and the need to exclude coronary artery anomalies. The invasive procedure enabled precise identification of a coronary artery fistula between the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) and the pulmonary trunk, providing essential anatomical details for subsequent therapeutic planning.</p>
<p>Although MRI offers comprehensive structural evaluation, cardiac catheterization remains the gold standard for direct coronary visualization and hemodynamic assessment in such settings.</p>
<p>The patient remained largely asymptomatic, without evidence of cyanosis or angina. Following thorough medical consultation, he opted for conservative management with beta-blockers and diuretics. Given the absence of a significant left-to-right shunt, surgical intervention was not indicated.</p>
<sec>
<title>Echocardiography and Electrocardiography</title>
<p>Echocardiography, which serves as both the gold standard and the primary diagnostic modality in the emergency department, demonstrated signs of right heart dilation. Both right and left ventricular systolic function were preserved, with normal ejection fractions (EF) — Right Ventricular Internal Diameter at Diastole (RVIDD) basal: 49 mm, RVIDd mid: 27 mm, FAC: 55%, TAPSE: 31 mm. Additionally, there was evidence of mild tricuspid regurgitation (Grade I), with pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 34 mmHg and a Qp:Qs ratio of 1.4. These findings are consistent with right heart volume overload, likely secondary to left-to-right shunting.</p>
<p>Electrocardiography revealed non-specific changes but supported the echocardiographic evidence of right heart volume overload.</p>
<p>To further clarify the differential diagnosis, the patient underwent comprehensive hemodynamic assessment, including both right and left heart catheterization.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Right and Left Heart Catheterization</title>
<p>On the same day, the patient underwent comprehensive cardiac catheterization. During right heart catheterization, direct evidence of a left-to-right shunt was observed. Oxygen saturation measurements revealed higher values in the superior vena cava compared with the inferior vena cava (SVC: 83%, IVC: 79%, RA: 81%, RV: 83%, PA: 85%).</p>
<p>Left heart catheterization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) identified a fistula between the LAD artery and the pulmonary trunk. No coronary artery stenosis was detected, which allowed progression to the next step of the evaluation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Coronary angiography showing the left anterior descending artery with a fistulous connection to the pulmonary trunk</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf01.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>In light of these catheterization findings, cardiac MRI was performed to further clarify the diagnosis.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)</title>
<p>To achieve better visualization of cardiac structures, cardiac MRI was performed. Left ventricular function was normal. Mild right ventricular dysfunction with right vetricular dilatation was observed, without evidence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). No signs of myocardial inflammation or fibrosis were detected.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) Volumetry: measurements of the volume of the both ventricle, including end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">V- und RV-Volumetry:</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">LV</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">absolut</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Norm (m)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(w)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV-EF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56-78</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57-78</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV-EDV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">156</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">77-195</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52-141</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV-ESV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19-72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13-51</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV-SV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">103</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51-133</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33-97</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">LV-Mass</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">138</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">g</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">118-238</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75-175</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>RV</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>absolut</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Norm (m)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>(w)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">RV-EF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47-74</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47-80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">RV-EDV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">286</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88-227</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">58-154</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">RV-ESV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23-103</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12-68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">RV-SV</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">126</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52-138</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35-98</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>A fistulous network was identified, with connections involving the proximal LAD, the conus arteriosus of the right coronary artery, and the pulmonary trunk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Maximum intensity projection coronal images from a case of left-sided cardiac partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf02.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Coronal maximum intensity projection images demonstrating a coronary artery fistula originating from the left anterior descending artery and draining into the pulmonary trunk; the fistulous connection is indicated by the arrow</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf03.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Stress imaging or physiologic assessment was not performed to evaluate for ischemia attributable to the coronary–pulmonary fistula. This decision was based on the patient&apos;s stable clinical status, the non-complex nature of the shunt, and the absence of ischemic symptoms.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>MDCT (Multi-Detector Computed Tomography)</title>
<p>As MDCT represents the modality of choice for detailed assessment of cardiac anatomy and structural abnormalities, we elected to perform this study. MDCT revealed anomalous drainage of the upper and partially the lower left pulmonary veins into the left brachiocephalic vein. The left brachiocephalic vein was ectatic, with a maximum diameter of approximately 25 mm. The pulmonary trunk was dilated, measuring 32 mm (normal ≤29 mm in men), with associated dilatation of both pulmonary arteries. Dilatation of the right ventricle and right atrium was also noted. In addition, previously identified extensive fistulous connections between the proximal LAD and the pulmonary trunk were confirmed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Two volume-rendered images in different orientation of our patient with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection; the left inferior pulmonary vein is draining at the brachiocephalic vein</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf04.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Volume-rendered computed tomography images in two different orientations depicting a coronary artery fistula originating from the left anterior descending artery and draining into the pulmonary trunk. The fistulous connection is indicated by the arrow</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf05.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>PAPVC is a rare congenital defect in which one or more pulmonary veins drain into the systemic venous circulation—such as the superior vena cava or right atrium—instead of the left atrium. This results in a partial left-to-right shunt and is often detected incidentally, with a reported prevalence of 0.4–0.7%.</p>
<p>Both PAPVC and CAFs are rare anomalies, and their coexistence is extremely uncommon. Clinical presentation varies depending on the severity and location of the abnormal drainage.</p>
<p>Medium to large or symptomatic CAFs may require transcatheter closure, ideally performed in specialized centers. In cases involving large coronary aneurysms, surgical repair and anticoagulation may be necessary. Follow-up imaging is recommended to monitor for potential recanalization.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>PAPVC and coronary artery fistulas are rare congenital cardiac anomalies, and their coexistence has been scarcely reported in the literature. Clinical presentation varies widely, ranging from incidental findings to symptoms influenced by the extent of abnormal venous drainage, the anatomical site of connection, and any associated cardiac defects.</p>
<p>Advanced imaging techniques such as MDCTA and MRA play a critical role in the precise delineation of these anomalies. Their ability to provide high-resolution, three-dimensional anatomical detail significantly aids clinicians in diagnosis, clinical assessment, and the development of appropriate management strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>The authors confirm that consent for submission and pub lication of this case report has been obtained from the patient in line with the COPE o guidance.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250030</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Coexistência de Conexão Venosa Pulmonar Anômala Parcial e Fístulas de Artéria Coronária: Um Relato de Caso Raro</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7259-6419</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Abdo</surname><given-names>Mourad Haj</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Latsh</surname><given-names>Hussain</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>Mathias</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>König</surname><given-names>George</given-names></name>
<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Barth</surname><given-names>Sebastian</given-names></name>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
<institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, RHÖN-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale – Alemanha</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
<institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, RHÖN-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale – Alemanha</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Mourad Haj Abdo</bold> • Rhön Klinikum AG. Salzburgerleite.1. CEP: <postal-code>97616</postal-code>. Bad Neustadt an der Saale – Alemanha E-mail: <email>moradhajabdo86@hotmail.de</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Tiago Magalhães</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<sec>
<title>Fundamento</title>
<p>A dispneia é um sintoma clínico comum que frequentemente leva à internação hospitalar e está associada a significativa morbidade. Embora geralmente resulte de condições cardiopulmonares prevalentes, anomalias cardiovasculares congênitas raras também podem se manifestar com dispneia. A Conexão Venosa Pulmonar Anômala Parcial (PAPVC) e as Fístulas de Artéria Coronária (FACs) são malformações congênitas incomuns do sistema cardiovascular, cuja presença simultânea é extremamente rara. O reconhecimento precoce dessas anomalias é fundamental para evitar comprometimento hemodinâmico progressivo e orientar estratégias de manejo adequadas.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Apresentação do Caso</title>
<p>Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 55 anos que apresentou início agudo de dispneia com duração aproximada de duas horas. A avaliação clínica inicial e os exames de rotina – incluindo exame físico, ecocardiografia, eletrocardiografia e cateterismo cardíaco direito e esquerdo – levantaram suspeita de uma anomalia cardíaca subjacente, motivando investigação adicional. A subsequente Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca (RMC) e a Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetector (TCMD) revelaram a presença de uma Conexão Venosa Pulmonar Anômala Parcial acompanhada de FACs. Dadas as características não complexas do shunt neste caso, foi tomada uma decisão compartilhada com o paciente de prosseguir com tratamento conservador.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A PAPVC e as FACs são entidades raras que devem ser consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial. No entanto, recomendá-las como hipóteses diagnósticas iniciais pode resultar em investigações desnecessárias.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
<kwd>Diagnóstico Diferencial</kwd>
<kwd>Vasos Coronários</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>Um padrão venoso pulmonar normal com quatro veias distintas é observado em aproximadamente 60-70% da população.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Anomalias do desenvolvimento podem resultar em Conexão Venosa Pulmonar Anômala Parcial (PAPVC, do inglês <italic>partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections</italic>) ou Total (TAPVC, <italic>total anomalous pulmonary venous connections</italic>), com padrões de drenagem anômala relatados em até 38% dos indivíduos.² A PAPVC pode ocorrer isoladamente, em associação com um Defeito do Septo Atrial (DSA), ou como parte de uma cardiopatia congênita complexa, e frequentemente permanece não diagnosticada devido a sintomas leves ou ausentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>A PAPVC envolve um <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita e geralmente é hemodinamicamente insignificante. Frequentemente é descoberta de forma incidental, por exemplo, durante exames de imagem realizados para posicionamento de um cateter venoso central que parece mal colocado. Apesar de sua apresentação discreta, anomalias associadas podem aumentar o risco de morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>As Fístulas de Artéria Coronária (FACs) são anomalias congênitas raras, sendo os casos adquiridos ainda mais incomuns e, na maioria das vezes, são detectadas incidentalmente. FACs pequenas são tipicamente assintomáticas, enquanto fístulas maiores podem levar à dilatação das câmaras cardíacas ou à isquemia se não tratadas.</p>
<p>Relatamos um caso raro de coexistência de PAPVC e FACs – uma combinação incomum que apresenta desafios diagnósticos. Embora cada condição seja individualmente rara, sua ocorrência simultânea é excepcionalmente incomum e raramente documentada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato do Caso</title>
<p>Um paciente de 55 anos apresentou-se para avaliação adicional de dispneia. Ele relatou uma leve sensação de queimação retroesternal irradiando caudalmente abaixo dos arcos costais esquerdos. O desconforto torácico não era relacionado ao esforço. Não havia histórico de diabetes, doenças do tecido conjuntivo, outras anomalias sistêmicas ou antecedentes familiares significativos de doença.</p>
<p>No exame físico, o paciente estava afebril, sem taquipneia (frequência respiratória: 13/min), saturação de oxigênio de 93% e pressão arterial de 150/95 mmHg. Sem alterações no restante do exame. No dia da admissão, o eletrocardiograma demonstrou ritmo sinusal com frequência cardíaca de 92 bpm. Os níveis de troponina cardíaca de alta sensibilidade estavam elevados, medindo 39 ng/L na linha de base e 41 ng/L após uma hora (referência &lt;14 ng/L), indicando lesão miocárdica sem alteração dinâmica significativa. O NT-proBNP foi de 89 pg/mL (normal &lt;227 pg/mL em homens de 50-65 anos).</p>
<p>Neste caso, o cateterismo cardíaco esquerdo foi realizado antes da ressonância magnética cardíaca devido à suspeita clínica de um shunt esquerda-direita e à necessidade de excluir anomalias das artérias coronárias. O procedimento invasivo permitiu a identificação precisa de uma fístula da Artéria Descendente Anterior (ADA) esquerda para o tronco pulmonar, fornecendo detalhes anatômicos essenciais para o planejamento terapêutico subsequente.</p>
<p>Embora a ressonância magnética ofereça uma avaliação estrutural abrangente, o cateterismo cardíaco continua sendo o padrão-ouro para a visualização direta das coronárias e avaliação hemodinâmica nesses cenários.</p>
<p>O paciente permaneceu em grande parte assintomático, sem evidência de cianose ou angina. Após consulta médica detalhada, ele optou por manejo conservador com betabloqueadores e diuréticos. Dada a ausência de um shunt esquerda-direita significativo, a intervenção cirúrgica não foi indicada.</p>
<sec>
<title>Ecocardiografia e Eletrocardiografia</title>
<p>A ecocardiografia, que atua tanto como padrão-ouro quanto como principal modalidade diagnóstica no departamento de emergência, demonstrou sinais de dilatação do coração direito. As funções sistólicas dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo estavam preservadas, com frações de ejeção normais — diâmetro interno do ventrículo direito (VD) na diástole (RVIDd) basal: 49 mm, RVIDd médio: 27 mm, FAC: 55%, TAPSE: 31 mm. Além disso, havia evidência de regurgitação tricúspide leve (Grau I), com pressão da artéria pulmonar de 34 mmHg e uma relação Qp:Qs de 1,4. Esses achados são compatíveis com sobrecarga de volume do coração direito, provavelmente secundária a um shunt esquerda-direita.</p>
<p>A eletrocardiografia revelou alterações inespecíficas, mas corroborou a evidência ecocardiográfica de sobrecarga de volume do coração direito.</p>
<p>Para esclarecer melhor o diagnóstico diferencial, o paciente foi submetido a uma avaliação hemodinâmica abrangente, incluindo cateterismo cardíaco direito e esquerdo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Cateterismo Cardíaco Direito e Esquerdo</title>
<p>No mesmo dia, o paciente realizou cateterismo cardíaco abrangente. Durante o cateterismo direito, foi observada evidência direta de um shunt esquerda-direita. As medidas de saturação de oxigênio revelaram valores mais elevados na veia cava superior em comparação com a veia cava inferior (SVC: 83%, IVC: 79%, AD: 81%, VD: 83%, AP: 85%).</p>
<p>O cateterismo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>) identificou uma fístula entre a ADA esquerda e o tronco pulmonar. Não foi detectada estenose das artérias coronárias, o que permitiu avançar para a próxima etapa da avaliação (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiografia coronária mostrando a artéria descendente anterior esquerda com uma conexão fistulosa para o tronco pulmonar.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf01-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>À luz desses achados do cateterismo, foi realizada Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca (RMC) para esclarecer melhor o diagnóstico.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca (RMC)</title>
<p>Para obter melhor visualização das estruturas cardíacas, foi realizada RMC. A função ventricular esquerda estava normal. Observou-se disfunção ventricular direita leve com dilatação do VD, sem evidência de cardiomiopatia arritmogênica do VD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Não foram detectados sinais de inflamação ou fibrose miocárdica.</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Tabela 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Volumetria de ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e ventrículo direito VD – medidas dos volumes de ambos os ventrículos, incluindo Volume Diastólico Final (VDF), Volume Sistólico Final (VSF), Volume Sistólico (VS) e Fação de Ejeção (EF)</title></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup width="20%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Volumetria do VE e do VD</th>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<th align="left" valign="middle">VE</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">absoluto</th>
<th align="left" valign="middle"/>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Norm (m)</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">(w)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">VE-FE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">66</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">56-78</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">57-78</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">VE-VDF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">156</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">77-195</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52-141</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">VE-VSF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">53</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19-72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">13-51</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">VE-VS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">103</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">51-133</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33-97</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">VE-Massa</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">138</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">g</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">118-238</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">75-175</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#C58874">
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000"><bold>VD</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000"><bold>absoluto</bold></td>
<td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000"/>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000"><bold>Norm (m)</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000"><bold>(w)</bold></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">VD-FE</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47-74</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">47-80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">VD-VDF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">286</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">88-227</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">58-154</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
<td align="left" valign="middle">VD-VSF</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">23-103</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12-68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" valign="middle">VD-VS</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">126</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">52-138</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">35-98</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Foi identificada uma rede fistulosa, com conexões envolvendo o segmento proximal da ADA esquerda, o cone arterioso da artéria coronária direita e o tronco pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagens coronais de projeção de intensidade máxima de um caso de conexão venosa pulmonar anômala parcial cardíaca à esquerda</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf02-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>magens coronais de projeção de intensidade máxima demonstrando uma fístula de artéria coronária originada da artéria descendente anterior esquerda e drenando para o tronco pulmonar; a conexão fistulosa está indicada pela seta</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf03-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<p>Imagem de estresse/avaliação fisiológica não foi realizada para avaliar isquemia atribuível à fístula coronário-pulmonar. Essa decisão baseou-se no estado clínico estável do paciente, na natureza não complexa do <italic>shunt</italic> e na ausência de sintomas isquêmicos.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>TCMD (Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetector)</title>
<p>Como a TCMD representa a modalidade de escolha para avaliação detalhada da anatomia cardíaca e das anomalias estruturais, optamos por realizar esse exame. A TCMD revelou drenagem anormal das veias pulmonares superiores e parcialmente das inferiores esquerdas para a veia braquiocefálica esquerda. A veia braquiocefálica esquerda apresentava ectasia, com diâmetro máximo de aproximadamente 25 mm. O tronco pulmonar encontrava-se dilatado, medindo 32 mm (normal ≤ 29 mm em homens), com dilatação associada de ambas as artérias pulmonares. Também foi observada dilatação do ventrículo direito e do átrio direito. Além disso, foram confirmadas as conexões fistulosas extensas previamente identificadas entre o segmento proximal da LAD e o tronco pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Duas imagens de renderização volumétrica em diferentes orientações do nosso paciente com conexão venosa pulmonar anômala parcial; a veia pulmonar inferior esquerda drena para a veia braquiocefálica</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf04-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Figura 5</label>
<caption>
<title>Imagens de tomografia computadorizada com renderização volumétrica em duas orientações diferentes, demonstrando uma fístula de artéria coronária originada da artéria descendente anterior esquerda e drenando para o tronco pulmonar; a conexão fistulosa está indicada pela seta</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-gf05-pt.tif"/>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A PAPVC é um defeito congênito raro em que uma ou mais veias pulmonares drenam para a circulação venosa sistêmica — como a veia cava superior ou o átrio direito — em vez de para o átrio esquerdo. Isso resulta em um shunt parcial esquerda-direita e frequentemente é detectado de forma incidental, com prevalência relatada de 0,4–0,7%.</p>
<p>Tanto a PAPVC quanto as FACs são anomalias raras, e sua coexistência é extremamente incomum. A apresentação clínica varia de acordo com a gravidade e a localização da drenagem anômala.</p>
<p>FACs de médio a grande porte ou sintomáticas podem requerer fechamento por via transcateter, idealmente realizado em centros especializados. Em casos envolvendo grandes aneurismas coronários, pode ser necessário reparo cirúrgico e anticoagulação. Recomenda-se acompanhamento por imagem para monitorar possível recanalização.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A PAPVC e as FACs são anomalias cardíacas congênitas raras, cuja coexistência é pouco relatada na literatura. A apresentação clínica varia amplamente, desde achados incidentais até sintomas influenciados pela extensão da drenagem venosa anômala, pelo local da conexão anatômica e por defeitos cardíacos associados.</p>
<p>Técnicas avançadas de imagem, como a angiografia por tomografia computadorizada multidetector e a angiografia por ressonância magnética desempenham papel crítico na delimitação precisa dessas anomalias. Sua capacidade de fornecer detalhes anatômicos tridimensionais de alta resolução auxilia significativamente os clínicos no diagnóstico, na avaliação clínica e na formulação de estratégias de manejo adequadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Os autores confirmam que o consentimento para submissão e publicação deste relato de caso foi obtido do paciente, em conformidade com as orientações do COPE.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
</sec>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>