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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">dic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Imagem cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem cardiovasc</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47593/2675-312X/20213404eabc237</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Non-Compacted Cardiomyopathy in Children and Adolescents: From the Challenge of Echocardiographic Diagnosis to Clinical Follow-Up</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Torbey</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Flávia Malheiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bustamante</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Catarina Durán</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Aurea Lucia Grippa de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Carmen Zampirole</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Abdallah</surname>
						<given-names>Luan Rodrigues</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>March e Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Yves Pacheco Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mesquita</surname>
						<given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Fluminense Federal University</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Antônio Pedro University Hospital</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Antônio Pedro University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01"> Mailing Address: Ana Flávia Malheiros Torbey • Departamento Materno Infantil, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marques do Paraná, 303 – Centro CEP: 24033-900 – Niterói, RJ, Brazil E-mail: <email>anatorbey@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Authors’ contributions</p>
					<p>Research conception and design, critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Torbey AFM, Souza ALAAG, Mosque ET; Data collection: Torbey AFM, Souza ALAAG, Bustamante ACD, Brandão CZ, Abdallah LR, Souza YPDM; Manuscript writing: Torbey AFM, Souza ALAAG, Bustamante ACD, Brandão CZ, Abdallah LR, Souza YPDM, Mesquita ET.</p>
					<p>This article is part of the Phd thesis by Ana Flávia Malheiros Torbey and Aurea Lúcia Alves de Azevedo Grippa de Souza, from the Graduate Program in Sciences Program Cardiovascular at the Fluminense Federal University.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflict of interest</p>
					<p>The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2021</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>eabc237</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>7</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2021</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Non-compacted cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is characterized by hypertrabeculations and deep recesses in the left ventricle, with a heterogeneous clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic patients to those with heart failure (HF), thromboembolic events and arrhythmias with risk of sudden death. As it is rare and does not have well-defined diagnostic criteria, its natural history in pediatrics is poorly understood. This study describes the clinical presentation and clinical course of patients with NCCM.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methodology</title>
					<p> Observational, longitudinal, prospective study of pediatric patients seen at a pediatric cardiology referral center from metropolitan region II in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with NCCM phenotype on echocardiogram (ECHO) during a 2-year follow-up, from the ChARisMa registry.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> 6 patients aged 4 to 14, with NCCM, were analyzed. Mean age 7.5 years (SD: 3.93), 3 males (50%). The patients presented HF (n=2), cardiac murmur (n=1), cardiac arrhythmia (n=1), were asymptomatic (n=1) or were under investigation for a genetic syndrome (n=1). Phenotypes on ECHO: NCCM/dilated cardiomyopathy (n=1) and NCCM/restrictive cardiomyopathy (n=1), isolated phenotype of NCCM (n=4). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed and confirmed the diagnosis (n=4). The outcomes observed were thromboembolism, indication for heart transplantation, and sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p> This case series provides relevant data for pediatric NCCM as it shows its heterogeneous clinical presentation and potentially fatal complications. More prospective studies are needed for an accurate diagnosis and to allow its clinical course, therapeutic response and prognosis to be better known.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<kwd>Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
				<kwd>Children</kwd>
				<kwd>Pediatrics</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Cardiomyopathies are a group of rare diseases in childhood that, once diagnosed, are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> . With an estimated incidence of 0.12 per 100,000 children under ten years of age, non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCM) is the third most common pediatric CM, followed by dilated CM (DCM) and hypertrophic CM (HCM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Also called left ventricular (LV) non-compaction, NCM was first described in 1932 in a necropsy study of a newborn. In 1986, the first echocardiographic report characterized it as spongy myocardium, and only in 2006 was it classified as a primary genetic CM by the American Heart Association (AHA). However, it remains a familial CM not classified by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . NCM is morphologically characterized by a myocardium with trabeculations and deep recesses that communicate with the ventricular cavity. It occurs more frequently in the LV but can affect the right ventricle and the interventricular septum as an isolated or mixed phenotype (association with other cardiomyopathies, congenital heart disease, and neuromuscular diseases)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> . Its pathophysiology is still not completely understood, but an embryogenetic failure in the myocardial layer compaction leads to hypertrabeculation and the characteristic spongy appearance. Different genetic changes controlling the sarcomeric, cytoskeletal, and mitochondrial functions have been described in NCM patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>NCM can occur at any age, with a very heterogeneous clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic patients to heart failure (HF), thromboembolic events, arrhythmias, and sudden death<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> . Different echocardiographic and magnetic resonance diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different authors, hindering an accurate diagnosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Given its rarity, heterogeneous etiology and clinical presentation, and absence of universal diagnostic criteria, NCM is not well known by pediatricians and causes a diagnostic challenge for pediatric cardiologists and echocardiographers. This study aims to describe the clinicodemographic characteristics and presentation phenotype of pediatric NCM patients treated at a reference center in pediatric cardiology.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This was an observational longitudinal prospective study of pediatric patients seen at a pediatric cardiology referral center with NCM phenotype on echocardiography (ECHO). These patients were part of the ChARisMA Study ( <bold>Ch</bold> ildren and <bold>A</bold> dolescent <bold>R</bold> eg <bold>is</bold> try in <bold>M</bold> yocardites and C <bold>A</bold> rdiomyopathy), which consists of a registry of patients with different myocarditis and CM phenotypes diagnosed before the age of 19 years from the Metropolitan Region II of the State of Rio de Janeiro, which covers seven municipalities: Itaboraí, Maricá, Niterói, Rio Bonito, São Gonçalo, Silva Jardim, and Tanguá.</p>
			<p>The echocardiographic criterion for diagnosing the patients was the one described by Jenni, including a compaction–non-compaction layer ratio &gt; 2 measured at the end of systole, with color Doppler showing the presence of blood filling from the ventricular cavity in the deep recesses, presence of several trabeculations, and absence of structural cardiac malformations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> . All ECHO images were reviewed by a second experienced examiner. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) was used to confirm the echocardiographic diagnosis of NCM.</p>
			<p>The patients underwent the most recent CM classification endorsed by the World Heart Federation, the MOGE(S) classification, which stands for <bold>M</bold> orphofunctional, <bold>O</bold> rgan involvement, <bold>G</bold> enetic or familial, <bold>E</bold> tiology, and <bold>S</bold> tage, and was developed to describe the multiple characteristics of cardiomyopathies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> . The variables studied were age at diagnosis, sex, phenotype on ECHO, clinical presentation, and family history. The outcomes analyzed were development of thromboembolic events, arrhythmias, HF development or worsening, heart transplantation, and death.</p>
			<p>This study was approved by the local REC (CAAE: 93874218.2.0000.5243), and guardians and participants signed an informed consent and assent form as described in resolution 466/2012.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>From March 2019 to September 2021, 32 patients were included in the ChARisMA registry, six of whom had an echocardiographic diagnosis of NCM, representing 18.75% of the cases. These patients are still being followed up.</p>
			<p>Of the six NCM patients, three were male (50%) and three were female. The age at diagnosis was 4–14 years (mean, 7.5 years; median, 7; and standard deviation, 3.93). At the time of diagnosis, two patients had HF, both with a mixed phenotype on ECHO, one with NCM and DCM, and the other with NCM and restrictive CM (RCM). The other cases (n = 4) presented an isolated NCM phenotype on ECHO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> ). The main characteristics of this case series are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> .</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Two-dimensional echocardiogram of a patient with non-compaction cardiomyopathy. The arrows show the non-compaction layer with excess trabeculations and the characteristic deep recesses at the left ventricular apex and free wall.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc237-gf01.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Clinical characteristics and progression of NCM patients.</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>ID</th>
								<th>Sex</th>
								<th>Age at diagnosis (years)</th>
								<th>Reason for diagnosis</th>
								<th>Functional class (NYHA)</th>
								<th>Phenotype on ECHO</th>
								<th>24-hour Holter</th>
								<th>CMRI</th>
								<th>Observations throughout follow-up</th>
								<th>Patient condition at the end of follow-up</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">M</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td>Heart murmur to be clarified</td>
								<td align="center">I</td>
								<td align="center">NCM</td>
								<td>No changes</td>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td>Absent</td>
								<td>Asymptomatic, functional class I (NYHA)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">M</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td>Family screening (case 1’s brother)</td>
								<td align="center">I</td>
								<td align="center">NCM</td>
								<td>---</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td>Absent</td>
								<td>Asymptomatic, functional class I (NYHA)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td>Heart failure</td>
								<td align="center">III</td>
								<td align="center">NCM/RCM</td>
								<td>NSSVT NSVT</td>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td>Pulmonary thromboembolism, functional class IV (NYHA), included in the heart transplant list</td>
								<td>Death</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td>Heart failure</td>
								<td align="center">II</td>
								<td align="center">NCM/RCM</td>
								<td>Without changes</td>
								<td align="center">No</td>
								<td>Absent</td>
								<td>Functional class II (NYHA), medicated with carvedilol</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td>Irregular rhythm (ventricular extrasystole on ECG)</td>
								<td align="center">I</td>
								<td align="center">NCM</td>
								<td>VT</td>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td>Sustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
								<td>Controlled arrhythmia after ablation and use of amiodarone.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">M</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td>Screening for malformations associated with genetic syndrome to be clarified</td>
								<td align="center">I</td>
								<td align="center">NCM</td>
								<td>Without changes</td>
								<td align="center">Yes</td>
								<td>Genetic diagnosis of 22q13 microdeletion confirmed (Phelan-McDermid Syndrome)</td>
								<td>Functional class I (NYHA), hypotonia, global developmental delay</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><italic>CMRI, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; ECG, electrocardiogram; ECHO, echocardiogram; F, feminine; ID, identification; M, male; NSSVT, non-sustained supraventricular tachycardia; NSVT, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; NYHA, New York Heart Association; VT, sustained ventricular tachycardia.</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>All patients underwent the MOGE(S) classification ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> ), which describes the phenotype, family history, etiology, and clinical condition of the patient by HF functional class and staging.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>The MOGES classification (Morphofunctional, Organ involvement, Genetic or familial, Etiology, Stage).</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Id</th>
								<th>MOGES</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td>M <sub>NC</sub> O <sub>H</sub> G <sub>Undet</sub> E <sub>0</sub> S <sub>B-I</sub></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td>M <sub>NC</sub> O <sub>H</sub> G <sub>Undet</sub> E <sub>0</sub> S <sub>B-I</sub></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td>M <sub>R+ NC</sub> O <sub>H + C + Lu</sub> G <sub>U</sub> E<sub>0</sub> S <sub>D- IV</sub></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td>M <sub>D+ NC</sub> O <sub>H</sub> G <sub>N</sub> E <sub>0</sub> S <sub>C –II</sub></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td>M <sub>NC</sub> O <sub>H</sub> G <sub>N</sub> E <sub>0</sub> S <sub>B –I</sub></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td>M <sub>NC</sub> O <sub>H + N + K</sub> G <sub>22q13deletion</sub> E <sub>G</sub> S <sub>B</sub> - <sub>I</sub></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><italic>E <sub>0</sub>, without genetic testing; G <sub>N</sub>, negative family history; G <sub>Undet</sub>, genetic heritage undetermined; ID, patient identification; M <sub>NC</sub>, non-compaction cardiomyopathy; M <sub>RNC</sub>, restrictive and non-compaction cardiomyopathy; O<sub>H</sub>, heart involvement; O <sub>H + C + Lu</sub>, heart, skin, and lung involvement; O <sub>H + N + K</sub>, heart, neurological, and kidney involvement; S, New York Heart Association functional classification (I-IV) and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association staging (A-D).</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Diagnosis was based on HF symptoms (n = 2) and physical examination changes such as heart murmur and cardiac arrhythmia – ventricular extrasystole (n = 2), one patient underwent familial screening with the phenotype confirmed on ECHO, and the other was confirmed in the context of the possible associated malformations on genetic syndrome investigation. CMRI performed in four cases confirmed the ECHO diagnosis.</p>
			<p>The outcomes included arrhythmia on 24-hour Holter monitoring: non-sustained supraventricular tachycardia and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and sustained ventricular tachycardia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> ). In addition to pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in the case of a mixed NCM/RCM phenotype that progressed with HF worsening, the patient died after a 27-month follow-up despite drug optimization and referral for heart transplantation.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A 24-hour Holter monitor tracing showing sustained ventricular tachycardia in a patient with non-compaction cardiomyopathy.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc237-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>As a rare disease, little is known about the clinical progression, prognosis, and treatment of pediatric NCM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> . Its classification as a distinct CM remains controversial, being defined as genetic primary CM by the AHA in 2006 but still being a non-classified CM by the ESC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> . More recently, the MOGE(S) classification was developed from the need to describe CM integrating multiple characteristics of the disease. In addition to the morphofunctional phenotype (M), it considers organ involvement (O), family inheritance pattern or genetic basis (G) and etiology (E) (genetic or acquired), and functional status (S) based on the ACC/AHA HF staging (A-D) and the New York Heart Association functional class (I-IV)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> <sub>.</sub></p>
			<p>Both main pediatric CM registries, the Australian one (1987–1996) and the Pediatric Cardiomyopathies Registry that included 98 centers in the United States and Canada (1990–2008), report an NCM incidence of 9.2% and 4.8% of all CM cases diagnosed in childhood, respectively<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> . To date, the literature has no pediatric records on this CM in Latin America, only isolated case reports. Therefore, this case series presents important pediatric NCM data in this environment.</p>
			<p>Corroborating the literature, the case series studied shows pediatric NCM heterogeneity from clinical presentation to diagnosis ranging from asymptomatic patients to ventricular arrhythmia and HF or in the context of genetic syndrome investigation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>HF is the most common clinical presentation of NCM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> , so the recognition of the several HF signs and symptoms in children essential to its diagnosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> . HF was also the main clinical presentation in the described group of patients.</p>
			<p>The diagnosis in asymptomatic patients remains debatable since the presence of hypertrabeculation in the absence of ventricular dysfunction could be considered only a morphological characteristic as described in high-performance athletes, pregnant women, and black people<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> . There is still no available imaging method, genetic test, or histopathological evaluation for the differential diagnosis of NCM and the presence of physiological hypertrabeculation. In the present study, 50% of the cases presented no cardiovascular symptoms, but the fact that two patients had a positive family history and one had a confirmed genetic disease diagnosis suggests that the NCM phenotype is not just a physiological hypertrabeculation. Therefore, the long-term follow-up of this group of patients with future assessments and family screening is essential<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Doppler ECHO is the main method for NCM diagnosis, which is characterized by a myocardium with two layers, one external and compact and the other internal and non-compact, thick and with trabeculations and deep recesses that communicate with the ventricular cavity and are often located in the LV apex and free wall<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Accurate imaging diagnosis can be quite difficult due to the overlap with other CM types such as DCM and even the presence of normal LV trabeculations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> . In a prospective study, Lilje et al. reported that NCM can be underdiagnosed. Jurko et al. consider that the main reason for the late diagnosis is the lack of physicians’ experience recognizing NCM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Several authors proposed different diagnostic criteria using two-dimensional ECHO (Jenni et al., Chin et al., Stöllberger et al.)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> or CMRI (Petersen et al. and Jacquier et al.)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> , which prevents a universal consensus for diagnosis. In addition, healthy people may present with increased trabeculations and meet these criteria, which makes it necessary to clarify whether asymptomatic patients are in a preclinical phase of CM or just show a variation of normality<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>These criteria are based on the relationship between the compaction and non-compaction layers; however, they differ regarding the time of the cardiac cycle in which the measurement must be performed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> . The criterion proposed by Jenni<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> consists of a ratio greater than two at the end of systole, being the most frequently used in studies available in the literature<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> . Neme et al. highlights the importance of techniques such as real-time 3D ECHO and speckle tracking in understanding this CM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> . CMRI contributes to the diagnosis, especially when the ECHO is uncertain and the ratio between the compaction and non-compaction layers greater than 2.3 has a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 99% (Petersen criterion)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> . In addition to confirming the diagnosis, imaging studies are essential for phenotype categorization (mixed or isolated) and the determination of systolic and diastolic function, providing the physician with necessary information on its clinical progression and treatment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>In the present case series, two patients could not undergo CMRI, and only the Jenni’s ECHO criterion was used<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> associated with the family history and clinical presentation. These patients had a positive family history or HF signs and symptoms, and hypertrabeculation was characterized as NCM, not just as a physiological condition. As imaging methods do not determine the NCM pathognomonic sign, the Rotterdam criteria were proposed to differentiate pathological NCM trabeculations from the physiological trabeculations found in athletes, Afro-descendants, and long-term hypertensive patients. This criterion consists of clinical evaluation combined with ECG, ECHO/CMRI, family history, and genetic evaluation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>The most frequent NCM phenotype in children is the non-isolated form, which presents concomitantly with other CM or congenital heart disease (mixed phenotype) or associated with genetic syndrome, neuromuscular disease, or inborn error of metabolism<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> . The North American and Australian registries showed that the most common phenotype was mixed, with NCM/DCM of 58.7–93%, followed by NCM/HCM (11%). The association with RCM is very rare<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> . An anatomopathological study by Marques et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> showed that ventricular septal defect is the congenital heart disease most commonly associated with NCM. On the other hand, this case series presented a predominance of the isolated form, corroborating the study by Jurko et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>No specific drug or surgical therapy strategy has been successfully introduced for NCM. However, the use of a beta-blocker or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor can lead to favorable LV remodeling<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> . A case report by Redondo et al. described an important improvement in refractory HF after use of the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (sildenafil) in a six-year-old boy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> . Patients with a mixed phenotype or associated systemic condition should undergo targeted therapy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Once NCM is diagnosed, patients should be closely monitored for possible complications and ventricular function deterioration. Imaging tests such as ECHO and CMRI, ECG, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and exercise stress testing should be performed whenever possible to rule out exercise-induced arrhythmia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> . Arrhythmias should be treated according to the established clinical protocols<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . One of the cases presented here progressed with sustained ventricular tachycardia for which the patient underwent ablation and remains free from new episodes of arrhythmia during the follow-up period.</p>
			<p>Effort is needed to determine whether anticoagulation or prophylactic antiplatelet therapy is justified and beneficial in children<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> . If cardiac function deteriorates despite optimized drug therapy, the viable option is heart transplantation. In North America, 4% of pediatric patients listed for heart transplantation are diagnosed with isolated NCM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>A study by Lofiego et al. of a cohort of adult patients demonstrated that disease presentation at diagnosis can determine the prognosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> . Asymptomatic patients have a better prognosis than those with HF or VT, even children with an isolated NCM phenotype have better clinical progression<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> . This also occurred in this case series, in which patients with mixed phenotypes (NCM/DCM and NCM/RCM) still required HF treatment in addition to presenting complications such as PTE, indication for heart transplantation, and death.</p>
			<p>In the study by BRESCIA et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> , being less than 12 months of age at diagnosis, LV systolic dysfunction, and ventricular arrhythmia were considered risk factors for death or heart transplantation. A systematic review by van Waning et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> reported that children have a more severe presentation than adults.</p>
			<p>Childhood cardiomyopathies have an important and heterogeneous genetic substrate in their etiology derived from multiple mutations in several genes. Variants in the same gene can cause different phenotypes and systemic changes that commonly affect organs other than the heart. More than 40 monogenetic and chromosomal defects have been described in the NCM population, with different inheritance patterns (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked). NCM is a common finding in Barth syndrome, an autosomal recessive X-linked disease with mutation in the tafazzin ( <italic>TAZ</italic> ) gene on chromosome Xq28; it is also found in inborn errors of metabolism such as glycogen storage disease type 1, decarboxylase deficiency, and cobalamin C deficiency and associated with aneuploidies (Turner syndrome or trisomy 13, 18, and 21), copy number variations (22q11 and 1p36 deletion), neuromuscular disease (Duchenne and Becker dystrophy), mitochondrial diseases, and other genetic syndromes (Soto, Marfan, and RASopathies)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> .</p>
			<p>Due to the genetic characteristic of NCM, family screening must always be performed using ECHO, with a possible early phenotypic diagnosis in asymptomatic patients. About 25–50% of patients with NCM have a positive family history<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> . Genetic studies should also be encouraged despite the difficult access and numerous ethical issues involved in the genetic diagnosis of asymptomatic patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> . According to a study published by van Waning, genetic causes have a worse prognosis in pediatric than adult patients, and NCM more commonly has a genetic cause when diagnosed in children, especially those younger than one year of age<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> . Although genetic investigations were not conducted in all cases analyzed, family screening identified one case of NCM (brother) and one of a 22q11 microdeletion.</p>
			<p>The use of the MOGE(S) classification in the studied cases proved useful in gathering fundamental characteristics requiring addressing in patients with cardiomyopathies, such as a morphofunctional phenotype, involvement of other organs and systems, family history, genetic changes, and clinical status through HF functional and staging classification, providing better understanding of the disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> .</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>This case series provides relevant data on pediatric NCM, showing heterogeneous clinical presentation and the occurrence of potentially fatal complications. A limiting factor of the study is its small number of patients. More prospective studies are needed to ensure that NCM is correctly diagnosed and its clinical progression, therapeutic response, and prognosis are better known.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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							<surname>Poymiró</surname>
							<given-names>SH</given-names>
						</name>
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					<article-title>Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy: outlook and cardiac arrhythmias</article-title>
					<source>Cor Salud</source>
					<year>2018</year>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
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				<mixed-citation>39. Arbustini E, Narula N, Tavazzi L, Serio A, Grasso M, Favalli V, et al. The MOGE(S) classification of cardiomyopathy for clinicians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(3):304-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.027. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(11):1186. Bonow, Robert D [Corrected to Bonow, Robert O].</mixed-citation>
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							<given-names>E</given-names>
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							<surname>Narula</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tavazzi</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
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							<surname>Serio</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grasso</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Favalli</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
						<etal>et al</etal>
					</person-group>
					<article-title>The MOGE(S) classification of cardiomyopathy for clinicians</article-title>
					<source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
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					<issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.027.</issue-id>
					<comment>Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(11):1186. Bonow, Robert D [Corrected to Bonow, Robert O]</comment>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Miocardiopatia Não Compactada em Crianças e Adolescentes: do Desafio do Diagnóstico Ecocardiográfico ao Acompanhamento Clínico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Torbey</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Flávia Malheiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bustamante</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Catarina Durán</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Aurea Lucia Grippa de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Brandão</surname>
						<given-names>Carmen Zampirole</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Abdallah</surname>
						<given-names>Luan Rodrigues</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Souza</surname>
						<given-names>Yves Pacheco Dias March e</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mesquita</surname>
						<given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil .</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil .</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">Correspondência: Ana Flávia Malheiros Torbey • Departamento Materno Infantil, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rua Marques do Paraná, 303 – Centro CEP: 24033-900 – Niterói, RJ, Brasil E-mail: anatorbey@id.uff.br</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="con">
					<p>Contribuição dos autores</p>
					<p>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa: Torbey AFM, Souza ALAAG e Mesquita ET; Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante: Torbey AFM, Souza ALAAG, Mesquita ET; Obtenção de dados: Torbey AFM, Souza ALAAG, Bustamante ACD, Brandão CZ, Abdallah LR, Souza YPDM; Redação do manuscrito: Torbey AFM, Souza ALAAG, Bustamante ACD, Brandão CZ, Abdallah LR, Souza YPDM, Mesquita ET.</p>
					<p>Este artigo é parte da tese de doutorado de Ana Flávia Malheiros Torbey e Aurea Lúcia Alves de Azevedo Grippa de Souza, do Programa de Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<p>Conflito de interesses</p>
					<p>Os autores declaram não terem conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamentos</title>
					<p>Miocardiopatia não compactada (MCNC) caracteriza-se por hipertrabeculações e recessos profundos no ventrículo esquerdo, com apresentação clínica heterogênea, desde pacientes assintomáticos a insuficiência cardíaca (IC), eventos tromboembólicos arritmias com risco de morte súbita. Por ser rara e não apresentar critérios diagnósticos bem definidos, sua história natural na pediatria é pouco conhecida. Este estudo descreve a apresentação e evolução clínica de pacientes portadores de MCNC.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Metodologia</title>
					<p>Estudo observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo, de pacientes pediátricos atendidos em um centro de referência em cardiologia pediátrica provenientes da região metropolitana II do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com fenótipo de MCNC ao ecocardiograma (ECO) no período de 2 anos de acompanhamento, provenientes do Registro ChARisMa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p>Analisados seis pacientes com MCNC, de 4 a 14 anos de idade, média de idade de 7,5 anos (DP: 3,93), 3 do sexo masculino (50%). Apresentando-se com IC (n=2), sopro cardíaco (n=1), arritmia cardíaca (n=1), assintomático (n=1) ou em investigação de síndrome genética (n=1). Fenótipos ao ECO: MCNC/Miocardiopatia dilatada (n=1) e MCNC/Miocardiopatia restritiva (n=1), fenótipo isolado de MCNC (n=4). A ressonância magnética cardíaca foi realizada, confirmando o diagnóstico (n=4). Os desfechos observados foram tromboembolismo, indicação de transplante cardíaco e taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusões</title>
					<p>Esta série de casos proporciona dados relevantes da MCNC pediátrica, mostrando a heterogeneidade da apresentação clínica, bem como a ocorrência de complicações potencialmente fatais. São necessários mais estudos prospectivos para que seu diagnóstico seja corretamente realizado e sua evolução clínica, resposta terapêutica e prognóstico sejam mais bem conhecidos.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
				<kwd>Insuficiência cardíaca</kwd>
				<kwd>Criança</kwd>
				<kwd>Pediatria</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>As miocardiopatias constituem um grupo de doenças raras na infância, porém, uma vez diagnosticadas, estão associadas a elevado grau de morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Com incidência estimada de 0,12 para 100 mil crianças com menos de 10 anos de idade, a Miocardiopatia Não Compactada (MCNC) é a terceira miocardiopatia mais comum na pediatria, seguida da Dilatada (MCD) e da Hipertrófica (MCH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Também chamada de ventrículo esquerdo não compactado, a MCNC foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1932 por meio de estudo de necrópsia de um recém-nascido; em 1986, ocorreu o primeiro relato ecocardiográfico, sendo caracterizado como miocárdio esponjoso e, somente em 2006, foi classificada como uma miocardiopatia genética primária pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA), entretanto, ainda permanece como uma miocardiopatia familiar não classificada pela <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A MCNC caracteriza-se morfologicamente por apresentar um miocárdio com trabeculações e recessos profundos que se comunicam com a cavidade ventricular. Ocorre mais frequentemente no ventrículo esquerdo, porém também acomete o ventrículo direito e o septo interventricular, podendo ocorrer ainda como fenótipo isolado ou misto (associação com outras miocardiopatias, cardiopatias congênitas e doenças neuromusculares).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Sua fisiopatologia ainda não está completamente compreendida, mas acredita-se que uma falha na embriogênese da compactação das camadas do miocárdio leve à hipertrabeculação com a aparência esponjosa característica. Diferentes alterações em genes que controlam funções do sarcômero, do citoesqueleto e da mitocôndria foram descritos em pacientes com MCNC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Pode ocorrer em qualquer idade, com apresentação clínica bastante heterogênea, variando de indivíduos assintomáticos a quadro de Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC), eventos tromboembólicos, arritmias e morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Variados critérios diagnósticos ecocardiográficos e por ressonância magnética foram propostos por diferentes autores, o que dificulta seu reconhecimento preciso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Diante de sua raridade, etiologia e apresentação clínica heterogêneas, além da ausência de critérios diagnósticos universais, a MCNC permanece pouco conhecida entre pediatras, tornando-se um desafio diagnóstico para os cardiologistas e ecocardiografistas pediátricos.</p>
				<p>Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever as características clínico-demográficas e o fenótipo de apresentação de pacientes pediátricos portadores de MCNC atendidos em um centro de referência em cardiologia pediátrica.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Estudo observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo de pacientes pediátricos atendidos em centro de referência em cardiologia pediátrica com fenótipo de MCNC ao Ecocardiograma (ECO). Esses pacientes fazem parte do Estudo ChARisMA ( <italic>Children and Adolescent Registry in Myocardites and CArdiomyopathy</italic> ), o qual consiste em um registro em que são incluídos pacientes com miocardite e miocardiopatia em seus diferentes fenótipos com diagnóstico antes dos 19 anos de idade, provenientes da Região Metropolitana II do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que abrange sete municípios: Itaboraí, Maricá, Niterói, Rio Bonito, São Gonçalo, Silva Jardim e Tanguá.</p>
				<p>O critério ecocardiográfico utilizado para o diagnóstico dos pacientes foi o de Jenni: relação entre a camada compactada e não compactada &gt; 2, medida no final da sístole; com Doppler colorido demonstrando a presença de preenchimento de sangue proveniente da cavidade ventricular nos recessos profundos, presença de numerosas trabeculações e ausência de malformações cardíacas estruturais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Todos os exames ecocardiográficos foram revisados por um segundo examinador experiente. A realização da Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca (RMC) foi utilizada para confirmar o diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de MCNC.</p>
				<p>Os pacientes foram submetidos à mais recente classificação de miocardiopatias endossada pela <italic>World Heart Federation</italic> (WHF), a classificação de MOGE(S) – M <italic>orphofunctional</italic> , O <italic>rgan involvement</italic> , G <italic>enetic or familial</italic> , E <italic>tiology</italic> e S <italic>tage</italic> –, tendo sido desenvolvida para descrever as múltiplas características que acompanham das miocardiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As variáveis estudadas foram: idade ao diagnóstico, sexo, fenótipo ao ECO, apresentação clínica e história familiar. Os desfechos analisados foram desenvolvimento de eventos tromboembólicos, arritmias, desenvolvimento ou piora da Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC), transplante cardíaco e óbito.</p>
				<p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo CEP local (CAAE:93874218.2.0000.5243). Os responsáveis e participantes assinaram os Termos de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e o assentimento livre esclarecido, em conformidade com o descrito na resolução 466/2012.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>No período de março de 2019 a setembro de 2021 foram incluídos 32 paciente no registo ChARisMA, sendo seis com diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de miocardiopatia não compactada, representando 18,75% dos casos. Estes pacientes continuaram em acompanhamento.</p>
				<p>Dos seis pacientes com MCNC, três eram do sexo masculino (50%). A idade do diagnóstico variou de 4 a 14 anos, com média de 7,5 anos, mediana de 7 e desvio-padrão de 3,93. No momento do diagnóstico, dois pacientes apresentavam quadro de IC, ambos com fenótipo misto ao ECO, um com MCNC e MCD e outro com MCNC e Miocardiopatia Restritiva (MCR). Os demais casos (n=4) apresentaram fenótipo isolado de MCNC ao ECO ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref> ). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">tabela 1</xref> , é possível observar as principais características desta série de casos.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Ecocardiograma bidimensional de paciente com miocardiopatia não compactada. As setas mostram a camada não compactada com o excesso de trabeculações e os recessos profundos característicos em ápice e parede livre de ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc237-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características clínicas e evolução dos pacientes com miocardiopatia não compactada.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Identificação do paciente</th>
									<th>Sexo</th>
									<th>Idade ao diagnóstico (anos)</th>
									<th>Motivo do diagnóstico</th>
									<th>Classe Funcional (NYHA)</th>
									<th>Fenótipo ao ECO</th>
									<th>Holter de 24 horas</th>
									<th>Realizado RMC</th>
									<th>Observações ao longo do seguimento</th>
									<th><italic>Status</italic> do paciente ao final do seguimento</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">M</td>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td>Sopro cardíaco a esclarecer</td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">MCNC</td>
									<td>Sem alterações</td>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td>Assintomático, Classe Funcional I (NYHA)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">M</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td>Rastreio familiar (irmão caso 1)</td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">MCNC</td>
									<td>---</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td>Assintomático, Classe Funcional I (NYHA)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td>Insuficiência cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">III</td>
									<td align="center">MCNC/MCR</td>
									<td>TSV NS e TV NS</td>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td>Tromboembolismo pulmonar, Classe Funcional IV (NYHA), listada para transplante cardíaco</td>
									<td>Óbito</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td>Insuficiência cardíaca</td>
									<td align="center">II</td>
									<td align="center">MCNC/MCD</td>
									<td>Sem alterações</td>
									<td align="center">Não</td>
									<td>Ausente</td>
									<td>Classe Funcional II (NYHA), medicada com carvedilol</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td>Ritmo irregular (extrassístoles ventriculares no ECG)</td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">MCNC</td>
									<td>TVS</td>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td>Taquicardia ventricular sustentada</td>
									<td>Arritmia controlada após ablação e uso de amiodarona</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">M</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td>Rastreio de malformações associadas à síndrome genética a esclarecer</td>
									<td align="center">I</td>
									<td align="center">MNCN</td>
									<td>Sem alterações</td>
									<td align="center">Sim</td>
									<td>Confirmado o diagnóstico genético de microdeleção 22q13 (síndrome de Phelan McDermid)</td>
									<td>Classe Funcional I (NYHA), apresenta hipotonia, atraso do global do desenvolvimento</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p><italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; ECO: ecocardiograma; RMC: ressonância magnética cardíaca; MCNC: miocardiopatia não compactada; MCR: miocardiopatia restritiva; TSV: taquicardia supraventricular; TSV NS: taquicardia supravetricular não sustentada; TVNS taquicardia ventricular não sustentada; TVS taquicardia ventricular sustentada; TV = taquicardia ventricular; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A classificação de MOGE(S) foi realizada em todos os pacientes e pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> , aos descrever fenótipo, história familiar, etiologia e condição clínica do paciente por meio da Classe Funcional e do estadiamento da IC.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Classificação de MOGES (M)orphofunctional; (O)rgan involvement; (G)enetic or familial; (E)tiology; (S)tage.</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Id</th>
									<th>MOGES</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td>M<sub>NC</sub>O<sub>H</sub>G<sub>Undet</sub>E<sub>0</sub>S<sub>B-I</sub></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td>M<sub>NC</sub>O<sub>H</sub>G<sub>Undet</sub>E<sub>0</sub>S<sub>B-I</sub></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td>M<sub>R+ NC</sub>O<sub>H + C + Lu</sub>G<sub>U</sub>E<sub>0</sub>S<sub>D- IV</sub></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td>M<sub>D+ NC</sub>O<sub>H</sub>G<sub>N</sub>E<sub>0</sub>S<sub>C –II</sub></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">5</td>
									<td>M<sub>NC</sub>O<sub>H</sub>G<sub>N</sub>E<sub>0</sub>S<sub>B –I</sub></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td>M<sub>NC</sub>O<sub>H + N + K</sub>G<sub>deleção22q13</sub>E<sub>G</sub>S<sub>B</sub>-<sub>I</sub></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p><italic>Id: identificação do paciente, M<sub>NC</sub>: miocardiopatia não compactada, M<sub>D+ NC</sub>: miocardiopatia dilatada e não compactada, M<sub>R+NC</sub>: miocardiopatia restritiva e não compactada, O<sub>H</sub>: envolvimento do coração, O<sub>H + C + Lu</sub>: envolvimento do coração, cutâneo e pulmão, O<sub>H + N + K</sub>: envolvimento do coração, neurológico e renal, G Undet: herança genética não determinada, G<sub>U</sub>história familiar desconhecida, G<sub>N</sub>: história familiar negativa, E<sub>0</sub>: sem teste genético, E<sub>G</sub>: etiologia genética, S: classificação funcional de New York Heart Association (I –IV), e estadiamento da American College o Cardioloy / American Heart Association (A – D).</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A realização do diagnóstico foi feita a partir da investigação de sintomas de IC (n=2) e alterações no exame físico, como presença de sopro cardíaco e arritmias cardíacas extrassítoles ventriculares (n=2). Um paciente foi submetido a rastreio familiar com a confirmação do fenótipo ao ECO e outro no contexto da possibilidade de malformações associadas na investigação de síndrome genética. A RMC foi realizada em quatro casos, confirmando o diagnóstico ao ECO.</p>
				<p>Os desfechos observados foram apresentação de arritmias ao Holter de 24 horas: taquicardia supraventricular não sustentada, taquicardia ventricular não sustentada e taquicardia ventricular sustentada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref> ), além de Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP) no caso com fenótipo misto de MCNC/MCR, que evoluiu com piora da IC, apesar da otimização das medicações e indicação de transplante cardíaco, indo a óbito após 27 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Holter de 24 horas mostrando taquicardia ventricular sustentada em paciente com miocardiopatia não compactada.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="0102-762X-dic-34-4-eabc237-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Por ser uma doença rara, pouco se conhece sobre a evolução clínica, o prognóstico e o tratamento da MCNC na pediatria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Sua classificação como uma miocardiopatia distinta ainda permanece controversa, tendo sido definida como miocardiopatia primária genética pela AHA em 2006, porém ainda é considerada miocardiopatia não classificada pela ESC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, a classificação MOGE(S) foi desenvolvida a partir da necessidade de descrever miocardiopatias integrando múltiplas características da doença: além do fenótipo morfofuncional (M) considera o envolvimento de órgãos (O), o padrão de herança familiar ou base genética (G) e etiologia (E) (genética ou adquirida), e o <italic>status</italic> funcional (S), com base no estágio da IC da <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association</italic> (ACC/AHA) (A-D) e Classe Funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (I-IV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nos dois principais registros de miocardiopatia na infância, um australiano, realizado entre 1987 e 1996, e o Registro de Miocardiopatias Pediátricas, que incluiu 98 centros dos Estados Unidos e Canadá realizado no período de 1990 e 2008, observa-se a descrição da MCNC com incidência de 9,2% e 4,8% de todas as miocardiopatias diagnosticadas na infância, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Até o momento, não existem registros pediátricos sobre essa miocardiopatia na América Latina, mas apenas relatos de casos isolados. Portanto, essa série de casos apresenta dados importantes da MCNC pediátrica em nosso meio.</p>
				<p>Corroborando a literatura, a série de casos estudada mostra a heterogeneidade da apresentação clínica ao diagnóstico da MCNC na infância, variando de pacientes assintomáticos a quadros de arritmia ventricular e IC ou no contexto da investigação de síndrome genética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A IC é a apresentação clínica mais comum da MCNC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> assim o reconhecimento dos variados sinais e sintomas da IC na infância é fundamental para o diagnóstico dessa miocardiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A IC também foi a principal apresentação clínica no grupo de pacientes descrito.</p>
				<p>O diagnóstico em pacientes assintomáticos ainda é motivo de discussão, já que a presença de hipertrabeculação na ausência de disfunção ventricular poderia ser considerada apenas uma característica morfológica, como descrito em atletas de alto rendimento, gestantes e indivíduos negros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ainda não há disponível método de imagem, teste genético ou avaliação histopatológica que torne possível o diagnóstico diferencial entre a MCNC e a presença de hipertrabeculação fisiológica. No presente estudo, 50% dos casos não apresentaram sintomatologia cardiovascular, porém o fato de dois pacientes possuírem história familiar positiva e um ter diagnóstico de doença genética confirmado leva a crer que o fenótipo de MCNC não se trata apenas de uma hipertrabeculação fisiológica. Portanto, o acompanhamento a longo prazo com avaliações futuras desse grupo de pacientes e a realização do rastreio dos familiares se fazem primordiais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O ECO com Doppler é o principal método para o diagnóstico da MCNC, que se caracteriza por um miocárdio com duas camadas, uma externa e compacta e outra interna não compacta, espessa e com trabeculações e recessos profundos, os quais se comunicam com a cavidade ventricular; localizada mais frequentemente no ápice e na parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O diagnóstico preciso por imagem, pode ser bastante difícil devido à sobreposição de outras miocardiopatias como a MCD e até mesmo pela presença de trabeculações normais do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Lilje et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> observaram, em estudo prospectivo, que a MCNC pode ser subdiagnosticada. Jurko et al. consideram que o principal motivo de atraso no diagnóstico é a falta de experiência do médico em reconhecer a MCNC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Vários autores propuseram diferentes critérios diagnósticos por meio do ECO bidimensional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> ou da RMC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> o que impede que haja um consenso universal em seu diagnóstico. Além disso, indivíduos saudáveis podem apresentar aumento das trabeculações e preencher esses critérios, o que torna necessário esclarecer se os pacientes assintomáticos se encontram em uma fase pré-clínica da miocardiopatia ou apenas apresentam uma variação da normalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Esses critérios baseiam-se na relação entre a camada compactada e não compactada, mas diferem no momento do ciclo cardíaco em que a medida deve ser realizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O critério proposto por Jenni<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> consiste na relação superior a 2 no final da sístole, sendo o mais frequentemente utilizado nos trabalhos disponíveis na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nemes et al. alertam para a importância de técnicas como o ECO tridimensional em tempo real e o <italic>speckle tracking</italic> na compreensão dessa miocardiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A RMC contribui ao diagnóstico, principalmente quando o ECO se mostra incerto. Relação superior a 2,3 entre as camadas compactada e não compactada possui sensibilidade de 86% e especificidade de 99% (critério de Pettersen).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Além de confirmar o diagnóstico, os estudos por imagem são essenciais para a categorização do fenótipo (misto ou isolado) e determinação da função sistólica e diastólica, fornecendo ao médico informações necessárias quanto à evolução clínica e norteando o tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Na presente série de casos, dois não puderam realizar a RMC, sendo utilizado apenas o critério ecocardiográfico de Jenni,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> associado à história familiar e à apresentação clínica. Esses pacientes apresentavam história familiar positiva ou sinais e sintomas de IC. A hipertrabeculação foi caracterizada como MCNC e não apenas uma condição fisiológica. Como os métodos de imagem não determinam sinal patognomônico da MCNC, os critérios de Rotterdan foram propostos com o objetivo de diferenciar as trabeculações patológicas da MCNC das trabeculações fisiológicas encontradas em atletas, afrodescendentes e hipertensos de longa data. Esse critério consiste na avaliação clínica combinada com eletrocardiograma, ECO/RMC, história familiar e avaliação genética.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O fenótipo mais frequente da MCNC em crianças é a forma não isolada, apresentando-se concomitante a outras miocardiopatias ou à cardiopatia congênita (fenótipo misto) ou associada a síndrome genética, doença neuromuscular ou erro inato do metabolismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os registros norte-americano e australiano mostraram que o fenótipo mais comum foi o misto, sendo o mais frequente MCNC/MCD, variando de 58,7% a 93%, seguido da MCNC/MCH (11%) – a associação com MCR é raríssima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em estudo anatomopatológico realizado por Marques et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> observou-se que a comunicação interventricular é a cardiopatia congênita que mais está associada ao MCNC. Por outro lado, nesta série de casos, houve predomínio da forma isolada, assim como no estudo realizado por Jurko et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nenhuma estratégia específica de terapia medicamentosa ou cirúrgica foi introduzida com sucesso na MCNC. No entanto, o uso de um betabloqueador ou um inibidor da enzima de conversão da angiotensina pode levar ao remodelamento favorável do ventrículo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em um relato de caso, Redondo et al. descrevem melhora importante do quadro de IC refratária após o uso o inibidor da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (sildenafil) em um menino de 6 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Aqueles com fenótipo misto ou condição sistêmica associada devem ter terapia direcionada para a apresentação clínica encontrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Uma vez realizado o diagnóstico de MCNC, os pacientes devem ser monitorados de perto para possíveis complicações, piora da da função ventricular e arritmias, com realização de exames de imagem como ECO e RMC, eletrocardiograma e Holter de 24 horas; além disso recomenda-se teste ergométrico para afastar arritmia induzida pelo esforço.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As arritmias devem ser tratadas de acordo com os protocolos clínicos estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um dos casos aqui apresentados evoluiu com taquicardia ventricular sustentada sendo submetido à ablação e se manteve livre de novos episódios de arritmia durante o período de acompanhamento.</p>
				<p>São necessários esforços para determinar se a anticoagulação ou a terapia antiplaquetária profilática é justificada e benéfica em crianças.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Se a função cardíaca deteriorar, apesar da otimização do tratamento medicamentoso, a opção viável é o transplante cardíaco. Na América do Norte, 4% dos pacientes pediátricos listados para o transplante cardíaco possuem diagnóstico de MCNC isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Estudo realizado por Lofiego et al. em uma coorte de pacientes adultos demonstrou que a apresentação ao diagnóstico pode determinar o prognóstico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Pacientes assintomáticos possuem melhor prognóstico que aqueles que se apresentam com IC ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada. Ainda, crianças com fenótipo isolado de MCNC também apresentam melhor evolução clínica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Tal observação também ocorreu nesta série de casos, na qual os pacientes com fenótipos misto (MCNC/MCD e MCNC/MCR) mantiveram necessidade de tratamento para IC, além de apresentarem complicação como tromboembolismo pulmonar, indicação de transplante cardíaco e óbito.</p>
				<p>No estudo realizado por Brescia et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> idade inferior a 12 meses ao diagnóstico, presença de disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo e arritmias ventriculares foram considerados fatores de risco para óbito ou transplante cardíaco. Em revisão sistemática realizada por van Waning et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> observou-se que as crianças apresentam características mais graves quando comparadas aos adultos.</p>
				<p>As miocardiopatias na infância têm substrato genético importante e heterogêneo em sua etiologia, derivado das múltiplas mutações em vários genes. Variantes no mesmo gene podem causar diferentes fenótipos e, além disso, é comum observar alterações sistêmicas afetando outros órgãos além do coração. Mais de 40 defeitos monogenéticos e cromossômicos foram descritos na população de pacientes portadores de MCNC, com diferentes padrões de herança (autossômica dominante, autossômica recessiva e ligada ao X). A MCNC é um achado comum na síndrome de Barth, doença autossômica recessiva ligada ao X, com mutação no gene tafazzin (TAZ) no cromossomo Xq28. É também encontrada em erros inatos do metabolismo, incluindo doença de armazenamento do glicogênio tipo 1, deficiência de descarboxilase e de cobalamina C, sendo associada a aneuploidias (síndrome de Turner ou trissomia 21, 18 e 13), variações de número de cópia (exclusão de 22q11 e Deleção 1p36), doenças neuromusculares (Duchenne e Becker), doenças mitocondriais e outras síndromes genéticas (Soto, Marfan e as RASopatias).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Devido à característica genética da MCNC, o rastreio familiar deve ser sempre realizado utilizando-se o ECO, sendo possível o diagnóstico fenotípico precoce com pacientes ainda assintomáticos. Cerca de 25% a 50% dos pacientes com MCNC tem uma história familiar positiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> A realização de estudo genético também deve ser encorajada, a despeito da dificuldade de acessibilidade e inúmeras questões éticas envolvidas no diagnóstico genético de indivíduos assintomáticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Segundo trabalho publicado por van Waning, causas genéticas apresentam pior prognóstico em pacientes pediátrico, quando comparados a adultos, sendo mais comum que a MCNC tenha causa genética quando diagnosticada na infância, principalmente em menores de 1 ano de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Apesar da investigação genética não ter sido realizada em todos os casos analisados, o rastreio familiar foi capaz de identificar um caso (irmão) e um caso de microdeleção 22q11.</p>
				<p>A utilização da classificação de MOGE(S) nos casos estudados se mostrou útil ao reunir características fundamentais a serem abordadas em pacientes com miocardiopatias, como fenótipo morfofuncional, comprometimento de outros órgãos e sistemas, história familiar, alteração genética e quadro clínico, por meio da classificação funcional e por estágios da IC, proporcionando melhor entendimento da doença.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Um fator limitante do estudo é o número reduzido de pacientes.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>Esta série de casos proporciona dados relevantes da miocardiopatia não compactada pediátrica, mostrando a heterogeneidade da apresentação clínica, bem como a ocorrência de complicações potencialmente fatais. São necessários mais estudos prospectivos para que seu diagnóstico seja corretamente realizado e sua evolução clínica, resposta terapêutica e prognóstico sejam mais bem conhecidos.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>