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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250110i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="other">abcimg.20250110i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Neurological Manifestations of Takayasu Arteritis: A Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6194-4327</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rolim</surname><given-names>Amanda Antunes Arantes</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>acquisition of data and writing of the manuscript</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2089-2243</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Carneiro</surname><given-names>Tainá Cândida de Almeida Gontijo</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2593-2045</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Campos</surname><given-names>Flávia de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4430-4984</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Dilson Palhares</given-names></name>
<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, Sobradinho, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim</bold> • Hospital Regional de Sobradinho (HRS). Quadra 12, Conjunto B, lote 38. Postal code: <postal-code>73010-120</postal-code>. Sobradinho, DF - Brazil E-mail: <email>amanda.arantes1412@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>31</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>39</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e202500110</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>15</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>31</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>20</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare large-vessel vasculitis that primarily involves the aorta and its major branches and predominantly affects women of reproductive age. We report the case of a woman who experienced an ischemic stroke at age 20 and a transient ischemic attack at age 53, with TA diagnosed only after the second cerebrovascular event. Although ischemic stroke is an uncommon initial manifestation of TA, early recognition and timely management are essential to prevent further complications and improve long-term outcomes.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Takayasu Arteritis</kwd>
<kwd>Stroke</kwd>
<kwd>Neurologic Manifestations</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="8"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="18"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic vasculitis affecting large and medium-sized vessels, primarily the aorta and its major branches. TA predominantly affects women of reproductive age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The disease is characterized by progressive arterial inflammation, which may lead to stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. Although its exact etiology remains unclear, genetic susceptibility and autoimmune mechanisms, particularly involving Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte pathways, have been implicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Early manifestations are often nonspecific and may include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and arthralgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As the disease progresses, vascular findings become more prominent, including diminished or absent upper limb pulses (84%-96%), limb claudication, inter-arm blood pressure discrepancies, systemic hypertension (33%-83%), and arterial bruits (80%-94%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Approximately 10% of patients remain asymptomatic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Cerebrovascular events, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), occur in 10%-20% of patients with TA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and rarely represent the initial manifestation of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a cohort of 320 patients, 20% experienced cerebrovascular events, of whom 65% had ischemic stroke and 35% had TIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Identified risk factors included a history of prior ischemic stroke or TIA and delayed diagnosis.</p>
<p>TA should be suspected in young women presenting with cardiovascular symptoms and cerebrovascular manifestations. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy are essential to prevent disease progression, reduce complications, and improve prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This study reports a case of TA initially presenting with ischemic stroke.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A 53-year-old woman presented to the emergency department after a fall from standing height caused by sudden weakness of the right lower limb. The episode was accompanied by leftward deviation of the oral commissure and dysarthria. Her medical history was notable for an ischemic stroke at age 20, resulting in persistent right-sided spastic hemiparesis. She had not received medical follow-up since that event. The patient was sedentary and denied smoking, alcohol consumption, or regular use of medicines.</p>
<p>On physical examination, vital signs were stable, and no additional abnormalities were observed. Laboratory investigations were unremarkable, including a C-reactive protein level of 3.18 mg/L. Initial cranial computed tomography demonstrated sequelae of a lacunar infarction in the left basal ganglia, with no evidence of acute ischemic lesions. Transthoracic echocardiography was normal. Carotid Doppler ultrasonography revealed approximately 31% stenosis of the proximal and mid segments of the left common carotid artery, with wall thickness ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 mm. The right common carotid artery showed 20% stenosis and wall thickness of 1.4 mm. The left vertebral artery was described as hypoplastic.</p>
<p>A repeat cranial computed tomography performed 48 hours later showed no interval changes. Because the neurological deficits resolved within 3 hours, the clinical diagnosis of TIA was established.</p>
<p>Given the suspicion of TA, blood pressure was measured in all four limbs, revealing no significant discrepancies. However, a bruit was auscultated over the left carotid artery. The patient denied prior constitutional or ischemic symptoms.</p>
<p>Cerebral magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) confirmed the previous ischemic stroke sequela in the left cerebral hemisphere. Cervical MRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) demonstrated approximately 60% stenosis of the proximal left common carotid artery, marked narrowing of the left internal and external carotid arteries with filiform flow, and diffuse hypoplasia of the left vertebral artery.</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Cervical magnetic resonance angiography.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf01.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Author&apos;s personal archive (2025).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Thoracic MRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) demonstrated a focal fusiform dilation of the descending thoracic aorta.</p>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Thoracic magnetic resonance angiography.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf02.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Author&apos;s personal archive (2025).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Abdominal MRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) revealed segmental stenosis of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, beginning at the level of the renal artery origins.</p>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Abdominal magnetic resonance angiography.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf03.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Author&apos;s personal archive (2025).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>The patient was discharged with referrals to rheumatology, neurology, and cardiology outpatient clinics. However, she did not attend the scheduled appointments and remained without disease-specific treatment despite repeated follow-up attempts.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The arteries most commonly affected in TA are large- and medium-caliber supra-aortic vessels, involved in approximately 85% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The subclavian (83.73%) and common carotid (73.22%) arteries are the most frequently affected vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Renal artery involvement occurs in 24%-68% of cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and intracranial vessel involvement has been reported in 23.7%, particularly affecting the internal carotid artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Occlusion of the vertebral and carotid arteries is strongly associated with cerebrovascular ischemic events.</p>
<p>In the present case, the first ischemic event at age 20 likely reflected pre-existing vascular injury. At age 53, the patient presented with a TIA and a left carotid bruit. According to the 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> her clinical and imaging findings were consistent with TA.</p>
<p>Angiographic findings on MRA classified the disease as Type V according to Hata&apos;s angiographic classification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), which is the most frequent subtype, followed by Type I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This classification primarily assists in surgical planning and does not carry established prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiographic classification of Takayasu arteritis. The black areas indicate the arteries involved in each type.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf04.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Adapted from Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<p>Risk factors for vascular complications in TA include progressive disease, thoracic aorta involvement, and retinopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, outcomes are influenced by multiple variables, and management must be individualized.</p>
<p>Traditional inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, are insufficient to accurately assess disease activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Additional biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and pentraxins, have been investigated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> but they are not routinely available in clinical practice.</p>
<p>Assessment of disease activity remains challenging. Instruments such as the National Institutes of Health criteria, the Disease Extent Index for Takayasu Arteritis, and the Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score incorporate clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters, although their accuracy varies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The Takayasu Arteritis Integrated Disease Activity Index has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, but further external validation is required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Combining biomarkers with advanced imaging modalities may enhance disease monitoring and therapeutic decision-making.</p>
<p>Treatment strategies depend on disease activity and severity. Active or severe disease requires high-dose glucocorticoids, with intravenous administration reserved for organ-threatening manifestations. In non-severe cases, combination therapy with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, or azathioprine has shown improved efficacy. After 6-12 months of sustained remission, gradual glucocorticoid tapering is recommended. In patients with critical cranial or vertebrobasilar involvement, antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of ischemic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Patients without major complications generally have a favorable prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Early initiation of treatment improves long-term outcomes and reduces the risk of accelerated atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Younger patients tend to have lower remission rates, whereas older patients may require less intensive pharmacologic therapy but often exhibit greater functional impairment due to comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Although rare, TA may lead to severe neurological events, including stroke. Early recognition, particularly in young women presenting with pulse deficits, blood pressure discrepancies, or limb claudication, is essential. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment improve clinical outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term complications.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
<label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
<label>Study Association</label>
<p>This article is part of the Final Course Project by Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim for Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde (FEPECS), conducted at the Hospital Regional de Sobradinho.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde under the protocol number 7.812.420. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to create <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
<p>The data cannot be made publicly available because this is a single case report. The study data correspond to information contained in the patient&apos;s medical record and therefore require confidentiality, as established by the Research Ethics Committee for this study.</p>
</sec>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250110</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
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<title-group>
<article-title>Manifestações Neurológicas da Arterite de Takayasu: Relato de Caso e Revisão de Literatura</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6194-4327</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Rolim</surname><given-names>Amanda Antunes Arantes</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>obtenção de dados e redação do manuscrito</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
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<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
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<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2593-2045</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Campos</surname><given-names>Flávia de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa e análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4430-4984</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Dilson Palhares</given-names></name>
<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, Sobradinho, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim</bold> • Hospital Regional de Sobradinho (HRS). Quadra 12, Conjunto B, lote 38. CEP: <postal-code>73010-120</postal-code>. Sobradinho, DF - Brasil E-mail: <email>amanda.arantes1412@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<abstract>
<title>Resumo</title>
<p>A arterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma vasculite rara de grandes vasos que acomete principalmente a aorta e seus principais ramos e afeta predominantemente mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher que apresentou um acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) isquêmico aos 20 anos e um ataque isquêmico transitório aos 53 anos, com diagnóstico de AT realizado apenas após o segundo evento cerebrovascular. Embora o AVE isquêmico seja uma manifestação inicial incomum da AT, o reconhecimento precoce e o manejo oportuno são essenciais para prevenir novas complicações e melhorar os desfechos a longo prazo.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Arterite de Takayasu</kwd>
<kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
<kwd>Manifestações Neurológicas</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A arterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma vasculite rara e crônica que acomete vasos de grande e médio calibre, principalmente a aorta e seus principais ramos. A AT afeta predominantemente mulheres em idade reprodutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A doença é caracterizada por inflamação arterial progressiva, que pode levar a estenose, oclusão e formação de aneurismas. Embora sua etiologia exata permaneça incerta, têm sido implicadas suscetibilidade genética e mecanismos autoimunes, particularmente envolvendo as vias de linfócitos Th1 e Th17.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>As manifestações iniciais são frequentemente inespecíficas e podem incluir febre, perda de peso, fadiga e artralgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> À medida que a doença progride, os achados vasculares tornam-se mais proeminentes, incluindo diminuição ou ausência de pulsos em membros superiores (84%-96%), claudicação de membros, discrepâncias de pressão arterial entre os braços, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (33%-83%) e sopros arteriais (80%-94%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes permanecem assintomáticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
<p>Eventos cerebrovasculares, incluindo acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) isquêmico e ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT), ocorrem em 10%-20% dos pacientes com AT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e raramente representam a manifestação inicial da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em uma coorte de 320 pacientes, 20% apresentaram eventos cerebrovasculares, dos quais 65% tiveram AVE isquêmico e 35% tiveram AIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Fatores de risco identificados incluíram histórico prévio de AVE isquêmico ou AIT e diagnóstico tardio.</p>
<p>A AT deve ser suspeitada em mulheres jovens que apresentem sintomas cardiovasculares e manifestações cerebrovasculares. O diagnóstico precoce e o início imediato de terapia imunossupressora são essenciais para prevenir a progressão da doença, reduzir complicações e melhorar o prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Este estudo relata um caso de AT que se apresentou inicialmente com AVE isquêmico.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Uma mulher de 53 anos deu entrada no serviço de emergência após queda da própria altura causada por fraqueza súbita do membro inferior direito. O episódio foi acompanhado por desvio da comissura labial para a esquerda e disartria. Seu histórico médico era notável por um AVE isquêmico aos 20 anos, resultando em hemiparesia espástica persistente à direita. Ela não havia realizado acompanhamento médico desde esse evento. A paciente era sedentária e negava tabagismo, consumo de álcool ou uso regular de medicamentos.</p>
<p>Ao exame físico, os sinais vitais estavam estáveis e não foram observadas outras alterações. Os exames laboratoriais não apresentaram alterações relevantes, incluindo proteína C reativa de 3,18 mg/l. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio inicial demonstrou sequela de infarto lacunar nos núcleos da base à esquerda, sem evidência de lesões isquêmicas agudas. O ecocardiograma transtorácico foi normal. A ultrassonografia Doppler de carótidas revelou estenose de aproximadamente 31% nos segmentos proximal e médio da artéria carótida comum esquerda, com espessura de parede variando de 1,2 a 1,4 mm. A artéria carótida comum direita apresentava 20% de estenose e espessura de parede de 1,4 mm. A artéria vertebral esquerda foi descrita como hipoplásica.</p>
<p>Uma tomografia computadorizada de crânio repetida após 48 horas não mostrou alterações em relação ao exame anterior. Como os déficits neurológicos regrediram em até 3 horas, foi estabelecido o diagnóstico clínico de AIT.</p>
<p>Diante da suspeita de AT, a pressão arterial foi aferida nos quatro membros, sem discrepâncias significativas. No entanto, foi auscultado sopro sobre a artéria carótida esquerda. A paciente negava sintomas constitucionais ou isquêmicos prévios.</p>
<p>A angiorressonância magnética (angio-RM) cerebral confirmou a sequela do AVE isquêmico prévio no hemisfério cerebral esquerdo. A angio-RM cervical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>) demonstrou estenose de aproximadamente 60% da porção proximal da artéria carótida comum esquerda, acentuado estreitamento das artérias carótida interna e externa esquerdas com fluxo filiforme, e hipoplasia difusa da artéria vertebral esquerda.</p>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiorressonância magnética cervical.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal do autor (2025).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>A angio-RM torácica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>) evidenciou dilatação fusiforme focal da aorta torácica descendente.</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiorressonância magnética torácica.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf02-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal do autor (2025).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>A ARM abdominal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>) revelou estenose segmentar da aorta abdominal infrarrenal, iniciando ao nível das origens das artérias renais.</p>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiorressonância magnética abdominal.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf03-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal do autor (2025).</attrib>
</fig>
<p>A paciente recebeu alta com encaminhamentos para ambulatórios de reumatologia, neurologia e cardiologia. No entanto, não compareceu às consultas agendadas e permaneceu sem tratamento específico para a doença, apesar das tentativas repetidas de seguimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>As artérias mais comumente acometidas na AT são os vasos supra-aórticos de grande e médio calibre, envolvidos em aproximadamente 85% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As artérias subclávia (83,73%) e carótida comum (73,22%) são os vasos mais frequentemente afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O acometimento das artérias renais ocorre em 24%-68% dos casos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e o envolvimento de vasos intracranianos foi relatado em 23,7%, particularmente afetando a artéria carótida interna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A oclusão das artérias vertebrais e carótidas está fortemente associada a eventos isquêmicos cerebrovasculares.</p>
<p>No presente caso, o primeiro evento isquêmico aos 20 anos provavelmente refletiu lesão vascular pré-existente. Aos 53 anos, a paciente apresentou AIT e sopro carotídeo à esquerda. De acordo com os critérios de classificação de 2022 do <italic>American College of Rheumatology</italic>/<italic>European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> seus achados clínicos e de imagem foram compatíveis com AT.</p>
<p>Os achados angiográficos na angio-RM classificaram a doença como Tipo V segundo a classificação angiográfica de Hata<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>), que é o subtipo mais frequente, seguido pelo Tipo I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essa classificação auxilia principalmente no planejamento cirúrgico e não possui valor prognóstico consolidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Classificação angiográfica da arterite de Takayasu. As áreas em preto indicam as artérias envolvidas em cada tipo.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-gf04-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></attrib>
</fig>
<p>Fatores de risco para complicações vasculares na AT incluem doença progressiva, acometimento da aorta torácica e retinopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, os desfechos são influenciados por múltiplas variáveis, e o manejo deve ser individualizado.</p>
<p>Marcadores inflamatórios tradicionais, como proteína C reativa e velocidade de hemossedimentação, são insuficientes para avaliar com precisão a atividade da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Biomarcadores adicionais, incluindo metaloproteinases da matriz, citocinas e pentraxinas, têm sido investigados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> mas não estão rotineiramente disponíveis na prática clínica.</p>
<p>A avaliação da atividade da doença permanece desafiadora. Instrumentos como os critérios do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>, o <italic>Disease Extent Index for Takayasu Arteritis</italic> e o <italic>Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score</italic> incorporam parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais e de imagem, embora sua acurácia varie.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O <italic>Takayasu Arteritis Integrated Disease Activity Index</italic> demonstrou alta sensibilidade e especificidade, mas ainda requer validação externa adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A combinação de biomarcadores com modalidades avançadas de imagem pode aprimorar o monitoramento da doença e a tomada de decisão terapêutica.</p>
<p>As estratégias de tratamento dependem da atividade e da gravidade da doença. Doença ativa ou grave requer glicocorticoides em altas doses, com administração intravenosa reservada para manifestações com risco de órgão. Em casos não graves, a terapia combinada com glicocorticoides e agentes imunossupressores, como metotrexato, inibidores do fator de necrose tumoral ou azatioprina, tem demonstrado maior eficácia. Após 6-12 meses de remissão contínua, recomenda-se a redução gradual dos glicocorticoides. Em pacientes com acometimento craniano crítico ou vertebrobasilar, a terapia antiplaquetária reduz o risco de eventos isquêmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
<p>Pacientes sem complicações maiores geralmente apresentam prognóstico favorável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O início precoce do tratamento melhora os desfechos a longo prazo e reduz o risco de aterosclerose acelerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Pacientes mais jovens tendem a apresentar menores taxas de remissão, enquanto pacientes mais idosos podem necessitar de terapia farmacológica menos intensiva, mas frequentemente exibem maior comprometimento funcional devido a comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusões</title>
<p>Embora seja rara, a AT pode levar a eventos neurológicos graves, incluindo AVE. O reconhecimento precoce, especialmente em mulheres jovens com déficit de pulso, discrepâncias de pressão arterial ou claudicação de membros, é essencial. O diagnóstico oportuno e o tratamento adequado melhoram os desfechos clínicos e reduzem o risco de complicações a longo prazo.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Este artigo é parte do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim pela Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde (FEPECS), no Hospital Regional de Sobradinho.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde sob o número de protocolo 7.812.420. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Durante a preparação deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para gerar a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>. Após o uso desta ferramenta/serviço, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
<p>Os dados não podem ser disponibilizados publicamente pois trata-se de relato de caso único. Os dados do estudo correspondem a informações contidas no prontuário da paciente e, portanto, requerem sigilo, conforme estabelecido pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa deste trabalho.</p>
</sec>
</back>
</sub-article>
</article>